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MEN  OF  MARK  IN  AMERICA 


Men  of  Mark  in  America 


Ideals  of  American  Life  told  in  Biographies 
of  Eminent  Living  Americans 


MERRILL    E.    GATES,     LL.D.,   L.  H .  D. 

Editor-in-Chief 


Volume  1 1 


With  an  opening  chapter  on 

IDEALS  OF  AMERICAN  LITERATURE 

By  Hamilton  W.  Mabie,  LL.D.,  L.H.D. 


MEN  OF  MARK  PUBLISHING   COMPANY 
WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

1906 


6! 


^ 


^ 


LIBRARY  of  CONGRESS 

Two  Cnni*!?  Received 

AUG  27    1906 

Copyrirfi.t  Lntry 
CLASy  CI     XXc.  No. 


Copyright,  1906 

by 

Men  of  Mark  Publishing  Company 


MEN   OF  MARK   IN   AMERICA 


EDITOR-IN-CHIEF. 
Merrill  E.  Gates,  LL.D.,  L.H.D. 

ADVISORY  BOARD 


Edwin  A.  Alderman,  LL.D. 
President  University  of  Virginia. 

*Gen.  Henry  V.  Boynton 
Chairman  of  Chicamauga  and  Chattanooga 
National  Military  Park  Commission. 

Hon.  David  J.  Brewer,  LL.D. 

Associate  Justice  United  States 

Supreme  Court. 

Merrill  E.  Gates,  LL.D.,  L.H.D. 

Ex-President  Amherst  College. 

Hon.  Ellis  H.  Roberts,  LL.D. 
Formerly  Treasurer  of  the  United  States. 


Josiah  Strong,  D.D. 

President  Institute  Social  Service; 

Author  of  "Our  Country.'''' 

Hon.  Henry  Litchfield  West 
Commissioner  District  of  Columbia. 

Gen.  John  M.  Wilson,  LL.D. 
Chief  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.,  Retired. 

Carroll  D.  Wright,  Ph.D.,  LL.D. 

Formerly  Commissioner  of  Labor. 
President  of  Clark  College. 

Gen.  Marcus  J.  Wright 

War  Department 

President  Southern  History  Association. 


Volumes  I  and  II  contain  biographies  of  men  who  are  most  closely  identified  with 
the  great  public  interests  which  center  at  the  National  Capital,  and  of  its  leading 
residents.  In  the  succeeding  volumes  prominent  citizens  in  all  parts  of  the  country 
will  be  represented  and  the  Advisory  Board  has  been  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  the 
following  named  eminent  men: 


Francis  E.  Clark,  D.D. 

Founder  and  President  United  Society 
of  Christian  Endeavor. 

Franklin  H.  Head,  LL.D. 
of  Chicago. 

David  Starr  Jordan,  LL.D. 

President  Leland  Stanford  Jr. 

University. 

Charles  D.  McIver,  LL.D.,  Litt.D. 

President  of  North  Carolina  Normal  and 
Industrial  College. 


Hon.  William  J.  Northen,  LL.D. 
Ex-Governor  of  Georgia. 

William  H.  Payne,  LL.D. 
of  the  University  of  Michigan. 

Hon.  Oscar  S.  Straus,  LL.D.,  L.H.D. 

Ex-United  States  Minister  to  Turkey. 

Charles  F.  Thwing,  D.D.,  LL.D. 
President  Western  Reserve  University. 

•j-Gen.  Joseph  Wheeler,  LL.D. 
of  Alabama. 


*General  Boynton  died  while  Volumes  I  and  II  were  in  course  of  preparation. 
•j-While  the  consideration  of  names  for  Volumes  IV  and  V  was  in  progress  General 
Wheeler  was  removed  by  death. 


IDEALS  OF  AMERICAN  LITERATURE 

Any  attempt  to  pass  judgment  on  the  permanent  value,  the 
ultimate  rank,  of  the  literature  now  being  produced  in  this  country 
would  be  premature  and  futile; from  any  such  judgment  appeal  would 
be  taken  to  posterity  and,  if  the  fallibility  of  contemporary  opinion 
in  the  past  affords  any  ground  for  prediction  of  future  happenings 
reversals  might  confidently  be  looked  for  in  many  cases.  In  such 
matters  we  know  in  part  and  we  prophesy  in  part;  and  prophecy  is 
much  the  larger  part.  We  are  quite  clear  in  our  minds  with  regard 
to  the  merits  of  certain  poets  and  prose  writers  and  conclude,  there- 
fore, that  our  children's  children  will  be  of  a  similar  mind;  while,  as  a 
matter  of  history,  the  minds  of  grandchildren  are  very  different  from 
the  minds  of  grandparents.  We  have  good  reason  to  believe  that 
this  poet  or  that  novelist  will  be  read  with  delight  fifty  years  hence; 
but  we  cannot  be  sure ;  it  may  be  that  the  poet  or  the  novelist  whom 
we  regard  very  lightly  will  be  held  in  higher  esteem.  The  highway 
along  which  the  race  has  journeyed  is  not  only  marked  by  heaps  of 
ashes  where  friendly  camp  fires  once  burned,  but  by  books  which  were 
eagerly  read  in  one  stage  of  the  journey  and  quietly  dropped  by  the 
way  in  another. 

For  the  purposes  of  this  work,  however,  no  attempt  at  the  final 
valuation  of  the  writing  of  today  is  necessary;  it  is  the  aim  of  that 
writing,  its  artistic  impulse,  its  ethical  direction,  its  meaning  as  an 
expression  of  national  character  and  life,  that  are  important.  These 
various  aspects  of  literary  work,  these  different  qualities  of  literary 
men,  are,  at  bottom,  the  manifestations  of  that  collective  mind  which 
we  call  American;  not  because  it  differs  in  quality  or  fiber  or  struc- 
ture from  the  mind  of  other  races,  but  because  peculiar  historical, 
physical  and  psychological  influences  have  shaped  it  to  definite  ends 


Vlll  IDEALS   OF   AMERICAN  LITERATURE 

and  given  it  a  distinctive  view  of  life.  It  cannot  be  said  too  often  that 
behind  all  diversities  of  occupation  and  taste  there  is  one  race  or 
national  mind;  and  that  religion,  politics,  art  and  trade  are  different 
forms  of  expression  of  a  life  which  is  essentially  unified.  We  are  as 
definitely  American  in  our  art  as  in  our  business,  in  our  religion, 
as  in  our  recreation.  As  a  man  puts  himself  at  one  moment  with  all 
the  force  of  his  nature  into  some  unselfish  devotion  and  at  another 
into  some  project  for  bettering  his  fortunes  and  at  another  into  some 
form  of  amusement  or  exercise,  so  a  nation  applies  itself  at  one  time 
to  its  public  affairs,  at  another  to  its  love  of  art  and  at  another  to  its 
trade  and  commerce;  these  activities,  in  their  entirety,  constituting 
an  expression,  not  of  isolated  groups  of  workers  but  of  a  collective 
people  organized  into  a  nation. 

The  literature  of  a  period  is  significant,  therefore,  not  only  of  the 
talent  or  genius  of  individual  men  and  women,  but  of  the  mind  of  a 
whole  people.  Character,  temperament,  racial  or  national  quality  of 
thought,  artistic  tastes  and  standards,  are  clearly  revealed  in  it;  but, 
above  all,  its  ideals  are  disclosed  with  an  unconscious  fullness  and 
clearness  of  revelation  possible  in  no  other  form  of  expression. 

For  in  its  books  a  race,  a  nation,  a  generation  utters  its  deepest 
thought,  expresses  its  hidden  feeling,  confesses  its  highest  ideals. 
In  its  books  a  generation  lays  bare  its  heart  and  holds  back  nothing 
which  is  essential  to  a  complete  confession  of  the  things  for  which  it 
cares  most  deeply.  Men  of  genius  always  build  better  than  they 
know  because  they  conform,  unconsciously,  to  certain  great  laws 
written  in  their  natures.  Goethe  said  that  his  books  constituted  one 
great  confession.  In  his  happiest  hours  of  creative  work  the  un- 
conscious part  of  his  nature  worked  with  and  through  his  conscious- 
ness and  betrayed  the  manner  of  man  he  was.  In  such  moments, 
when  thought,  experience,  divination  and  character  are  fused  and 
blended  by  the  imagination  in  the  most  sincere  and  exalted  expres- 
sion, a  man  can  keep  nothing  back.  All  disguises  are  laid  aside,  all 
hypocrisies  forgotten,  all  conventions  and  restraints  put  away,  and 


IDEALS    OF  AMERICAN  LITERATURE  IX 

the  soul  speaks  with  the  authority  of  perfect  truth.  So  we  turn  to 
the  great  passages  of  the  Bible  for  the  clearest  glimpses  of  the  Hebrew 
spirit;  to  Homer  and  the  tragedies  for  the  fullest  unveiling  of  the 
genius  of  the  Greek;  to  Spenser  and  Shakespeare  for  the  secret  of 
the  tremendous  vitality  of  the  English  spirit  in  the  age  of  Elizabeth. 

It  is  to  the  literature  of  the  American  people,  therefore,  and  not 
to  their  manifold  and  consuming  activities,  that  we  turn  when  we 
try  to  discover  what  they  care  for  most;  those  ultimate  aims  which 
we  call  ideals.  There  is  more  of  New  England  in  Hawthorne's 
books  than  in  the  formal  histories;  more  of  the  secret  hopes  of  America 
in  Emerson's  essays  than  in  all  political  documents  and  orations; 
more  of  the  spirit  and  quality  of  the  old  social  order  in  the  South  in 
the  stories  of  Mr.  Page,  Mr.  Allen,  Mr.  Harris  than  in  contemporary 
records.  It  is  genius  alone  which  divines  what  is  in  the  heart  of  a 
people,  and  genius  alone  has  the  skill  to  lay  that  heart  bare  to  the 
world.  The  older  America  has  left  its  record  in  the  pages  of  Emerson, 
Irving,  Hawthorne,  Bryant,  Lowell,  Poe,  Whittier,  Holmes,  Thoreau; 
the  America  of  the  period  which  followed  the  Civil  war  wrote  much 
of  its  inner  history  in  the  prose  and  verse  of  Whitman,  Lanier, 
Taylor,  Sill,  Warner,  Higginson,  Hale;  the  spirit  and  life  of  the 
America  of  today  is  reflected  in  the  work  of  Aldrich,  Stedman, 
Howells,  Cable,  Page,  Allen,  Miss  Jewett,  Miss  Wilkins,  Mrs.  Deland 
and  their  contemporaries. 

In  our  earlier  books  there  was  a  certain  unity  which  revealed 
a  common  stock  of  ideas,  sentiments,  literary  tradition.  Poe  stands 
by  himself,  but  neither  in  mood  nor  in  feeling  for  his  art  is  he  wholly 
separated  from  Hawthorne,  with  whom  he  shares  the  highest  honors 
of  distinctly  artistic  achievement.  In  a  general  way  Irving,  Haw- 
thorne and  Poe  express  American  life  at  the  period  when  that  life 
first  came  to  consciousness  in  literature.  The  introspection  of  New 
England  and  the  subtlety  of  self-analysis  which  was  bred  in  the 
Puritan;  the  cosmopolitan  urbanity,  humor  and  regard  for  diversities 
of  taste  and  charm  of  New  York;  the  refinement  of  feeling  for  women, 


X  IDEALS    OF    AMERICAN    LITERATURE 

the  susceptibility  to  grace  and  beauty,  of  the  Old  South,  have  left 
their  record  in  those  writers  whose  contributions  to  our  literature  are 
of  permanent  value ;  for  while  Irving  does  not  rank  with  Hawthorne 
or  Poe  his  place  beside  them  as  a  sensitive  and  winning  reporter  of  the 
taste  and  manner  of  his  time  and  locality  is  secure.  The  range  of  this 
early  writing  is  not  wide  nor  are  its  elements  many.  It  is  true,  Poe 
and  Hawthorne  are  subtle  in  perception  and  method,  and  Emerson's 
thought  is  often  elusive  and  his  paragraphs  perplexing  in  face  of  the 
perfect  clearness  of  his  sentences;  nevertheless,  a  certain  quality 
which  is  distinctly  American  runs  through  their  work,  and  while  its 
elevation  is  great  its  area  is  relatively  small.  The  earlier  literature 
represented  only  a  narrow  strip  of  the  continent  and  a  comparatively 
limited  experience.  Its  delicacy,  refinement  and  purity  gave  it  the 
distinction  of  rare  spirituality;  it  was  a  record  of  the  soul  of  a  people 
made  with  singular  insight  and  with  the  deep  fidelity  of  sympathy; 
but  it  did  not  and  could  not  report  the  depth  and  breadth  of  American 
life.  The  time  was  not  ripe;  that  life  had  not  yet  broadened  to  cover 
the  continent. 

That  life  has  not  yet  come  to  clear  knowledge  of  itself  and  has 
not  yet  definitely  formulated  itself,  and  a  full  report  of  it  is  still  to  be 
made .  It  may  be  many  decades  before  an  adequate  account  of  the 
spirit,  that  is,  the  ideals,  of  the  American  people  can  be  written; 
but  the  striking  fact  about  contemporary  literature  in  this  country 
is  its  approximation  to  the  completeness  and  complexity  of  an  ade- 
quate report  of  national  life.  This  is  the  first  thing  that  strikes  us  as 
we  turn  from  the  old  books  to  the  new.  That  the  old  books  were 
better,  in  some  ways,  than  the  new,  does  not  diminish  the  significance 
of  the  fact  that  the  books  of  today  are  far  more  inclusive  of  national 
types  and  experience  than  were  the  books  written  during  the 
period  which  ended  with  the  Civil  war.  At  the  close  of  that 
war  American  literature  was  practically  the  literature  of  the 
Atlantic  seaboard;  today  it  is  the  literature  of  a  continent.  It  is 
not  evenly  distributed;  but  every  geographical    section  has  found 


IDEALS    OF    AMERICAN    LITERATURE  XI 

a  reporter  and  every  distinct  group  of  people  a  secretary.  This 
notable  extension  of  literary  interest  and  activity  is  most  strikingly 
shown  in  the  field  of  fiction,  and  especially  in  the  production  of 
the  short  story,  in  the  writing  of  which  Americans  have  put  them- 
selves quite  on  a  level  with  the  makers  of  this  kind  of  literature  in 
those  older  countries  which  have  fostered  the  arts  for  many  centuries. 
There  are  short  stories  from  American  hands  which  may  be  placed 
beside  the  best  work  of  the  French  writers,  whose  mastery  of  form 
has  given  them  high  authority  in  almost  all  the  arts.  In  the  short 
story  is  to  be  found,  therefore,  not  only  the  most  complete  picture  of 
what  Americans  care  for  and  seek  after,  but  the  fullest  disclosure  of 
their  aims  and  standards  as  writers. 

Art  is  a  very  subtle  and  elusive  thing  when  one  tries  to  analyze 
and  describe  it,  to  lay  bare  its  psychology  and  to  master  its  secrets  of 
skill;  but,  for  this  purpose,  it  is  enough  to  define  it  as  the  best  way  of 
reporting  a  phase  of  Nature,  recording  an  experience  or  portraying 
a  character.  Sometimes  its  methods  are  very  subtle,  sometimes 
they  are  very  simple ;  at  all  times  it  is  the  best  way  of  doing  or  saying  a 
thing.  In  reporting  a  fact  or  drawing  a  figure  there  is  room,  however, 
for  the  widest  variation  of  method;  and,  especially,  for  great  differ- 
ences of  emphasis.  Some  artists  are  so  possessed  by  their  subject  that 
their  whole  effort  is  to  render  that  subject  in  the  most  direct 
and  sincere  manner,  in  the  simplest  possible  terms.  Other  artists 
are  so  absorbed  in  the  process  of  transcription  from  life  to  art,  so 
keenly  sensitive  to  the  resources  that  lie  in  their  hands,  so  enamored 
of  the  joys  of  skill,  that  they  are  concerned  chiefly  with  the  subtle, 
sensitive  report  which  grows  to  perfection  under  their  touch,  and 
the  weight  of  emphasis  rests  not  on  the  fact  or  truth  communicated 
but  on  the  method  of  communication.  Those  who  hold  in  an  extreme 
form  the  view  that  art  exists  for  itself,  attach  immense  importance  to 
the  way  in  which  a  thing  is  said  and  slight  importance  to  the  thing 
that  is  said;  those  who  hold,  on  the  other  hand,  that  art  is  language 
and  that  the  chief  use  of  language  is  to  convey  impressions,  truths, 


Xii  IDEALS  OF   AMERICAN    LITERATURE 

facts,  temperament,  place  the  weight  of  emphasis  on  the  content  of 
the  language  rather  than  on  the  language.  As  a  rule  American 
writers  have  cared  supremely  for  the  life,  character,  Nature  they  in- 
terpreted, portrayed,  described.  They  have  not  been  indifferent  to 
form,  as  the  work  of  Hawthorne,  Poe  and  Mr.  Aldrich  abundantly 
shows;  but  their  chief  concern  has  been  with  the  matter  of  their  art 
rather  than  with  the  art  itself.  They  have  been  enamored  of 
beauty,  after  the  manner  of  all  their  predecessors;  but  they  have 
not  been  wholly  absorbed  by  it;  they  have  used  the  art  of  writing 
not  as  a  form  of  esoteric  skill,  practiced  by  a  privileged  class 
for  their  own  pleasure,  but  as  a  delicate  and  capacious  medium  for 
the  disclosure  of  individual  and  national  ideals. 

From  one  point  of  view  this  fundamental  regard  for  ethical 
standards  rather  than  for  aesthetic  effects  brings  out  the  limitation 
of  American  literature ;  from  another  it  is  a  prime  source  of  its  vitality 
and  influence.  However  one  may  interpret  it,  the  fact  remains 
that  American  writers,  from  Bryant  to  Dr.  Henry  van  Dyke  and  Mr. 
William  Vaughan  Moody,  have  been  enamored  of  moral  ideals,  and 
American  writing  has  been  saturated  with  ethical  feeling.  Haw- 
thorne, the  most  sensitive  artistic  temperament  among  the  New 
England  writers,  was  concerned  all  his  life  with  the  moral  aspects  of 
experience.  After  a  long  escape  from  the  New  England  environment 
and  a  long  absorption  of  old  world  influences,  when  he  wrote  "The 
Marble  Faun, "  with  its  exquisite  Italian  background,  his  mind  was 
still  fastened  on  the  changes  wrought  by  what  we  call  sin  in  the  nature 
of  man.  Donatello  has  nothing  in  common  with  Dimmesdale  and 
Judge  Pyncheon  and  the  long  line  of  solitary  figures  in  Hawthorne 's 
tales  save  his  experience  of  the  transforming  power  of  sin.  In  Italy, 
where  standards  of  life  were  so  different  from  those  which  shaped  the 
conscience  of  the  great  romancer,  Hawthorne  did  not  escape  the 
domination  of  the  moral  ideal. 

It  may  be  suspected  that  there  is  a  hidden  connection  between 
the  conviction  that  conduct  is  a  prime  factor  in  the  problem  of  life 


IDEALS    OF  AMERICAN    LITERATURE  Xlll 

and  that  other  conviction  of  the  dignity  and  authority  of  man  as 
man,  without  regard  to  station  or  possessions  or  opportunity,  which 
lies  at  the  foundation  of  our  political  system.  For  many  generations 
this  belief  has  been  the  first  article  in  the  creed  of  Americans.  Like 
all  other  creedal  statements  it  has  been  often  "more  honored  in  the 
breach  than  in  the  observance;' '  it  is,  nevertheless,  wrought  not  only 
into  the  structure  of  our  government  but  into  the  fiber  of  our  thought. 
That  a  man  is  to  be  honored  for  what  he  is  rather  than  for  what  he 
possesses;  that  in  the  open  field  of  American  society  a  man  goes  where 
he  belongs  and  gets  what  is  his  own;  that  he  succeeds  because  he  has 
force,  industry  and  skill,  and  fails  because  he  lacks  these  qualities, 
are  beliefs  which  are  very  closely  related  to  the  conviction  that  what 
a  man  sows  he  reaps,  and  that  what  a  man  does  is  determined, 
shaped  and  limited  by  what  a  man  is.  Respect  for  men  as  men,  and 
provision  for  their  rights  and  duties  on  a  basis  of  common  humanity, 
inevitably  tends  to  intensify  the  sense  of  moral  obligation  and  to  give 
life  in  any  field,  ethical  definiteness  and  authority. 

We  take  it  for  granted  that  there  is  something  divine  in  men  or 
we  should  not  trust  them  as  we  do.  This  is  the  substance  of  Emer- 
son's  teaching,  and  it  is  implicit  in  the  work  of  every  American 
writer.  The  form  in  which  the  faith  is  held  varies  from  the  spiritual 
idealism  of  Emerson  to  the  broad,  human  idealism  of  Whitman; 
from  Hawthorne's  subtle  conception  of  the  return  of  every  man's 
deed  upon  his  character  to  the  passionate  reproach  and  warning  of 
the  nation  by  Mr.  Moody  for  what  he  regards  as  unfaithfulness  to  the 
moral  ideals  of  the  Republic.  Under  many  forms  the  faith  is  uni- 
versal. 

Reverence  for  man  as  man  and  a  deep  sense  of  the  moral  respon- 
sibility rooted  in  his  freedom  and  a  certain  exaltation  of  spirit  in  de- 
fining his  possible  development  reveal  themselves  in  the  tender  and 
beautiful  reverence  for  the  sanctity  of  the  home  which  is  shared  and 
expressed  by  American  poets  with  winning  simplicity  and  sweetness. 
If  the  individual  man  is  to  be  held  to  such  rigid  accounting  there 


XIV  IDEALS   OF   AMERICAN   LITERATURE 

must  be  a  sacred  care  for  children  and  a  respect  for  women  which  has 
in  it  a  true  spiritual  romanticism.  Whittier's  "Snowbound"  is  as 
much  a  classic  of  American  home  life  as  Burns'  "Cotter's  Saturday 
Night"  is  a  classic  of  Scotch  home  life.  In  that  simple,  tender 
record  of  a  New  England  home  the  play  of  the  highest  motives,  the 
definition  of  the  purest  character,  are  thrown  into  striking  relief  by 
the  very  bareness  of  the  background.  It  is  a  record  of  that  deep- 
going  idealism  which  lacks  the  joy  of  art  but  has  the  reality  of  high 
thoughts  and  deep  affections  translated  into  obscure  hourly  service. 
The  refinement  of  habit,  the  purity  of  feeling,  the  whiteness  of 
soul  of  the  best  New  England  women  have  found  a  record  as  delicate, 
as  pure,  as  gentle  in  Miss  Jewett  's  stories.  The  high-mindedness,  the 
spirited  loyalty,  the  passion  for  self-surrender  of  the  best  Southern 
women  have  been  vitally  portrayed  by  Mr.  Allen,  Mr.  Page,  Mr. 
Cable,  Col.  Johnston,  Mr.  Harris  and  other  writers  of  fiction  in  the 
South.  American  literature  in  every  section  bears  witness  to  the 
idealistic  feeling  for  women  in  this  country,  to  the  romantic  regard  in 
which  they  are  held  by  men  immersed  in  affairs  and  absorbed  in 
what  is  called  "business;"  a  vast  mass  of  activities  of  many  kinds 
but  with  one  end  in  view,  the  attainment  of  personal  independence 
by  the  possession  of  adequate  means.  This  idealism  in  all  relations 
with  women  does  not  pass  away  with  marriage,  when  the  serious  work 
of  living  together  begins;  on  the  contrary,  it  expresses  itself  in  many 
cases  in  slavish  devotion  to  affairs  in  order  that  the  wife  may  miss 
nothing  of  the  opportunities  and  gifts  of  life.  If  the  United  States 
has  gained  an  unhappy  prominence  in  the  matter  of  easy  divorce  it  is 
able  to  offset  against  this  shameful  cheapening  of  marriage  in  many 
States  a  respect  for  women,  a  watchfulness  over  them  and  a  devoted 
care  for  their  ease  and  growth  which  reveal  the  latent  idealism 
of  the  American  temper. 

The  universal  interest  in  original  characters,  in  men  of  vigorous 
personality,  of  adventurous  life,  of  native  audacity  and  force,  which 
has  fostered,  stimulated  and  given  wide  popularity   to   novels  of  a 


IDEALS   OF  AMERICAN   LITERATURE  XV 

purely  American  type,  from  Cooper 's  "  Leatherstocking  Tales  "  to  Mr. 
Wister's  "Virginian,"  Mr.  Garland's  "Main  Traveled  Roads"  and 
Mr.  Norris'  "The  Pit,"  is  explained  by  this  deep  respect  for  man  as 
the  maker  of  his  own  fortunes  and  the  shaper  of  his  own  destiny. 
In  such  stories  as  "The  Octopus"  and  "The  Pit,"  which  deal  with 
the  hard  and  brutal  sides  of  American  business  life,  it  is  not  the  stake 
but  the  game  that  attracts  the  writer  and  holds  the  reader;  not  the 
money  which  is  won  by  the  great  combination,  the  bold,  unscrupulous 
scheme,  but  the  audacity  of  the  plan,  the  intrepidity  of  its  execution, 
the  tireless  energy  of  will,  the  relentless  enforcement  of  purpose. 
The  later  novelists  who  are  drawn  more  and  more  to  deal  with 
dramatic  situations  in  struggles  between  employers  and  employees, 
with  the  plotting  and  counter-plotting  of  men  who  handle  great 
enterprises,  are  recognizing  more  and  more  the  human  significance 
of  these  contemporary  phases  of  business  life  and  are  discerning  their 
epic  qualities  as  new  acts  in  the  ancient  drama  of  life.  In  these  vast 
and  often  unscrupulous  transactions  there  is  the  play  of  those 
elemental  forces  of  character  which,  in  the  earlier  times,  made  men 
adventurers,  discoverers,  leaders  of  armies,  devastating  or  beneficent 
conquerors;  and  it  is  the  recognition  of  this  fact  that  makes  purely 
commercial  operations  of  increasing  interest  to  dramatists  and  novel- 
ists. Materialistic  as  these  operations  must  be,  brutal  as  they  often 
are,  they  are,  nevertheless,  tools  and  instruments  and  forces  organized 
by  men  of  great  parts  and  are  saturated  with  character. 

In  many  of  these  tales  of  action  Nature  plays  a  part  so  great  as 
to  constitute  a  distinct  element  in  the  drama.  The  vastness  of  the 
great  mountain  ranges  of  the  far  West;  the  stretch  of  prairies,  blos- 
soming to  the  horizon  under  the  soft  skies  of  late  spring  in  the  central 
West;  the  cloistered  depths  of  forests;  the  majestic  flow  of  rivers 
of  continental  magnitude;  the  delicate  beauty  of  the  wild  flowers  in 
New  England;  the  note  of  the  mocking  bird  and  the  bursting  of  the 
cotton  boll  in  the  South;  these  aspects  and  phases  of  Nature  in  the 
new  world  were  noted  by  the  colonial  recorders  and  have  touched  the 


Xvi  IDEALS    OF  AMERICAN    LITERATURE 

imaginations  of  poets  from  the  days  of  Freneau  to  those  of  Bliss 
Carmen.  Under  the  tremendous  pressure  of  the  work  of  subduing  a 
continent  men  have  never  ceased  to  lift  their  eyes  to  the  hills  and  to 
the  stars  and  to  feed  their  souls  with  the  vision  of  the  beauty  of  the 
world.  A  large  group  of  recording  naturalists,  faithful  secretaries 
of  Nature,  minute  reporters  of  the  seasons,  has  contributed  to  our 
literature  a  varied  and  deeply  interesting  account  of  natural  life  in 
America  and  of  man 's  relation  to  it.  These  records  have  not  been 
colorless;  on  the  contrary,  they  have  been  saturated  with  individual- 
ity; and  there  are  no  books  of  American  writing  more  racy  and  pun- 
gent, more  deeply  rooted  in  the  soil,  than  the  books  of  Thoreau  and 
Mr.  Burroughs.  For  one  of  the  ideals  of  the  American  is  free  and 
intimate  life  with  Nature. 

Faith  in  God  and  in  man  because  there  is  something  divine  in 
him;  respect  for  force,  independence,  energy,  audacity;  reverence  for 
women;  love  of  home;  the  free  life,  the  range  and  vitality  of  Nature 
on  a  great  scale — these  are  the  fundamental  ideas  at  the  bottom  of 
American  literature  because  they  are  the  ideals  in  the  hearts  of 

Americans. 

Hamilton  W.  Mabie. 


FRANK  WARREN   HACKETT 

HACKETT,  FRANK  WARREN,  lawyer,  assistant  secretary 
of  the  navy,  and  author,  was  born  in  Portsmouth,  New 
Hampshire,  April  11,  1841.  His  father,  William  H.  Y. 
Hackett,  representative  and  senator  in  the  New  Hampshire  legisla- 
ture, and  president  of  the  senate,  was  a  lawyer,  whose  life  was  marked 
by  "frugality,  industry,  intellectual  tastes,  and  interest  in  public 
affairs."  His  mother,  Olive  Pickering  Hackett,  "was  gifted  with  a 
sense  of  the  humorous,"  and  "  took  a  cheerful  view  of  life," imparting 
an  optimistic  strain  of  hopefulness  to  her  son.  He  was  of  slight  build 
as  a  boy,  but  fond  of  out-of-door  sports.  He  showed  literary  taste, 
at  an  early  age  conducting  a  boys'  newspaper  and  taking  part  in 
debates.  He  was  educated  at  private  and  public  schools  in  Ports- 
mouth, until  he  went  to  Phillips  Exeter  academy  "where  the  dis- 
cipline in  regard  to  study  was  rigid,  and  most  fruitful  of  good  results." 
He  entered  Harvard  college  as  a  sophomore  in  1858  and  was  graduated 
in  1861.  During  the  winter  of  1861-62,  he  taught  at  Barnard 
academy,  South  Hampton,  New  Hampshire.  From  1862-64  he  was 
an  acting  assistant  paymaster  in  the  United  States  navy.  He  served 
on  board  the  United  States  Steamship  Miami,  of  the  North  Atlantic 
squadron,  and  took  part  in  the  engagements  with  the  Confederate 
ram,  Albemarle,  at  Plymouth,  North  Carolina,  and  later  in  Albemarle 
Sound. 

After  the  war,  Mr.  Hackett  studied  law,  first  with  his  father  and 
later,  with  Benjamin  Harris  Brewster,  who  was  afterward  attorney- 
general  of  the  United  States.  He  then  attended  the  Harvard  law 
school.  Admitted  to  the  bar  of  Rockingham  county,  New  Hamp- 
shire, in  1866,  he  began  practice  in  Boston.  For  a  time  he  was 
threatened  with  lung  trouble.  Leaving  his  practice,  he  spent  two 
years  in  Minnesota  and  recovered.  In  1872  he  became  private 
secretary  to  Caleb  dishing,  senior  counsel  for  the  United  States  before 
the  Geneva  Tribunal  of  Arbitration.  For  a  time  (1882),  he  was 
assistant  counsel  in  the  Court  of  Commissioners  of  Alabama  Claims, 
and  he  has  been  for  many  years  counsel  for  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 


2  FRANK   WARREN   HACKETT 

tion.  He  was  appointed  assistant  secretary  of  the  navy  in  April, 
1900,  but  in  December,  1901,  he  resigned  the  position.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Loyal  Legion;  of  the  New  Hampshire  and  Maine 
Historical  societies;  of  the  Cosmos  and  University  clubs,  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia;  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution;  and  of  the  Har- 
vard club  of  New  York ;  and  is  one  of  the  vice-presidents  of  the  Navy 
League.  He  is  one  of  the  council  of  the  Harvard  law  school  alumni 
association.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Republican  party  and  has  been 
accustomed  to  speak  for  it,  in  political  campaigns,  chiefly  in  New 
Hampshire.  In  1877  he  was  a  representative  from  Portsmouth,  in 
the  New  Hampshire  legislature. 

He  is  a  communicant  of  the  Episcopal  church.  Fond  of  biog- 
raphy, he  finds  pleasure  in  all  writers  who  hold  the  reader's  attention 
closely;  notably,  in  Hume,  Locke,  and  Stuart  Mill.  He  names 
particularly  Mill's  "  Liberty  "  as  a  favorite  book.  He  "  means  to  let 
no  day  go  by  without  a  walk  of  two  or  three  miles."  He  is  a  believer 
in  out-of-door  exercise.  His  was  a  family  of  lawyers,  and  he  "  took 
to  the  law  quite  as  a  matter  of  course. "  He  says,  "  I  have  not 
striven  for  prizes,  but  have  simply  gone  ahead  and  kept  at  work, 
and  the  usual  results  have  followed.  The  chief  advantage  of  college 
is  the  opportunity  it  gives  to  mingle  with  bright,  able  men.  Make 
friends  with  men  of  brains  and  force."  "Men  rather  than  books." 
"Conversation  and  intellectual  strife  help  a  young  man  in  life. 
Worship  the  truth,  scorn  the  least  deception.  Acquire  habits  of 
order  and  system."  To  this  latter  acquisition  he  attaches  much 
weight.  "Find  your  happiness  in  making  others  happy.  These 
are  trite  remarks.  But  go  ahead  and  put  these  principles  into  prac- 
tice (and  don't  talk  about  them),  and  you  will  be  a  happy  man,  for 
you  will  succeed  in  the  best  sense  of  the  word." 

Among  his  writings  are:  "Memoir  of  William  Henry  Young 
Hackett,"  1878;  "The  Geneva  Award  Acts,"  1882;  "The  Gavel  and 
the  Mace,"  1900;  "The  Attitude  of  the  Scholar  Towards  Men  in 
Public  Life";  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Address,  Hobart  college,  June,  1902; 
etc.  He  has  resided  in  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  since  1873, 
and  has  practised  law. 

On  April  21,  1880,  he  married  Ida,  youngest  daughter  of  the  late 
Rear-Admiral  Craven,  United  States  navy.  They  had  two  sons 
living  in  1905. 


■ 
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■ 


ALEXANDER  BURTON  HAGNER 

HAGNER,  ALEXANDER  BURTON,  associate  justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  was  appointed 
in  1879  and  held  the  position  until  June  1,  1903.  The 
bench  of  this  court  has  been  occupied  by  jurists  some  of  whose 
decisions  were  the  only  authority  on  important  questions  which  no 
other  court  except  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  has  juris- 
diction to  decide.  Born  in  the  city  of  Washington,  District  of  Colum- 
bia, July  13,  1826,  he  was  the  youngest  but  one  of  eleven  children. 
His  father  was  a  trusted  public  officer  for  fifty-eight  years,  having 
been  appointed  a  clerk  during  the  administration  of  President 
Washington.  He  was  a  man  of  "unswerving  integrity,  marked 
industry  and  intelligence  and  devotion  to  duty."  His  mother, 
Frances  Randall  Hagner,  was  a  woman  of  strong  intellectual  charac- 
ter and  exerted  an  ennobling  influence  on  her  son.  Both  the  paternal 
and  the  maternal  grandfather  of  Justice  Hagner  served  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary war. 

Youthful  games,  sports  and  study,  filled  the  years  of  his  boy- 
hood; and  he  early  developed  a  taste  for  gardening  and  for  mechanical 
work.  This  last  mentioned  bent  was  so  strong  that  he  writes :  "  On 
the  bench  I  took  pleasure  in  deciding  patent  office  cases,  involving 
nice  questions  about  inventions." 

He  was  sent  to  the  best  schools  in  Washington  and  Georgetown, 
and  was  graduated  from  Princeton  college  in  1845.  He  read  law  with 
his  uncle,  Alexander  Randall,  in  Annapolis,  Maryland,  and  formed 
a  partnership  with  him  in  1854,  which  continued  until  1876,  and 
after  that  date  the  firm  name  was  continued  though  the  partnership 
was  with  his  cousin,  J.  Wirt  Randall.  Mr.  Hagner  was  actively 
engaged  in  the  duties  of  his  profession  in  the  Court  of  Appeals,  cir- 
cuit courts  of  Anne  Arundel,  Calvert,  and  other  counties,  in  the 
courts  of  Baltimore,  and  before  committees  of  the  state  legislature, 
from  April,  1848,  until  January,  1879.  During  this  time  he  was 
employed  in  numerous  important  cases  involving  novel  and  inter- 
esting questions,  acting  at   times  as    judge   advocate    of    courts- 


4  ALEXANDER  BURTON  HAGNER 

martial.  He  was  attorney  for  the  Farmer's  National  Bank  of 
Annapolis,  Maryland,  of  which  he  was  a  director.  In  politics  a  Whig, 
as  such  he  was  elected  to  the  Maryland  legislature  in  1854,  and  during 
that  session  served  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  Ways  and 
Means.  In  1857  he  was  an  independent  union  candidate  for  congress, 
but  was  unsuccessful.  In  1860,  he  was  one  of  the  Bell  and  Everett 
electors  in  Maryland.  He  was  commissioned,  January  29,  1879,  as 
one  of  the  associate  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  District  of 
Columbia,  to  succeed  Judge  Olin;  and  he  served  nearly  twenty-five 
years,  the  first  native  of  the  District  who  ever  occupied  a  judicial 
position  within  its  borders. 

He  is  connected  with  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church.  Of  his 
reading,  he  says,  "good  historical  and  biographical  works  chiefly 
interest  me,  with  good  novels  which  I  enjoy  very  much.  Still  I  am 
fond  of  driving  and  riding  on  horseback;  walking  and  hunting;  but 
am  not  much  of  a  proficient  in  any  games  of  modern  times."  "The 
wishes  of  my  parents  accorded  with  my  own  as  to  my  choice  of  a  pro- 
fession, after  I  recovered  from  the  predilections  of  my  youth;  but 
accident,  as  is  generally  the  case,  had  a  great  deal  to  do  with  my 
impulses.  Home,  school,  early  companionship,  and  contact  with 
men  in  active  life — each  of  these  in  almost  equal  proportion  was 
operative  with  me,  in  attaining  such  measure  of  success  as  I  can 
claim  to  have  attained,  and  whatever  failure  there  has  been  in  my 
ideals,  has  been  from  lack  of  ambition,  and  distaste  for  the  methods 
usually  considered  essential  to  political  success."  He  adds,  "I 
should  urge  young  Americans  to  study  and  abide  by  the  advice  of 
George  Washington  in  his  farewell  address;  to  love  their  country  and 
reverence  such  of  its  men  as  have  followed  the  precepts  of  Washing- 
ton. Absolute  truthfulness  and  sobriety  of  life  will  certainly  insure 
success  to  those  who  have  the  ability  to  perform  the  duties  devolving 
upon  them." 

He  married  in  1854,  Louisa,  daughter  of  Randolph  Harrison,  of 
Goochland  county,  Virginia.  The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred 
upon  Justice  Hagner  by  St.  John's  college,  Annapolis,  Maryland. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Cosmos  club,  of  the  American  Historical 
Association,  of  the  National  Geographic  Society,  and  of  the  Sons  of 
the  American  Revolution;  of  the  Virginia  Historical  Society;  an  ex- 
president  and  now  vice-president  of  the  Washington  Alumni  Society 
of  Princeton;  and  for  many  years  president  of  the  South  River  club 


ALEXANDER  BURTON  HAGNER  5 

of  Anne  Arundel  county,  Maryland,  organized  in  1742.  He  is  the 
senior  warden  of  St.  John's  Episcopal  church,  of  which  his  father  was 
one  of  the  founders  in  1816.  On  the  thirty-first  of  March,  1903,  he 
resigned  his  official  position  as  Justice,  to  take  effect  on  June  1, 
following.  On  the  last  day  of  his  appearance  in  court  in  general 
term,  the  members  of  the  bar  presented  to  him,  as  a  testimonial  of 
their  regard,  an  elegant  silver  vase.  A.  S.  Worthington,  Esq.,  in 
the  presentation  address,  said :  "  The  men  who  have  been  practising 
before  you  here  for  so  many  years,  asking  for  and  abiding  by  the 
judgments  which  you  have  rendered,  have  for  you  the  highest  possible 
regard.  They  recognize  the  fact  that  the  ambition  with  which  you 
entered  upon  the  practice  of  that  profession  which  you  followed  so 
many  years  at  the  bar,  and  have  ornamented  here  so  long  upon  the 
bench,  has  been  gratified;  that  in  the  practice  of  that  profession  your 
life  has  been  a  success." 


ARNOLD  HAGUE 

HAGUE,  ARNOLD,  geologist  and  author,  was  born  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  December  3,  1840.  His  father,  a  leading 
clergyman  of  the  Baptist  denomination,  was  a  "man 
remarkable  for  his  firm  devotion  to  principles,  and  for  a  power  of 
conversation,  which  he  delighted  to  use  in  defense  of  his  convictions." 
For  fifty  years  he  was  a  trustee  of  Brown  university,  and  he  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  Vassar  college.  To  his  mother  Arnold  Hague  feels 
himself  indebted  for  moral  training  which  was  of  great  value.  From 
his  childhood  and  youth  of  good  natural  physique,  he  was  an  ardent 
lover  of  nature.  As  a  child  he  had  an  especial  taste  for  collecting  the 
autographs  of  distinguished  people.  He  pursued  a  course  of  study 
at  the  famous  "  Albany  boys'  academy,"  and  was  graduated  at  the 
Sheffield  scientific  school,  Yale,  in  1863.  He  took  courses  of  pro- 
fessional study  in  Gottingen,  Heidelberg,  and  the  Freiberg  Mining 
academy,  in  Germany,  specializing  in  chemistry,  mineralogy  and 
geology.  He  received  from  Columbia  university,  the  honorary 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Science. 

He  began  his  practical  work  as  a  geologist  with  the  United  States 
exploration  of  the  40th  parallel,  to  examine  the  resources  of  a  belt  of 
country  100  miles  wide,  along  the  first  transcontinental  railway,  and 
acted  as  a  geologist  and  explorer  in  the  Cordilleras  of  North  America 
in  the  service  of  the  United  States  from  1867-77;  was  government 
geologist  of  mines  in  China,  in  the  service  of  Li  Hung  Chang,  1878-79; 
was  geologist  to  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1880-1904; 
and  was  a  member  of  the  forestry  commission  appointed  by  the 
National  Academy  of  Sciences  to  recommend  a  policy  for  the  preser- 
vation of  the  forests  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  which  resulted  in  the 
setting  aside  of  forest  reservations  by  President  Cleveland.  He  is  a 
member  and  also  the  secretary  of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences; 
a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society  of  Philadelphia; 
of  the  Geological  Society  of  London;  of  the  Geological  Society  of 
America;  of  the  Century  club,  New  York;  the  Cosmos  club,  Wash 
ington;  the  University  club  of  New  York  and  the  Metropolitan  club 


ARNOLD    HAGUE 


of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia.  He  has  never  identified  him- 
self with  any  political  party.  "  During  my  college  days  at  Yale,"  he 
says,  "  I  was  more  influenced  by  Dana's  '  Manual  of  Geology,'  than 
by  any  other  text-book.  Later  by  Darwin's  '  Voyage  of  the  Beagle, ' 
and  by  Humboldt's  'Cosmos.'"  Mountain  climbing  is  his  favorite 
mode  of  relaxation.  His  own  predilection  led  him  into  his  profession. 
He  regards  the  influences  upon  his  life  as  strong  in  the  following 
order:  "Home,  contact  with  men  in  active  life,  private  study,  early 
companionship,  schools."  He  says,  "I  have  always  regarded  as  a 
misfortune  my  not  having  received,  in  early  school  days,  instruction 
from  well-equipped  teachers,  who  might  have  been  able  to  stimulate 
in  me  an  interest  in  studies  and  arouse  ambition  for  success  in  life." 

He  is  the  author  of  "The  Volcanoes  of  California,  Oregon  and 
Washington  Territories,"  1883;  "The  Volcanic  Rocks  of  the  Great 
Basin,"  1884;  "The  Volcanic  Rocks  of  Salvador,"  1886;  "Descriptive 
Geology,  Vol.  2,  U.  S.  Geological  Explorations  of  the  40th  Parallel"; 
and  numerous  papers  and  reports  of  most  useful  character  in  con- 
nection with  geology,  among  them  the  "  Geology  of  Eureka  District, 
Nevada";  "The  Geology  of  the  Yellowstone  Park." 

He  was  married  in  November,  1893,  to  Mary  Bruce  Robins 
(Howe) . 


EDWARD   EVERETT   HALE 

HALE,  EDWARD  EVERETT.  Among  modern  classics  we 
may  justly  include  that  striking  book,  "The  Man  Without 
a  Country."  Had  its  author  no  other  written  work,  the 
originality  of  this,  alike  in  conception  and  execution,  would  have 
brought  him  fame.  His  full  message  to  the  world  has  been  a  sane, 
wholesome  and  uplifting  one.  The  world  has  been  better,  has  been 
cheered  and  elevated  by  the  life  and  the  writings  of  Edward  Everett 
Hale.  Born  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  on  the  third  of  April,  1822, 
the  son  of  Nathan  and  Sarah  Preston  (Everett)  Hale,  he  is  descended 
from  a  family  of  distinction  in  American  history.  Its  colonial  line 
began  with  Robert  Hale,  one  of  the  Puritans  who  came  over  with 
Winthrop  in  1630.  One  of  his  descendants,  Reverend  John  Hale, 
took  part  in  Phipps'  famous  expedition  against  Quebec.  But  the 
most  notable  of  the  family  was  Mr.  Hale's  grand  uncle,  Nathan  Hale, 
the  patriot  and  martyr,  hung  by  the  British  as  a  spy,  but  adjudged 
by  posterity  a  victim  to  noble  devotion  to  his  country.  Mr.  Hale's 
own  character  is  doubtless  partly  due  to  hereditary  influence,  partly 
to  the  example  and  precepts  of  his  parents,  both  of  whom  exerted  an 
influence  for  good  upon  his  life.  His  father — lawyer,  editor  and 
civil  engineer  by  profession,  may  be  characterized  as  a  man  of 
untiring  industry,  utter  unselfishness  and  absolute  honor,  qualities 
which  his  fellow-citizens  availed  themselves  of  in  electing  him 
successively  as  representative  and  senator  in  the  General  Court,  the 
legislative  body  of  Massachusetts.  His  mother's  influence  was  no 
less  beneficial,  acting  alike  on  his  intellectual,  his  moral,  and  his 
spiritual  nature.  From  his  infancy  she  seems  to  have  aspired  to  fit 
him  for  service  in  the  Christian  ministry,  though  in  the  end  the  choice 
was  his  own,  his  parents  controlling  him  only  by  silent  influence. 

A  healthy  boy,  except  for  a  critical  attack  of  scarlet  fever  in  his 
childhood,  Mr.  Hale  was  not  an  ardent  student,  having  a  dislike  to  the 
constraint  of  school  life  and  deeming  his  home  occupations  more 
important.  No  doubt  he  found  them  more  pleasant.  He  was 
devoted  to  books  from  childhood,  could  utterly  forget  himself  in  one 


EDWARD  EVERETT  HALE  9 

of  Scott's  novels  or  in  some  other  work  of  classical  fiction,  yet  was 
quite  as  fond  of  outdoor  recreation,  much  of  which  he  found  in  garden 
work.  From  early  childhood  he  had  a  taste  for  botany,  and  while 
still  young  acquired  some  knowledge  of  this  useful  science.  Work 
of  a  different  kind  was  laid  upon  him  while  hardly  more  than  a  child. 
He  was  "trained  to  the  case,"  in  his  father's  printing  office,  and  when 
only  twelve  years  of  age  printed  a  little  book,  all  the  work  on  which 
was  done  with  his  own  hands.  He  also  aided  in  the  editorial  rooms, 
and  acted  as  secretary  to  his  father  in  railroad  engineering  work.  All 
this  was  education  of  a  useful  and  practical  kind;  but  the  equally 
important  school  training  was  not  neglected,  and  he  was  sent  in 
succession  to  a  private  school,  to  the  Boston  Latin  school,  and  to 
Harvard  college,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1839.  In  later  life,  as  a 
fruit  of  his  ministerial  and  literary  labors,  college  honors  came  to  Mr. 
Hale.  He  received  the  degree  of  S.T.D.  from  Harvard  in  1879  and 
that  of  LL.D.  from  Dartmouth  in  1901. 

After  leaving  college,  his  first  occupation  in  active  life  was  as  a 
reporter  in  the  Massachusetts  General  Court.  This  was  followed  by 
two  years  (1839-41)  work  as  usher  in  the  Boston  Latin  school.  But 
his  mother's  wish  that  he  should  enter  the  ministry  was  soon  to  be 
realized,  his  own  inclination  leading  him  to  the  reading  of  theology 
and  church  history  and  to  attendance  on  lectures  at  the  Harvard 
divinity  school.  While  a  student  of  divinity  he  preached  at  Wash- 
ington, District  of  Columbia,  in  1844-45.  He  was  ordained  to  the 
ministry  in  1846,  his  first  charge  being  that  of  the  Church  of  the 
Unity  at  Worcester,  Massachusetts.  He  had  always  been  Unitarian 
in  faith,  and  while  young  was  received  into  membership  in  the 
Brattle  street  church,  one  of  the  oldest  Unitarian  churches  of  Boston. 

The  story  of  Mr.  Hale's  ministerial  career  may  be  briefly  summed 
up.  His  connection  with  the  Church  of  the  Unity  continued  for  ten 
years;  and  in  October,  1856,  he  became  pastor  of  the  South  Congre- 
gational (Unitarian)  church  of  Boston,  where  he  remained  till  his 
retirement  as  pastor  emeritus,  October  1,  1899.  During  this  period 
he  served  for  several  years  as  "Preacher  to  the  University,"  as  the 
Harvard  chaplain  is  called.  In  1903  he  was  appointed  chaplain  of 
the  United  States  senate. 

He  was  married  while  stationed  at  Worcester  (October  13,  1852) 
to  Miss  Emily  Baldwin  Perkins;  and  of  his  nine  children,  four  are  now 
living.     Asked  to  recount  the  more  important  pieces  of  public  service 


10  EDWARD   EVERETT    HALE 

he  has  rendered,  Mr.  Hale  is  modest  enough  to  think  that  "  the  chief 
of  them  is  the  bringing  up  of  his  children  to  the  glory  of  God  and  the 
good  of  man." 

As  a  preacher,  Mr.  Hale  won  the  reputation  of  being  a  man  of 
eloquence  and  of  high  aspirations  for  human  welfare.  But  his  pulpit 
ministrations  were  far  from  exhausting  his  moral  energy.  He  has 
diligently  wrought  for  the  glory  of  God  and  the  good  of  man  in  a 
variety  of  ways,  especially  as  an  able  and  versatile  author,  and  as  a 
promoter  of  several  highly  useful  associations.  Among  these  are  the 
Chautauqua  literary  and  scientific  circles,  of  which  he  was  early 
elected  counsellor;  and  the  "  Lend-a-Hand  "  clubs,  which  are  devoted 
to  charity,  and  owe  their  establishment  to  an  incident  narrated  in 
his  "Ten  Times  One  is  Ten."  They  have  extended  throughout 
civilized  lands  until  they  number  over  50,000  members.  He  was  also 
instrumental  in  founding  the  "Look  Up  Legion,"  which  also  had  a 
rapid  growth  and  has  its  final  outcome  in  the  "Epworth  League." 
These  labors  in  the  cause  of  charity  and  moral  reform  have  been 
varied  by  others  less  exceptional  in  character  but  not  less  useful. 
Doctor  Hale  served  for  a  short  time  on  the  school  committee  of 
Worcester;  for  two  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  Overseers  of  the 
Poor  of  Boston,  and  for  two  terms  (1866-75,  1876-87)  served  as  an 
overseer  of  Harvard  college.  He  helped  to  found  the  Worcester 
public  library;  he  has  been  secretary  of  the  Antiquarian  Society, 
president  of  the  New  England  Emigrant  Aid  Company,  and  is  now 
president  of  the  Lend-a-Hand  Society.  Other  society  connections 
are  with  the  Alpha  Delta  Phi  and  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  college  fraternities; 
with  the  American  Philosophical  the  Massachusetts  Historical  and 
the  American  Antiquarian  Society.  He  cast  his  first  vote  as  a 
member  of  the  old  Whig  party;  and  since  the  formation  of  the 
Republican  party  he  has  been  an  active  member  of  that  party 
organization. 

We  have  so  far  said  little  of  that  side  of  Mr.  Hale's  manifold 
activities  by  virtue  of  which  he  is  most  widely  known.  To  the  great 
mass  of  American  citizens  he  is  chiefly  and  most  favorably  known  as 
an  author,  his  industry  in  this  direction  being  indicated  by  a  long  list 
of  books  and  periodical  articles,  and  by  varied  editorial  labors.  To 
many  he  has  long  been  a  delight  and  an  inspiration,  his  attractive 
and  telling  style,  his  originality  in  ideas,  and  the  moral  lessons  taught 
in  his  works  having  brought  him  a  host  of  readers.     With  a  strong 


EDWARD   EVERETT    HALE  11 

native  inclination  to  a  literary  life,  his  pen  was  early  employed; 
and  in  his  old  age  it  has  not  ceased  its  labors.  In  his  early  married 
life  he  "  wrote  in  competition  for  any  prize  offered  by  any  publisher," 
"not  from  any  special  desire  to  shine,  but  as  a  business  enterprise  to 
aid  in  the  support  of  a  young  family."  In  his  later  career  he  has  been 
editorially  connected  with  numerous  literary  journals,  and  he  is  now 
editor  of  the  "  Lend-a-Hand  Record." 

Mr.  Hale's  books  are  largely  works  of  fiction :  "  The  Man  Without 
a  Country";  "Ten  Times  One  is  Ten";  "Margaret  Percival  in 
America";  "In  His  Name";  "Mr.  Tangier's  Vacations";  "Mrs. 
Merriam's  Scholars";  "His  Level  Best";  "The  Ingham  Papers"; 
"  Ups  and  Downs  " ;  "  Philip  Nolan's  Friends  " ;  "  Fortunes  of  Rachel " ; 
"Four  and  Five";  "Crusoe  in  New  York";  "Christmas  Eve  and 
Christmas  Day  " ;  "  Christmas  in  Narragansett " ;  and  "  Our  Christmas 
in  a  Palace."  His  other  works  embrace  "  Sketches  in  Christian  His- 
tory"; "Kansas  and  Nebraska";  "What  Career?"  "  Boys' Heroes  " ; 
"  The  Story  of  Massachusetts  " ;  "  Sybaris  and  Other  Homes  " ;  "  For 
Fifty  Years"  (poems);  "A  New  England  Boyhood";  "Chautauqua 
History  of  the  United  States";  "If  Jesus  Comes  to  Boston";  "Mem- 
ories of  a  Hundred  Years  "  and  "  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson." 

Taken  in  connection  with  his  many  duties  in  other  directions 
this  list  is  indicative  of  great  industry.  It  may  be  said  of  him  that 
he  has  written  little  or  nothing  that  is  not  pleasing  reading,  while 
much  of  his  writing  is  distinctly  inspiring.  Throughout  life  he  has 
been  a  teacher  and  inspirer  of  others,  with  voice  and  pen;  and  in  his 
ripe  age  he  has  not  lost  his  activity  in  the  higher  service  of  mankind. 
Notable  have  been  his  utterances  in  favor  of  a  permanent  tribunal 
for  international  arbitration  between  England  and  the  United  States. 
In  one  of  his  most  recent  articles  he  says:  "I  consider  it  the 
first  duty  of  an  American  citizen  at  this  time  to  join  in  all  practical 
endeavors  for  a  tribunal  to  administer  international  justice.  This 
means  peace  among  the  nations  of  the  world.  I  shall  give  what  is 
left  me  of  life  to  this  endeavor." 

Many  useful  lessons  for  the  inspiration  of  the  young  might  be 
drawn  from  Mr.  Hale's  long  and  active  life;  this  last,  not  the  least,  for 
there  is  no  more  pertinent  duty  now  presenting  itself  to  mankind  than 
that  of  earnest  labor  for  the  abolition  of  war  and  the  bringing  in  of 
the  reign  of  peace. 


EUGENE   HALE 

HALE,  EUGENE,  lawyer,  legislator,  member  of  the  United 
States  senate  from  Maine,  is  of  English  ancestry,  tracing  his 
descent,  for  a  number  of  generations,  through  New  England 
forebears  to  Thomas  Hale,  who,  with  his  wife,  settled  in  Newbury, 
Massachusetts,  in  1635.  His  father  was  James  Sullivan  Hale  of 
Turner,  Maine,  one  of  the  pioneer  settlers  of  that  town,  but  a  native 
of  Massachusetts.  His  mother  was  Betsey  Staples,  daughter  of  one 
of  the  early  families  of  Turner. 

Eugene  was  one  of  five  children,  and  was  born  in  Turner,  June 
9,  1836.  He  attended  the  village  district  and  grammar  schools,  and 
Hebron  academy,  until  eighteen  years  of  age;  entered  the  law  office 
of  Howard  &  Strout  of  Portland,  shortly  thereafter,  for  the  study  of 
law;  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  January,  1857.  He  commenced 
practice  at  Orland,  but  soon  removed  to  Ellsworth,  Maine,  where  he 
became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Robinson  &  Hale.  The  death  of  his 
partner,  soon  after  the  partnership  had  been  formed,  placed  the 
practice  of  the  firm  in  his  hands,  and  during  the  succeeding  ten  years, 
he  devoted  himself  rigidly  to  his  profession,  and  acquired  an  extensive 
practice.  Both  as  counsellor  and  jury  lawyer  he  stood  among  the 
leaders  of  the  bar,  and  for  nine  years,  he  was  district  attorney  for 
Hancock  county.  For  a  number  of  years,  during  the  active  period  of 
his  professional  career,  he  was  senior  member  of  the  firm  of  Hale  & 
Emery,  and  after  Mr.  Emery's  elevation  to  the  supreme  bench  of 
Maine,  Mr.  Hale  practised  in  partnership  with  Hannibal  E.  Hamlin. 

Mr.  Hale  entered  political  life  in  1867,  as  a  Republican  member 
of  the  Maine  legislature.  He  was  returned  in  1868,  and  again  served 
as  a  member  of  that  body  in  1880.  His  early  legislative  experience 
showed  him  a  ready  debater,  an  indefatigable  student  of  political 
questions  and  conditions,  and  a  careful  guardian  of  the  public's 
interests.  During  his  last  term  in  the  legislature  he  was  chairman 
of  the  committee  to  investigate  what  is  known  in  the  political  annals 
of  Maine  as  the  "  State  steal,"  and  it  was  largely  due  to  him  that  this 
scheme  was  exposed  and  thwarted.     Between  his  last  term  in  the 


EUGENE    HALE  13 

state  legislature,  however,  and  his  second  term,  he  had  served  five 
terms  in  the  lower  house  of  the  United  States  congress,  and  with 
signal  credit  to  himself  and  his  state.  He  was  elected  to  the  forty- 
first  Congress  in  1868,  and  reelected  to  the  forty-second,  forty-third, 
forty-fourth  and  forty-fifth  Congresses.  During  these  terms  of 
service,  he  rapidly  passed  from  a  man  of  local  prominence  to  one  of 
national  reputation.  President  Grant  appointed  him  postmaster- 
general  in  1874,  but  he  declined  the  honor.  He  declined  also  the 
tender  of  a  cabinet  appointment  by  President  Hayes — that  of 
secretary  of  the  navy.  In  1876  and  1880  he  was  a  prominent  dele- 
gate to  the  Republican  national  conventions,  at  Cincinnati  and 
Chicago,  respectively,  and  was  the  leader  of  the  Blaine  forces  in  both 
conventions.  His  successful  efforts  on  behalf  of  Blaine  brought  him 
into  renewed  prominence  in  his  state,  and  in  the  election  that  fol- 
lowed, he  was  promoted  to  the  United  States  senate,  taking  his  seat 
March  4,  1881.  He  was  reelected  to  that  body  in  1887,  1893,  1899 
and  1905. 

Senator  Hale's  career  has  been  unobtrusively  conspicuous  in 
both  houses  of  congress.  He  was  a  member  of  important  committees 
in  the  house  of  representatives,  and  in  the  senate,  while  occupying 
similar  committee  appointments,  he  has  taken  a  prominent  part  in 
legislation  and  debates.  Several  of  the  more  important  appropria- 
tion bills  were  prepared  under  his  management.  Representing  both 
the  Appropriation  and  the  Naval  committees,  he  has  reported  and 
managed  all  bills  passed  by  the  senate  for  the  building  and  expansion 
of  our  new  navy.  He  introduced  the  first  amendment  favoring 
reciprocity  with  the  countries  of  Central  and  South  America,  in 
support  of  which  some  of  his  best  speechs  have  been  made.  He  has 
always  been  a  warm  supporter  of  the  meritorious  measures  relating 
to  the  affairs  of  the  District  of  Columbia;  has  favored  unstinted, 
though  not  extravagant,  appropriations  for  adequate  and  artistic 
buildings  for  the  public  business;  and  has  persistently  opposed  the 
introduction  of  overhead  wires  by  the  street  railways  of  the  capital 
city. 

A  partisan  in  politics,  though  still  a  man  of  independent  thought 
and  action,  as  evidenced  by  his  position  on  the  Cuban  and  Philippine 
question,  he  is  recognized  as  a  wise  counsellor  in  party  politics.  His 
political  speeches  in  the  senate,  when  party  is  thrust  forward,  are 
often  pointed,  direct  and  even  stinging,  but  never  ill-natured  or 


14  EUGENE    HALE 

acrimonious.  In  general  speech  and  debate  he  is  easy  and  forcible; 
his  thought  is  well  ordered,  his  words  carefully  selected,  and  his 
extemporaneous  speeches  require  little  revision.  His  speech,  too, 
has  versatility;  and  is  tempered  with  gravity,  wit,  and  repartee  as  the 
occasion  affords,  or  the  mood  suggests.  He  is  fond  of  reading,  and 
delights  especially  in  poetry,  while  keeping  alive  his  love  for  good 
books  and  literature  in  general. 

Personally,  a  man  of  broad  and  genial  social  nature,  he  has  little 
difficulty  in  binding  to  himself  close  and  cordial  friends.  He  is  pains- 
taking, industrious,  honest  and  steadfast  in  his  convictions,  and 
does  not  permit  himself  to  compromise  with  ignoble  motives  or  ends. 
Though  not  a  graduate  of  any  college,  he  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  A.M.  from  Bowdoin  college,  in  1869,  and  has  since 
received  that  of  LL.D.  from  Bates  college  in  1882,  and  from  Colby 
university  in  1886.  He  has  published  a  volume  of  "Memorial 
Addresses,"  delivered  on  various  occasions  in  both  houses  of  congress. 

Senator  Hale  was  married,  December,  1871,  at  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia,  to  Miss  Mary  Douglas  Chandler,  the  only 
daughter  of  Honorable  Zachariah  Chandler,  for  a  long  time  United 
States  senator  from  Michigan  and  afterward  secretary  of  the  interior. 
Their  children  are  three  sons,  Chandler,  Frederick  and  Eugene,  Jr. 


ROBERT   HENRY   HALL 

HALL,  ROBERT  HENRY,  soldier,  brigadier-general  of  the 
United  States  army,  was  born  in  Detroit,  Michigan, 
November  15,  1837.  His  parents  removed  to  Aurora, 
Illinois,  in  1846,  where  he  received  his  elementary  education.  On 
July  1,  1855,  he  was  appointed  to  the  United  States  military 
academy,  at  West  Point,  and  was  graduated  July  1,  1860.  He  at 
once  entered  the  army,  and  was  brevetted  second  lieutenant  of  the 
5th  United  States  infantry,  on  garrison  duty  at  Fort  Columbus, 
New  York,  being  promoted  to  second  lieutenant  and  assigned  to 
frontier  duty  in  New  Mexico  in  1861.  Subsequently  he  served 
actively  throughout  the  Civil  war,  with  distinguished  credit,  having 
taken  part  in  twenty-eight  battles  and  lesser  engagements.  These 
included  the  Rappahannock  campaign,  battles  of  Fredericksburg, 
Chattanooga,  Resaca,  New  Hope  Church,  Weldon  Railroad,  Peach- 
tree  Creek  and  Lookout  Mountain.  He  was  severely  wounded  at 
Weldon  Railroad,  Virginia,  August  19,  1864,  while  in  command  of 
the  10th  infantry,  and  was  ooliged  to  leave  the  field  for  three 
months.  From  September  25,  1863,  to  July  25,  1864,  he  was 
aide-de-camp  to  Major-General  Hooker,  and  was  twice  brevetted  for 
gallant  and  meritorious  services;  at  the  battle  of  Lookout  Mountain, 
November  24,  1863;  and  at  the  battle  of  Weldon  Railroad. 

After  the  war,  Colonel  Hall  was  placed  in  command  of  a  regiment 
at  Fort  Columbus,  New  York,  and  was  later  transferred  to  various 
posts  in  New  York,  Virginia  and  Minnesota,  until  May,  1866, 
when  he  was  again  detailed  for  frontier  service  in  the  Dakotas  and 
Texas.  From  July  13,  1871,  to  July  1,  1878,  he  was  assistant  in- 
structor of  infantry  tactics  in  the  military  academy  at  West  Point, 
and  during  a  part  of  this  time  he  was  aide-de-camp  to  Major-General 
Schofield,  commandant  of  the  department  of  West  Point.  At  inter- 
vals between  1878  and  1888,  he  saw  much  additional  garrison  and 
frontier  service,  and  was  given  a  number  of  assignments  as  inspector 
of  state  guards.  In  May,  1883,  he  was  promoted  major  of  the  22d 
United  States  infantry;  in  August,  1888,  was  promoted  lieutenant- 


16  ROBERT    HENRY    HALL 

colonel  of  the  6th  United  States  infantry;  and  May  18,  1893,  he  was 
promoted  colonel  of  the  4th  United  States  infantry.  In  1894,  he 
took  the  field  to  restore  order  during  the  Coxey  labor  excitement, 
and  also  during  the  strike  on  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  Spanish- American  war,  in  1898,  Colonel 
Hall  proceeded  to  Tampa,  Florida,  and  Avas  placed  in  command  of  the 
Florida  and  Alabama  divisions,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  of 
United  States  volunteers.  In  March,  1899,  he  was  sent  to  the 
Philippines  and  placed  in  command  of  a  brigade  of  the  8th  army 
corps.  Here  he  engaged  the  insurgents  at  Baulac,  and  at  Masi- 
quina;  captured  Antipolo,  and  Calamba;  and  conducted  an  expedi- 
tion to  Binangonan,  of  which  he  took  possession,  October  9,  1900, 
capturing  an  insurgent  gunboat.  Three  days  later,  he  occupied 
the  Island  of  Polillo.  Returning  to  Washington,  he  was  placed  on 
the  retired  list,  November  15,  1901,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general  in  the  United  States  army. 

General  Hall  is  a  prominent  Mason;  a  member  of  the  Loyal 
Legion,  and  of  other  army  organizations;  and  a  corresponding  mem- 
ber of  the  Wisconsin  state  historical  society.  He  is  the  author  of  the 
"Register  of  the  United  States  Army,  1789-98,"  "History  of  the 
Flag  of  the  United  States,"  "History  of  United  States  Infantry- 
Tactics,"  "History  of  Fort  Dearborn,"  and  "Review  of  Works  of 
United  States  History." 

In  February,  1866,  he  was  married  to  Georgianna  K.  Foote,  of 
Batavia,  New  York. 


try?^ 


TEUNIS  SLINGERLAND   HAMLIN 

HAMLIN,  TEUNIS  SLINGERLAND,  D.D.,  is  the  type  of 
pastor  and  preacher  who,  while  working  specifically  and 
untiringly  in  a  particular  church,  still  builds  himself  into 
the  community  in  which  he  lives,  and  becomes  a  corporate  part  of  its 
civic  and  religious  life,  while  he  takes  a  wide  interest  in  the  progress 
of  Christ's  church  everywhere  and  in  the  building  up  of  the  kingdom 
of  righteousness  by  social  and  political  reforms.  Doctor  Hamlin's 
strength  and  solidity  of  character  is  felt  in  every  good  cause,  and 
during  his  long  pastorate  in  one  church,  he  has  done  much  both  in 
official  circles  and  in  humbler  mission  work  to  sustain  and  deepen 
religious  life  in  Washington. 

He  was  born  in  Glenville,  New  York,  May  31,  1847.  He  is  of 
full  French  (Huguenot)  blood  on  his  father's  side,  and  of  full  Holland 
Dutch  blood  on  his  mother's.  His  father,  Solomon  Curtis  Hamlin, 
who  held  various  town  and  county  offices,  was  a  farmer,  noted  for 
intelligence,  industry,  public  spirit  and  piety.  His  mother  influenced 
her  son  in  all  ways  for  good.  As  a  boy,  he  was  of  vigorous  physique, 
doing  all  sorts  of  farm  labor,  which  gave  him  the  best  of  health.  He 
was  fond  of  study,  reading  and  sports,  and  of  companionship.  His 
preparatory  studies  were  pursued  at  district  schools  and  at  Charlton, 
New  York,  and  he  was  graduated  with  honors  at  Union  college  in 
1867.  He  took  a  theological  course  at  New  Brunswick  (Dutch 
Reformed)  seminary  for  a  year,  and  at  Union  seminary,  New  York, 
for  two  years,  from  which  institution  he  was  graduated  in  1871. 
From  1871-84  he  had  charge  of  the  Woodside  Presbyterian  church, 
Troy,  New  York.  From  1884-86  he  was  pastor  of  the  Mt.  Auburn 
Presbyterian  church,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Since  1886  he  has  been 
pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  church  of  the  Covenant,  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia. 

He  has  been  for  nearly  twenty  years  a  trustee  of  the  United 
Society  of  Christian  Endeavor.  He  was  president  of  the  Open  Air 
Workers'  Association  of  America  until  its  dissolution  in  May,  1904; 
is  vice-president  of  the  Memorial  Association  of  District  of  Columbia ; 


18  TEUNIS   SLINGERLAND   HAMLIN 

visitor  to  the  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane.  He  is  president 
of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Howard  university,  and  for  six  months 
in  1903  he  was  its  acting  president.  He  is  president  of  the  Union 
college  alumni  association  of  Washington,  and  of  the  Southern 
Association  of  Alumni  of  the  Union  theological  seminary  of  New 
York  city.  He  has  been  university  preacher  at  Princeton,  Cornell, 
Amherst,  Vassar,  Yale  and  other  institutions.  He  is  a  constant 
writer  for  the  press  and  is  on  the  staff  of  the  "Sunday  School  Times." 
He  belongs  to  the  University  clubs  of  New  York  and  Washington, 
and  to  the  Chevy  Chase  club  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 
He  finds  his  relaxation  in  wheeling  and  in  golf.  He  has  published 
" Denominationalism  vs.  Christian  Union,"  and  "Responsive  Read- 
ings from  the  American  Standard  Bible,"  1904.  Politically  he  is 
identified  with  the  Republican  party. 

Several  motives  combined  to  lead  him  to  the  choice  of  his  life 
work — the  wishes  of  friends,  his  early  environment,  and  his  own 
preference. 

He  was  married  to  Miss  Frances  E.  Bacon,  February  4,  1873. 
They  had  two  children  living  in  1905. 


MARCUS  ALONZO  HANNA 

HANNA,  MARCUS  ALONZO,  capitalist,  legislator,  politician, 
late  United  States  senator  from  Ohio,  was  a  distinctly  Ameri- 
can type.  In  his  life  are  epitomized  the  biographies  of 
many  other  successful  Americans.  In  a  single  sentence,  his  career 
may  be  called  the  dramatization  of  energy — the  romance  of  indus- 
trial achievement.  Possibly  a  few  generations  hence,  such  romances 
will  seem  as  remote  from  the  conditions  which  may  then  obtain  as 
stories  of  our  Western  border,  sanguinary  with  Indian  wars  and 
episodes,  appear  today.  Opportunity  may  not  always  stand  knock- 
ing at  the  gate  for  American  youth.  But  Senator  Hanna's  rise  and 
achievements,  telling  of  a  wonderful  courage  and  energy,  must  have  a 
conspicuous  place  in  biographical  annals. 

Marcus  A.  Hanna  was  born  in  New  Lisbon,  Ohio,  September  24, 
1837,  and  died  in  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  February  15, 
1904.  He  was  a  son  of  Doctor  Leonard  Hanna,  a  physician  and 
merchant.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Scotch-Irish  Society  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  a  direct  descendant  from  Thomas  Hanna,  who  emigrated 
from  the  north  of  Ireland  in  1764,  and  settled  in  southern  Pennsyl- 
vania. His  grandfather  was  bound  out  to  a  Quaker,  and  for  a  hun- 
dred years  past  the  Hannas  have  been  adherents  of  that  faith.  In 
1852,  the  Senator's  father  moved  from  Columbiana  county,  Ohio, 
where  he  was  born,  to  Cleveland  and  brought  his  seven  children  with 
him.  He  started  a  grocery  store,  trading,  more  or  less,  in  a  wholesale 
way  on  the  lakes,  particularly  in  the  Lake  Superior  country.  Young 
Mark,  meanwhile,  attended  the  public  schools,  and  prepared  himself 
For  admission  to  Western  Reserve  university,  then  at  Hudson,  Ohio. 
But,  in  1857,  after  a  year  in  college  he  returned  to  Cleveland  to  enter 
a  grocery  business,  which  had  grown  considerably,  and  had  become 
sxclusively  a  wholesale  concern,  with  customers  throughout  the  lake 
region.  A  year  or  two  later,  his  father  was  taken  ill,  and  the  manage- 
ment of  the  store  fell  to  Mark.  It  was  a  heavy  load  for  a  young  man 
barely  out  of  his  teens  to  carry,  but  the  responsibility  put  iron  into 
the  boy's  blood,  and  gave  him  the  "  luckstone  of  his  life  " — the  habit 


20  MARCUS  ALONZO  HANNA 

of  industry.  It  schooled  him  even  better  than  does  a  college  course 
to  know  the  uses  of  grit,  self-reliance  and  courage.  It  made  a  man 
of  him  at  the  time  of  life  when  many  other  youths  have  not  grasped 
the  significance  of  the  word  responsibility. 

In  1862,  Mark's  father  died,  and  the  young  man  took  charge  of 
the  business  for  the  estate.  When  he  closed  up  the  store  success- 
fully, five  years  later,  he  knew  all  about  the  grocery  business,  and  his 
energy  was  proverbial  in  the  city  of  Cleveland.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
seven  he  married,  and  went  into  business  with  his  father-in-law,  Daniel 
P.  Rhodes.  The  firm  Rhodes  &  Company  traded  in  coal,  iron  ore,  and 
pig  iron.  That  was  a  generation  ago.  Young  Hanna  threw  himself  into 
that  business  with  passionate  enthusiasm.  He  learned  the  iron 
trade  from  the  bottom,  omitting  none  of  the  details.  He  was 
insatiably  curious.  He  learned  about  coal  mines  and  bought  coal 
lands,  learned  about  ore  and  bought  mines,  learned  about  boats  and 
bought  boats.  He  built  the  first  steel  boats  that  plied  the  lakes; 
established  foundries  and  forges  and  smelters.  Men  were  working 
in  his  employ,  from  western  Pennsylvania  to  the  base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  He  knew  his  men  and  he  knew  the  work  they  did.  He 
knew  the  value  of  a  day's  work,  and  he  got  it  and  paid  for  it.  Where 
there  was  labor  trouble  the  contest  was  short  and  decisive.  The 
employer  met  the  men  himself.  Either  things  were  right  or  they 
were  wrong.  If  he  thought  they  were  wrong,  he  adjusted  them  o 
the  spot.  If  he  believed  they  were  right,  the  work  went  on.  The 
regularity  with  which  he  won  his  labor  contests  gave  him  business 
prestige,  and  later  in  life  placed  him  at  the  head  of  the  American 
Civic  Federation,  in  which  he  took  an  emphatic  and  a  most  helpful 
interest. 

After  he  had  reduced  mining  to  an  intelligent  system — for  he  had 
a  genius  for  organization  and  administration — he  added  shipping  the 
products;  and  he  reduced  that,  too,  to  a  system  and  turned  to  ship- 
building. Reducing  that  to  its  lowest  terms,  where  all  worked 
harmoniously,  he  built  a  street  railway,  and  when  he  came  to  operate 
it,  he  had  reduced  the  labor  problems  involved  in  its  operation  to  such 
exactitude  that  all  strikes  were  avoided  on  that  system,  though  oft 
frequent  occurrence  on  other  Cleveland  lines.  In  the  early  eighties 
he  bought  the  Cleveland  opera  house,  and  a  little  afterward  entered 
the  banking  business,  to  the  management  of  each  of  which  he  applied 
the  same  methods  of  industry,  thoroughness  and  attention  to  mi- 


: 


MARCUS  ALONZO  HANNA  21 

nutiae  that  have  characterized  all  his  undertakings.  His  business 
ventures  brought  him  large  returns  in  wealth,  prestige,  and  knowledge 
of  men  and  affairs,  and  developed  those  perceptive  qualities  which 
were  so  prominently  his  in  political  and  public  life. 

The  first  appearance  of  Senator  Hanna  in  national  politics  was 
in  1880,  during  the  Garfield  campaign.  With  becoming  modesty  he 
played  an  important  part  in  bringing  Roscoe  Conkling  and  Garfield 
into  a  personal  conference,  and  did  much  to  ameliorate  the  factional 
bitterness  of  that  campaign.  Being  a  practical  business  man, 
inheriting  something  of  the  clannish  instincts  of  the  Scotch  and 
Irish,  yet  brought  up  in  the  pacific  and  sometimes  insinuating 
methods  of  the  "  Friends" — he  carried  something  of  all  these  forces 
into  politics,  and  began  his  work  on  business  principles  with  a  league 
of  business  men.  He  organized  the  Business  Men's  League,  first  in 
Cleveland,  and  helped  in  its  extension  until  its  silent  force  of  organized 
work  and  influential  opinion  became  potent  throughout  the  country. 
For  some  time  the  public  paid  little  heed  to  the  powerful  organiza- 
tion, beyond  applauding  the  great  "  parades  "  of  business  men  which 
became  a  feature  of  all  subsequent  campaigns. 

In  1884,  he  went  to  the  Republican  national  convention  as  a 
delegate  pledged  to  support  John  Sherman.     Four  years  later  he 
went  to  the  next  convention  as  one  of  the  managers  of  Sherman's 
campaign.     After  each  of  these  conventions  he  spent  a  couple  of 
months  in  campaign  work.     It  was  in  1894  that  he  began  the  impor- 
tant task  of  preparing  the  country  for  McKinley's  election  in  1896. 
He  had  known  William  McKinley  since  the  early  seventies,  and  they 
came  to  be  bound  together  by  two  very  strong  ties — personal  friend- 
ship, and  a  common  enthusiasm  for  the  policy  of  protection  to 
American  industrial  interests.     He  took  up  McKinley  as  a  business 
an's  candidate,  confidently  appealing  to  the  business  men  in  and 
out  of  the  league  which  he  had  created.     But  in  no  sense  was  Mr. 
|  McKinley  an  arbitrary  selection.     As  Senator  Hanna  himself  put  it, 
f  he  "  had  seen  the  demand  for  that  candidate  growing  through  three 
I  conventions;  had  seen  the  great  protectionist's  popularity  grow  and 
;  'grow,  and  now  saw  the  people  turning  toward  him  more  and  more. 
,1  had  large  interests  myself,  and  I  was  alarmed  at  what  I  saw  of  the 
growth  of  socialism,  the  tendency  toward  free  trade,  and  the  threat- 
ened adoption  of  fiat  money."     He  twice  secured  Mr.  McKinley's 
election,  but  it  was  only  the  first  campaign  that  required  all  his 


22  MARCUS  ALONZO  HANNA 

skill.     The  secret  of  his  success  was  that  he  was  practical,  thorough, 
and  yet  diplomatic — a  man  who  understood  his  fellow  men. 

In  March,  1897,  Mr.  Hanna  was  appointed  United  States  senator 
to  succeed  Honorable  John  Sherman,  who,  upon  the  inauguration  of 
President  McKinley  became  the  latter's  secretary  of  state.  At  the 
assembling  of  the  Ohio  legislature  he  was  elected  his  own  successor 
and  took  his  seat  March  4,  1899.  His  career  in  the  senate  was  marked 
by  dignity,  ability,  and  loyalty,  and  he  retained  his  influence  and 
popularity  to  the  last,  dying  in  the  harness,  where  he  had  often 
expressed  the  hope  that  he  might  be  when  death  should  find  him. 

He  took  an  active  part  in  the  senate  debates,  and,  both  here  and 
on  the  stump,  he  developed  oratorical  powers  of  an  unusual  order. 
His  talent  in  this  direction  came  as  a  surprise  to  many  persons  who 
had  known  him  only  as  a  clear-headed,  keen  business  man,  terse  of 
speech,  quick  of  decision,  vigorous  and  aggressive  in  all  his  dealings. 
His  eloquence  was  not  of  the  schools.  It  lacked  the  artificial  graces 
of  a  studied  style  and  practised  gesture.  But  it  had  the  force  and 
vigor  of  a  manly  character  behind  it;  a  directness  that  was  persuasive 
by  its  very  honesty;  and  it  compelled  assent  by  that  force  which  we 
call  personal  magnetism.  It  had  wit  and  a  homely  wisdom  in  it — 
the  wisdom  of  a  large  experience  in  the  matters  of  which  he  spoke. 

It  is  said  that  one  of  the  principal  elements  in  the  success  of 
Napoleon  was  his  ability  to  estimate  the  character  of  his  associates. 
In  the  business  and  political  world,  this  faculty  is  quite  as  important 
as  in  the  military;  and  Senator  Hanna  possessed  it  to  a  remarkable 
degree.  He  was  not  an  aristocrat,  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  that 
word;  but  he  had  no  time  for  mere  words.  He  could  read  character 
by  its  natural  signs  and  he  recognized  no  other  passport  to  his  favor. 
His  head  was  hard,  but  his  heart  was  tender.  He  could  strike  with  i 
mailed  hand,  and  strong  men  hesitated  to  invite  his  blow;  but  he 
could  also  be  as  tender  as  a  parent  caressing  a  child.  To  his  friends 
and  companions,  he  was  just  a  hearty,  kindly,  good  man;  very  simple 
in  his  tastes,  unpretentious  in  his  manners,  earnest  and  strong  in  his 
beliefs  and  principles,  and  remarkable  among  men  in  general  for  his 
loyalty  to  his  friends. 

In  later  life  he  devoted  much  thought  and  large  efforts  to 
the  solution  of  the  problems  growing  out  of  the  relations  of  labor  and 
capital.  He  called  this  the  great  aim  of  his  life,  and  shortly  before 
his  death  he  said  that  he  regarded  what  he  had  done  in  this  direction 


MARCUS  ALONZO  HANNA  23 

as  his  greatest  achievement.  To  his  influence  must  be  accredited  in 
no  slight  degree  the  broader  ideas  which  govern  the  contentions  on 
both  sides  of  this  contest,  and  especially  does  his  life-work  stand  for 
humane  and  just  treatment  of  employes.  He  realized  better  than 
many  of  his  contemporaries  that  in  the  complex  affairs  of  the  modern 
industrial  world  are  problems  quite  as  worthy  of  intellectual  power 
as  are  the  more  classic  problems  of  purely  professional  life. 

Kenyon  college,  Gambier,  Ohio,  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  shortly  after  his  election  to  the  senate. 

On  September  27,  1864,  Senator  Hanna  was  married  to  C. 
Augusta  Rhodes,  daughter  of  Daniel  P.  Rhodes,  of  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  who  survives  him.     Three  children  were  living  in  1905. 


WILLIAM  TORREY  HARRIS 

HARRIS,  WILLIAM  TORREY,  educator,  philosopher, 
author  and  journalist,  has  been  United  States  Commis- 
sioner of  Education  since  September  13,  1889.  He  was 
born  at  North  Killingly,  Connecticut,  September  10,  1835.  He  is  a 
son  of  William  and  Zilpah  (Torrey)  Harris.  His  grandfather, 
Thomas  Harris,  lived  in  Scituate,  Rhode  Island,  and  he  is  a  descend- 
ant of  Roger  Williams,  Lawrence  Wilkinson,  William  Torrey,  John 
Greene  and  others  well  known  in  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island 
history.  In  an  article,  entitled  "How  I  Was  Educated,"  Commis- 
sioner Harris  tells  the  story  of  the  early  years  of  his  struggles  and 
triumphs  in  acquiring  knowledge. 

"  About  sixteen  years  of  my  early  life  were  spent  on  a  farm  in  the 
northeastern  part  of  Connecticut,  practically  shut  in  by  the  woods, 
and  a  mile  distant  from  the  nearest  neighbors.  The  farm  was  large 
and  my  grandfather  employed  many  laborers,  so  that  we  formed  a 
small  colony  by  ourselves.  At  the  age  of  four  I  began  attending  the 
district  school  in  the  traditional  '  red  school-house,'  a  mile  and  a  half 
distant.  I  suppose  I  learned  to  read  a  little,  but  remember  only  my 
interest  in  the  older  boys  and  girls  there.  It  was  a  great  event  to 
find  playmates.  The  following  summer  I  had  learned  to  read,  and  I 
read  and  reread  the  pieces  (in  our  school  reader)  of  my  own  accord  at 
home,  until  I  quite  mastered  them.  After  I  had  learned  to  read, 
finding  an  old  Latin  grammar  about  the  house,  I  committed  to  mem- 
ory a  long  list  of  Latin  phrases  and  sentences  with  their  translations, 
and  gained  commendation  by  repeating  them  to  my  uncles  and 
aunts.  When  I  was  eight  years  old  I  attended  also  the  winter  session 
of  the  school.  The  chief  text-book  was  Noah  Webster's  elementary 
'Spelling  Book,'  which  is  still  sold  at  the  rate  of  twelve  hundred 
thousand  copies  per  annum.  In  my  days  this  book  was  learned  from 
cover  to  cover.     Its  influence  was  great  and  salutary. 

"When  I  was  twelve  years  old  we  had  a  schoolmaster  who  knew 
some  Latin,  and  with  him  I  began  to  study  that  language.  I 
place  before  all  studies  in  value  in  the  district  school,  the  reading 


WILLIAM    TORREY    HARRIS  25 

book.  It  was  a  very  great  advantage  that  the  whole  school  read 
every  year  the  finest  gems  of  thought  and  expression  in  the  language. 
The  genius  of  a  great  author  will  more  than  compensate  for  his 
difficulties.  From  my  eighth  to  my  tenth  year  I  spent  several  terms 
in  the  city  schools  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island.  There  I  found  the 
'  martinet '  system  prevailing.  I  wanted  to  come  at  the  substance  of 
the  study,  and  I  grudged  the  time  wasted  over  the  mechanism  of  it. 
There  was  no  discussion  whatever  of  the  real  subject.  The  mechani- 
cal memory  was  almost  the  only  faculty  required  or  much  cultivated. 
After  my  thirteenth  year,  I  attended  various  New  England  academies, 
say  one  term  each  at  given  different  academies.  In  these  schools  I 
became  interested  in  natural  philosophy  and  in  Milton's  '  Paradise 
Lost,'  and  at  fifteen  I  began  the  Greek  grammar  and  became  fond  of 
astronomy.  At  seventeen  I  entered  Phillips  academy,  Andover, 
Massachusetts,  of  which  Doctor  Samuel  H.  Taylor  was  principal. 
I  had  never  before  met  a  disciplinary  force  that  swept  me  off  my  feet 
and  overcame  my  capricious  will.  My  intellectual  work  had  been  a 
matter  of  mere  inclination.  In  my  short  stay  at  Andover,  I  gained 
more  than  at  any  other  school.  I  had  taught  school  for  two  winter 
sessions,  and  I  used  my  winter  evenings  in  study.  At  the  age  of 
sixteen  I  mastered  geometry  and  trigonometry.  The  next  winter  I 
devoted  entirely  to  Locke's  '  Essay  on  the  Human  Understanding,' 
having  heard  that  Franklin  read  it  at  my  age.  At  first  it  was  incom- 
parably dull;  but  I  soon  became  interested  in  Locke's  refutation  of 
innate  ideas.  When,  three  years  later,  I  read  '  Cousin's  Criticism  of 
Locke,'  I  took  fire  in  every  part  of  my  soul,  from  the  intense  interest 
aroused  in  me  at  seeing  Locke's  positions  overthrown  by  brilliant  and 
overwhelming  arguments  based  on  keen  psychological  distinctions. 
I  had  reviewed  all  my  work  while  at  home  working  on  the  farm,  and 
in  the  fall  of  1854  I  entered  Yale  college.  Here,  because  I  had 
already  been  thoroughly  over  the  ground,  I  fell  into  lax  habits  of 
study  in  mathematics;  but  I  became  deeply  interested  in  natural 
science.  I  wished  to  know  nature.  This  thought  overmastered  me 
finally,  and  about  the  middle  of  my  junior  year  I  withdrew  from  the 
college,  full  of  dissatisfaction  with  its  course  of  study,  and  impatient 
for  three  then  'moderns' — modern  science,  modern  literature,  and 
modern  history.  I  had  disparaged  the  study  of  Latin  and  Greek  as 
dead  languages ;  but  later  I  discovered  that  Latin  and  Greek  was  my 
chief  instrument  in  the  acquiring  of  new  ideas." 


26  WILLIAM  TORREY    HARRIS 

It  is  a  matter  of  peculiar  interest  to  follow  the  early  education  of 
a  man  who  is  at  the  present  time  one  of  the  leading  authorities  on 
education,  and  is  at  the  head  of  the  Bureau  of  Education  of  the  United 
States  Government.  But  as  he  closes  the  record  of  his  school  and 
college  days,  he  says,  "it  seems  to  me  that  my  real  education  began 
later  in  life." 

In  1857  he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  was  first  a  teacher, 
then  principal,  and  then  assistant  superintendent  of  public  schools 
until  1868,  when  he  became  superintendent;  and  he  continued  to  hold 
this  office  until  1880.  His  published  reports  on  education  during  the 
time  of  his  incumbency  as  city  superintendent  of  the  public  schools 
of  St.  Louis,  formed  a  part  of  the  educational  exhibit  at  the  Paris 
exposition  of  1878,  and  the  honorary  title  of  Officier  de  l'Academie 
was  bestowed  upon  him  in  recognition  of  the  value  to  education  of 
these  records.  The  reports  were  placed  in  the  library  of  the  minister 
of  public  instruction  in  Paris.  In  1880  he  represented  the  United 
States  Bureau  of  Education  at  the  International  Congress  of  Edu- 
cators at  Brussels,  Belgium.  On  his  return  to  America,  he  settled  at 
Concord,  Massachusetts,  and  became  an  active  member  of  the  "Con- 
cord School  of  Philosophy,"  and  one  of  its  most  scholarly  lecturers. 

In  1889  he  visited  France  again,  representing  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  Education  at  the  Paris  exposition,  and  the  title  of  Officier 
de  F Instruction  Publique  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  French 
Government.  This  same  year  he  was  appointed  United  States  Com- 
missioner of  Education;  and  he  removed  to  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia,  which  since  that  time  has  been  his  home. 

Commissioner  Harris's  knowledge  of  all  educational  matters  in 
the  United  States  is  thorough  and  comprehensive.  His  especial 
personal  study  has  been  devoted  to  philosophy,  and  his  acquaintance 
with  the  writings  of  the  German  philosophers  is  evidenced  in  his  own 
original  work.  Fichte,  Hegel,  and  Dante  are  among  his  favorite 
authors.  He  searches  for  and  believes  that  he  finds  the  psychological 
bases  on  which  a  right  system  of  education  should  be  founded.  Few 
of  our  American  scholars  have  been  more  enthusiastically  devoted 
to  the  study  of  philosophy  than  has  Commissioner  Harris;  and  few 
are  better  fitted  by  temperament  and  training  for  abstract  specula- 
tion. But  Doctor  Harris  is  not  content  to  rest  in  speculation  and 
theory.  He  wishes  to  convert  the  reasoning  of  the  mind  into  benefi- 
cent methods  of  action,  and  to  use  the  insight  of  the  logical  theorist 


WILLIAM    TORREY    HARRIS  27 

to  purify  the  morality  and  ennoble  the  energy  of  all  true  thinkers  and 
workers.     Both  his  work  and  his  writings  prove  this. 

He  founded  the  "Philosophic  Society"  of  St.  Louis,  in  1866. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Historical  Association,  and  a  fellow 
of  the  American  Society  for  the  Advancement  of  Science.  He  was 
president  of  the  National  Educational  Association  in  1875,  and  for 
fifteen  years  he  has  been  an  officer  of  the  American  Social  Science 
Association.  He  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  State  Uni- 
versity of  Missouri  in  1870;  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1894;  from  Yale  in  1895;  from  Princeton  in  1896;  that  of  Ph.D.  from 
Brown  in  1893,  and  from  the  University  of  Iowa  in  1899.  He 
founded,  1867,  and  still  conducts,  the  "Journal  of  Speculative 
Philosophy."  He  was  on  the  editorial  staff  of  Johnson's  Universal 
Encyclopedia;  is  the  editor  of  Appleton's  International  Education 
Series;  and  he  also  edited  Kroeger's  translation  of  Fichte's  "Science 
of  Ethics"  (London,  1897).  He  is  the  author  of  "Introduction  to 
the  Study  of  Philosophy,"  1890;  "Hegel's  Logic,"  1890;  "The 
Spiritual  Sense  of  Dante's  Divina  Comedia,"  1891;  "Psychological 
Foundations  of  Education,"  1898,  besides  numerous  contributions  to 
periodicals. 

He  was  married  at  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  December  27, 
1857,  to  Miss  Sarah  Bugbee.  His  address  is  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia. 


HAMILTON  SMITH   HAWKINS 

HAWKINS,  HAMILTON  SMITH,  soldier  in  the  United  States 
army  from  cadet  at  West  Point  to  brigadier-general, 
retired;  was  born  in  Fort  Moultrie,  Charleston  Harbor, 
South  Carolina,  November  13,  1834.  His  father,  Major  Hamilton 
Smith  Hawkins,  was  surgeon  in  the  United  States  army,  a  man  of 
sterling  integrity  and  great  firmness;  devoted  to  duty  and  passionately 
fond  of  music.  He  lost  his  life,  a  victim  of  yellow  fever,  while  on 
duty  in  Mexico  with  the  United  States  army  of  occupation,  1847. 
His  mother,  Ann  Alicia  Chiffelle,  was  the  daughter  of  Thomas  Philo- 
theus  and  Henrietta  Ladson  Chiffelle  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina, 
and  followed  closely  the  fortunes  of  her  husband,  spending  most  of 
her  time  in  garrison  up  to  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  Mexico.  His 
paternal  grandparents  were  William  and  Mary  Hamilton  (Smith) 
Hawkins  of  Baltimore,  Maryland.  His  first  American  ancestor,  John 
Hawkins,  came  from  Exeter,  Devonshire,  England,  to  Baltimore, 
Maryland,  October  14,  1773;  and  he  was  descended  from  Colonel 
Charles  Hawkins  of  Exeter,  who  was  killed  in  1704,  at  the  head  of  his 
regiment  at  the  taking  of  Gibraltar. 

Hamilton  S.  Hawkins  was  brought  up  in  the  army  until  ten  years 
old;  attended  McNally's  school  in  Baltimore,  of  great  local  celebrity, 
and  for  two  and  a  half  years  was  in  Paris  at  the  school  of  M.  Gachotte. 
He  entered  the  United  States  military  academy,  July  1,  1852,  and  in 
his  third  year  was  found  deficient  and  was  dismissed  January  31, 
1855.  He  thereupon  entered  the  wholesale  dry  goods  importing 
house  of  Slocum,  Stowell  and  Company,  New  York  city,  as  a  clerk 
and  continued  in  that  establishment  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
war  in  1861.  He  was  appointed  from  civil  life  second  lieutenant  in 
the  6th  United  States  infantry,  April  26,  1861;  was  promoted  first 
lieutenant,  May  14,  1861;  captain  September  20,  1863.  He  was 
promoted  major  of  the  10th  United  States  infantry  October  31,  1883; 
was  commandant  of  cadets  at  the  United  States  military  academy, 
1888-92;  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  23d  United  States 
infantry,  February  17,  1889;  colonel  of  the  16th  United  States  infan- 


HAMILTON    SMITH    HAWKINS  29 

try,  August  13,  1894,  and  was  transferred  to  the  20th  United  States 
infantry  September  15,  1894.  He  was  commandant  of  the  infantry 
and  cavalry  school  of  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  1894-98,  and  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  Spanish-American  war  in  1898  he  was  appointed 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  May  4,  1898,  and  he  commanded  the 
brigade  which  led  the  assault  on  Fort  San  Juan,  July  1,  1898.  He 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major-general  of  volunteers,  July  8, 1898, 
and  on  September  8  of  the  same  year  he  was  promoted  in  the  regular 
army  to  brigadier-general,  and  he  was  placed  upon  the  retired  list 
in  the  regular  army,  October  8,  1898,  after  forty  years'  service.  He 
declined  brevets  during  the  Civil  war;  as  captain,  July  2,  1863,  for 
Gettysburg;  major,  October  11, 1865,  for  services  during  the  war.  He 
was  elected  a  companion  of  the  first  class  in  the  Military  Order  of 
the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United  States  and  was  a  member  of  the 
Military  Order  of  Foreign  Wars  of  the  United  States;  the  Society  of 
the  Army  of  Santiago;  the  Society  of  American  Wars;  the  Infantry 
Association  and  the  National  Geographic  Society.  He  was  married 
December  3,  1868,  to  Annie,  daughter  of  Andrew  C.  and  Elizabeth 
(Scofield)  Gray  of  New  Castle,  Delaware,  and  of  the  five  children  born 
to  them  three  were  living  in  1905.  He  took  no  part  in  politics.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Episcopal  church.  He  found  military  history, 
military  biography  and  works  upon  strategy  and  tactics  his  most 
helpful  reading.  He  holds  that  true  success  must  have  the  approval 
of  one's  conscience;  feels  that  his  father's  death  prevented  his  having 
any  one  to  start  him  right;  and  that  his  original  capacity  was  good 
enough,  but  that  the  idea  of  correct  analysis  was  not  awakened  in 
him  for  some  years,  and  during  these  years  and  in  consequence  of  his 
lethargy,  he  formed  a  poor  opinion  of  his  own  ability  and  "found 
plenty  of  people  ready  to  agree  with  this  estimate."  In  later  years 
he  proved  to  himself  that  he  could  master  mathematics  or  any  other 
analytic  study. 

General  Hawkins'  career  in  the  army,  notwithstanding  its  un- 
promising beginning  as  a  cadet,  shows  that  when  once  determination 
to  succeed  takes  possession  of  boy  or  man,  inherent  capacity  will 
come  to  his  aid  and  he  will  gain  the  goal,  in  spite  of  previous  indiffer- 
ence or  the  doleful  prophecy  of  pessimistic  friends. 


JOSEPH   ROSWELL  HAWLEY 

HAWLEY,  JOSEPH  ROSWELL,  son  of  a  Baptist  clergyman, 
graduate  of  Hamilton  college;  school  teacher;  lawyer  in 
Hartford  from  1850;  organizer  of  the  Republican  party  in 
Connecticut;  editor  of  an  abolition  journal,  1852-56,  and  of  a  daily 
newspaper  from  1857;  soldier  in  the  Civil  war,  1861-65,  from  first 
lieutenant  to  brevet  major-general;  governor  of  Connecticut,  presi- 
dent of  the  Republican  national  convention  of  1866;  representative 
in  congress,  1872-75,  and  1879-81;  president  of  the  United  States 
Centennial  commission,  1873-77;  United  States  senator  from  March 
4,  1881;  was  born  in  Stewartsville,  North  Carolina,  October  31,  1826. 
His  father,  the  Reverend  Francis  Hawley,  was  a  native  of  Farming- 
ton,  Connecticut,  but  went  South,  where  he  engaged  in  business, 
became  a  Baptist  minister,  and  married  Mary  McLeod,  a  native  of 
North  Carolina  of  Scotch  ancestry;  and  in  1837  when  Joseph  Roswell 
was  eleven  years  old  came  back  to  Connecticut,  in  1842  removing 
with  his  family  to  Cazenovia,  New  York.  Notwithstanding  his  resi- 
dence in  a  slave  state,  he  was  an  active  abolitionist.  The  first 
ancestor  in  America,  Captain  Joseph  Hawley,  came  from  Porwick, 
Derbyshire,  England,  landed  in  Boston  in  1629,  and  became  a  planter 
at  Stratford,  Connecticut,  about  1640.  His  son  Samuel,  grandson 
Captain  Joseph,  great  grandson  Ebenezer,  great(2)  grandson  Ebenezer, 
great(3)  grandson  Asa,  great(4)  grandson  the  Reverend  Francis,  and 
great(5)  grandson  General  Joseph  Roswell,  is  the  direct  line  of 
descendant  of  the  Hawley  family. 

The  future  United  States  senator  was  educated  in  the  Hartford 
grammar  school  and  at  Cazenovia  seminary,  and  was  graduated  at 
Hamilton  college,  New  York,  A.B.,  1847;  A.M.,  1850.  He  taught 
school  winters,  studied  law  in  Cazenovia,  New  York,  and  Hartford, 
Connecticut,  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  Hartford  in  1850.  He 
entered  politics  as  a  member  of  the  Free  Soil  party,  was  made  chair- 
man of  the  Free  Soil  state  committee,  wrote  for  the  press  and  spoke 
in  the  interest  of  the  party  on  every  occasion,  especially  opposing  the 
then  popular  Know  Nothing  or  Native  American  party.     He  called 


JOSEPH    ROSWELL   HAWLEY  31 

the  first  meeting  for  the  organization  of  the  Republican  party  in  the 
state,  and  the  meeting  was  held  in  his  law  office  in  1856.  Gideon 
Welles  and  John  M.  Niles  were  among  the  noted  men  who  attended. 
In  the  Fremont  and  Dayton  campaign  of  1856  Mr.  Hawley  gave  three 
months  to  stumping  the  North  for  "Free  Soil,  Fremont  and  Free 
Men."  In  1857  he  abandoned  the  practice  of  the  law  to  become 
editor  of  the  "Hartford  Evening  Press,"  uniting  with  it  the  "Charter 
Oak,"  which  he  had  conducted  as  an  abolition  journal,  1852-56.  He 
made  the  new  paper  distinctively  Republican.  His  partner  in  the 
enterprise  was  William  Faxon,  subsequently  assistant  secretary  of 
the  navy.  When  the  news  of  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  by  the 
first  shot  fired  upon  the  United  States  garrison  in  Fort  Sumter 
reached  Connecticut,  Editor  Hawley  called  for  recruits  for  rifle 
Company  A,  1st  Connecticut  volunteers,  and  over  one  hundred  men 
responded  within  twenty-four  hours,  for  three  months' service;  and 
Mr.  Hawley,  who  had  personally  engaged  rifles  at  Sharp's  factory, 
was  elected  first  lieutenant.  The  regiment  reached  Washington 
early  in  July,  and  when  it  started  out  for  the  battlefield  of  Bull  Run, 
July  21,  Lieutenant  Hawley  had  been  advanced  to  captain  of  the 
rifles.  General  Erastus  D.  Keyes,  in  command  of  the  brigade,  gave 
to  Captain  Hawley  special  praise  for  good  conduct  in  battle.  On 
returning  to  Connecticut  with  the  regiment  in  September,  1861,  to  be 
mustered  out,  he  assisted  Colonel  Alfred  H.  Terry  in  recruiting  the 
7th  Connecticut  volunteers  for  three  years'  service;  and  he  was  made 
lieutenant-colonel  September  17,  1861,  when  the  new  regiment  was 
mustered  in.  The  regiment  was  attached  to  the  Port  Royal  expedi- 
tion and  on  reaching  Port  Royal,  South  Carolina,  was  the  first  sent 
ashore  after  the  bombardment,  to  garrison  the  place.  After  the  four 
months  seige  and  the  surrender  of  Fort  Pulaski,  the  7th  Connecticut 
garrisoned  that  Confederate  stronghold.  On  January  20,  1862,  he 
succeeded  Colonel  Terry  in  command  of  the  regiment  and  led  it  in  the 
battles  of  James  Island  and  Pocotaligo  and  also  in  the  expedition  to 
Florida  under  General  John  M.  Brannan.  He  commanded  the  post 
of  Fernandina  from  January,  1863,  and  led  an  unsuccessful  expedition 
by  land  against  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  in  April,  1863.  He 
commanded  a  brigade  on  Morris  Island,  South  Carolina,  during  the 
siege  of  Charleston  and  the  capture  of  Fort  Wagner.  In  February, 
1864,  in  conformity  with  directions  of  the  president,  General  Gill- 
more  planned  another  expedition  to  gain  possession  of  Florida  and  it 


32  JOSEPH    ROSWELL   HAWLEY 

was  led  by  General  Truman  Seymour  with  Colonel  Hawley  in  com- 
mand of  a  brigade.  This  led  to  the  disastrous  battle  of  Olustee, 
February  20,  1864,  where  the  Federal  troops  lost  1861  out  of  5560 
men  and  fell  back  to  Jacksonville.  The  Confederate  loss  was  940. 
The  Federal  troops  in  Florida  and  South  Carolina  were  ordered  to 
Virginia  and  Colonel  Hawley  commanded  the  2d  brigade  in  Terry's 
1st  division,  Gillmore's  10th  army  corps,  Army  of  the  James,  at 
Drury's  Bluff,  Deep  Run  and  in  engagements  near  Bermuda  Hundred. 
At  Newmarket  Road  he  commanded  a  division  and  in  the  siege  of 
Petersburg  he  commanded  the  2d  brigade,  Foster's  division,  Terry's 
24th  army  corps.  He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general, 
United  States  volunteers,  September,  1864.  In  January,  1865,  when 
General  Terry  was  ordered  to  Fort  Fisher,  North  Carolina,  General 
Hawley  was  given  command  of  the  division;  and  on  General  Terry's 
return  to  the  Army  of  the  James  he  made  General  Hawley  his  chief 
of  staff  of  the  10th  corps.  He  commanded  southeastern  North  Caro- 
lina as  military  governor,  February  22  to  June,  1865,  and  was  chief 
of  staff  to  General  A.  H.  Terry  in  command  of  the  department  of 
Virginia  with  headquarters  in  Richmond,  June  to  October,  1865.  He 
returned  to  Hartford,  Connecticut,  in  October,  1865.  He  was  bre- 
vetted  major-general  of  volunteers,  January  15,  1866,  when  he  was 
mustered  out  of  the  service. 

General  Hawley  was  elected  governor  of  Connecticut  in  April, 
1866,  but  was  defeated  for  reelection  in  1867,  and  resumed  his  edi- 
torial duties,  having  united  the  "Press"  and  "Courant,"  and  he 
vigorously  defended  the  principles  and  policy  of  the  Republican  party 
in  reconstructing  the  Southern  states.  He  was  president  of  the 
Republican  national  convention  of  1868  which  nominated  General 
Grant  for  the  presidency.  He  represented  the  Hartford  district  in 
the  United  States  congress  in  the  forty-second  and  forty-third  Con- 
gresses, 1872-75;  was  defeated  in  the  elections  of  1874  and  1876,  but 
elected  in  1878  to  the  forty-sixth  Congress.  In  the  house  he  served 
on  the  committees  on  Claims,  Banking  and  Currency,  Military  Affairs 
and  Appropriations. 

He  was  elected  United  States  senator  from  Connecticut  as  suc- 
cessor to  William  W.  Eaton,  Democrat,  in  1881,  was  reelected  in  1887, 
1893  and  1899,  his  last  term  to  expire  March  3,  1905,  at  which  time 
his  health  precluded  further  service.  In  the  senate  he  served  con- 
tinuously on  the  committee  on  Military  Affairs  and  for  several  con- 


JOSEPH    ROSWELL   HAWLEY  33 

gresses  as  its  chairman.  He  was  chairman  of  the  committee  on  Civil 
Service  and  Retrenchment,  1883-87,  when  he  vigorously  promoted 
the  enactment  of  Civil  Service  reform  legislation.  As  chairman  of 
the  select  committee  on  Ordnance  and  Warships  in  the  forty-ninth 
Congress  he  submitted  a  valuable  report,  the  result  of  careful  investi- 
gations into  steel  production  and  heavy  gun  making  in  England  and 
the  United  States,  undertaken  during  his  chairmanship  of  the  select 
committee  on  the  capacity  of  steel  producing  works  in  the  forty- 
eighth  Congress.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  committee  on  Coast 
Defense,  Railroads,  Interoceanic  Canals  and  International  Exposi- 
tions. He  was  president  of  the  United  States  Centennial  commission, 
1872-77,  and  was  a  chief  promoter  of  the  Centennial  exposition  at 
Philadelphia  in  1876,  giving  two  years  to  this  work.  He  received 
the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Hamilton  in  1875,  from  Yale 
in  1886  and  from  Trinity  in  1894.  He  was  a  trustee  of  Hamilton, 
1876.  Connecticut  honored  him  by  making  him  the  candidate  of 
the  state  delegation  for  the  nomination  for  president  of  the  United 
States  in  1884,  and  at  each  successive  ballot  before  the  National  con- 
vention gave  him  the  unanimous  vote  of  the  delegation.  He  was 
elected  to  membership  in  the  American  Historical  and  other  learned 
societies.  He  was  married  December  25,  1855,  to  Harriet  Ward 
Foote,  of  Guilford,  who  died  March  3,  1886.  By  the  soldiers  who 
served  in  the  army  with  which  her  husband  was  connected,  her  name 
is  cherished  for  her  services  in  camp  and  field  during  the  Civil  war. 
He  was  married  a  second  time,  in  1887,  to  Edith  Anne  Hornor,  of 
England,  and  had  two  children  (daughters)  born  of  this  union. 
He  is  the  author  of  "The  Battle  of  Olustee"  (Battles  and  Leaders  of 
the  Civil  War,  vol.  iv,  pages  79-80).  General  Hawley  in  his  long  and 
active  life  devoted  unselfishly  to  his  country,  has  proved  what  it 
means  to  be  a  patriotic  soldier,  a  wise  legislator,  a  clean  and  helpful 
journalist,  an  ardent  champion  of  the  political  faith  which  he  espoused, 
a  firm  believer  in  human  rights,  in  the  American  people,  and  in  the 
American  way  of  meeting  and  deciding  questions  of  vital  import. 

General  Hawley  died  at  his  home  in  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia,  March  18,  1905. 


AUGUSTUS  GEORGE  HEATON 

H  EATON,  AUGUSTUS  GEORGE,  painter  and  writer,  is 
descended  from  the  Eatons  and  Heatons  in  the  New  Haven 
colony,  their  earliest  ancestor  having  come  to  America  in 
the  second  voyage  of  the  Mayflower.  He  was  born  April  28,  1844. 
His  father,  Augustus  Heaton,  a  hardware  commission  merchant, 
was  "  a  man  of  integrity  and  geniality."  He  was  a  director  of  Girard 
college,  of  the  Philadelphia  Bank  and  of  the  Philadelphia  Trust  Com- 
pany. The  death  of  his  mother,  while  young  Heaton  was  but  six 
years  old,  deprived  him  of  a  love  and  care  which  he  has  sadly  missed 
throughout  his  life.  He  was  carefully  nurtured  as  an  only  son  under 
the  care  of  a  cautious  father  and  grandmother.  His  life  as  a  boy  of 
active  brain  and  special  tastes  for  art,  poetry,  natural  science  and 
philosophy  he  feels  was  somewhat  too  sedentary.  He  passed  his 
winters  in  Philadelphia  and  his  summers  in  New  Haven.  Carpen- 
tering and  construction  were  enjoyable  pastimes  while  a  boy. 

He  had  every  opportunity  for  prolonged  study  and  began  to 
prepare  for  college,  but  the  classics  and  mathematics  were  not  to  his 
taste,  and  art  had  preoccupied  him  from  childhood.  His  disposition 
was  reserved  but  independent,  his  thoughtful  mind  was  charmed  by 
ideals  and  his  self  culture  was  more  notable  than  his  school  progress. 
Selecting  art  as  a  profession  at  nineteen  he  went  from  the  Academy 
of  William  A.  Reynolds  in  Philadelphia,  to  Paris,  and  studied  at  the 
School  of  Fine  Arts  from  1863-65  under  Cabanel,  taking  a  further 
course  later  under  Bonnat,  from  1878-82,  and  exhibiting  several 
times  at  the  Paris  Salon,  during  these  years.  Between  these  two 
periods  of  study,  he  was  professor  of  the  Fine  Arts,  in  the  Philadel- 
phia School  of  Design  for  Women,  taking  the  position  in  1866,  and 
lecturing  also  till  1868.  His  renewed  artistic  energy  during  his  years 
of  study  in  Paris  gave  him  a  much  higher  standing  in  his  profession. 
On  returning  to  America  he  opened  a  studio  in  New  York,  in  1874. 
He  painted  "Washington  at  Fort  Duquesne,"  in  1881,  for  the  Union 
League  club,  Philadelphia,  and  his  famous  picture  "The  Recall  of 
Columbus,"  was  finished  in  1883.  It  was  bought  by  congress  for  the 
Capitol  at  Washington,  and  was  engraved  on  the  fifty-cent  World's 


AUGUSTUS  GEORGE  HEATON  35 

Fair  stamp  in  1893.  He  painted  a  portrait  of  Bishop  Bowman  for 
Cornell  college,  Iowa,  1885;  of  Paul  Tulane,  for  Tulane  university, 
1892,  and  "The  Promoters  of  the  New  Congressional  Library  Build- 
ing," eighteen  prominent  statesmen,  1888.  His  picture  "Hardships 
of  Emigration,"  is  on  the  ten-cent  Omaha  stamp.  He  has  painted 
many  portraits.  In  1884  he  selected  Washington,  District  of  Colum- 
bia as  his  place  of  residence.  He  painted  pictures  from  frontier  and 
Indian  life  in  the  West,  1896-99. 

Mr.  Heaton  is  an  associate  of  the  Pennsylvania  Academy  of  Fine 
Arts,  a  member  of  the  National  Academy  of  Science,  of  the  National 
Geographic  Society,  of  the  Columbia  Historical  Society,  of  the  Numis- 
matic and  Archeological  Society  of  New  York,  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Historical  Society,  and  of  the  Metropolitan  and  Cosmos  clubs  of 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia.  He  was  president  of  the  Ameri- 
can Numismatic  Association,  1894-96. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Republican  party.  His  reading  has  been 
varied.  It  includes  standard  English  and  French  poetry,  biography 
and  history  and  very  many  authorities  on  Art,  especially  Da  Vinci's 
Treatise  on  Art,  and  Montabert  on  Art.  He  is  an  excellent  French 
scholar  and  has  a  fair  knowledge  of  Spanish.  His  preference  for  his 
vocation  he  attributes  to  the  fact  that  Rembrandt  Peale  was  a  ma- 
ternal ancestor,  and  to  his  reading  art  biographies  and  poetry  in  his 
boyhood.  He  was  restrained  from  boyish  sports  in  childhood,  but 
played  cricket,  and  later  had  some  gymnasium  practice  and  a  saddle 
horse.     He  enjoys  the  best  of  health  through  very  temperate  living. 

He  says  of  his  own  career,  that  "great  reserve,  a  dignified  dis- 
position, disinclination  to  rivalry,  the  lack  of  necessity  for  hard 
struggle  financially,  and  the  dislike  of  urging  patronage,  have  been 
strong  influences."  He  emphasizes  to  young  Americans,  the  need 
of  "working  in  the  line  of  one's  best  capacity,  with  perseverance, 
cheerfulness,  system,  honesty,  intelligence  and  sociability."  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church  (Low  church)  but  is 
broad  and  sympathetic  in  his  views.  In  1900  he  published  a  religious 
epic,  "The  Heart  of  David,"  which  has  been  very  highly  commended, 
and  "Fancies  and  Thoughts  in  Verse,"  1904.  In  1893  he  produced 
"Mint  Marks,"  a  numismatic  work.  As  a  numismatist  he  has  made 
a  fine  collection  of  coins.     He  has  traveled  widely. 

He  was  married  to  Adelaide  Whiting  Griswold  in  1874.  They 
had  three  sons  living  in  1905. 


JAMES  ALEXANDER  HEMENWAY 

HEMENWAY,  JAMES  ALEXANDER,  lawyer,  legislator, 
United  States  senator  from  Indiana,  was  born  at  Boone- 
ville,  Indiana,  March  8,  1860,  son  of  William  J.  L.,  and 
Sarah  (Clelland)  Hemenway.  His  father  was  a  merchant  of 
good  business  qualifications  who  died  when  his  son  James  was  but 
thirteen  years  old,  and  the  latter  was  thus  compelled  to  begin  the 
battle  of  life  at  an  unusually  early  age.  He  took  his  place  among 
the  wage-earners,  tried  his  hand  at  various  vocations,  and  despite 
the  fact  that  he  was  obliged  to  leave  school  with  but  the  rudiments 
of  an  education,  he  devoted  every  spare  moment  of  his  time  to  study, 
and  made  a  reputation  for  trustworthiness  which  was  rewarded  with 
the  deputy  auditorship  of  his  county.  He  performed  his  duties  well, 
won  the  approval  of  his  superiors  in  office,  and  was  by  them  encouraged 
to  study  law.  This  he  did  during  the  interims  of  clerical  work.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  commenced  the  practice  of  law  in  1885. 
In  1886,  and  again  in  1888,  he  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  of 
the  second  judicial  district  of  Indiana.  Declining  a  third  nomina- 
tion, he  turned  aside  from  the  public  service  and  for  six  years  devoted 
himself  unremittingly  to  the  practice  of  law.  In  1894,  he  was  nomi- 
nated by  the  Republicans  of  his  district  for  congress  and  was  elected. 
He  was  reelected  to  the  fifty-fifth,  fifty-sixth,  fifty-seventh,  fifty- 
eighth  and  fifty-ninth  Congresses.  Before  taking  his  seat  in  the 
house  of  representatives  in  the  fifty-ninth  Congress,  he  was  elected 
to  the  United  States  senate,  January  18,  1905,  to  succeed  Honorable 
Charles  W.  Fairbanks,  who  had  been  elected  vice-president.  From 
1888  to  1892  Mr.  Hemenway  was  a  member  of  the  Republican  state 
committee  from  the  first  district. 

Shortly  after  entering  congress  he  received  a  place  on  the  com- 
mittee on  Appropriations,  and  through  successive  stages  made  his 
way  to  the  chairmanship  of  the  committee.  He  was  safe,  trusted 
and  responsible,  and  brought  to  the  work  of  that  important  committee 
unusual  ability  and  sterling  patriotism.     In  his  entire  public  career 


JAMES    ALEXANDER   HEMENWAY  37 

he  has  been  a  consistent  friend  of  the  toiler,  and  of  organized  labor; 
and  he  has  never  been  too  busy  to  listen  to  any  appeal  for  righteous 
legislation. 

On  July  1,  1884,  he  married  Anna  Eliza  Alexander.     They  have 
three  children. 


DAVID   BREMNER  HENDERSON 

HENDERSON,  DAVID  BREMNER,  soldier,  lawyer,  legis- 
lator, parliamentarian,  former  speaker  of  the  United  States 
house  of  representatives,  is  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  a 
citizen  of  the  state  of  Iowa.  He  was  born  at  Old  Deer,  Scotland, 
March  14,  1840,  and  came  to  America  with  his  parents  who  settled 
in  1846  in  Illinois.  In  1849  the  family  removed  to  Iowa,  establishing 
themselves  in  Fayette  county,  on  a  farm.  Here  he  grew  up,  assisting 
his  father  on  the  farm  in  the  summer  season  and  attending  school  in 
the  winter. 

His  life  inspiration  was  his  mother,  a  farmer's  wife,  who  had 
faith  in  her  boy,  and  who  lived  to  see  him  a  member  of  congress. 
Through  her,  his  education  was  directed  for  a  specific  and  practical 
purpose.  He  utilized  every  leisure  hour  in  study,  with  a  definite 
plan  in  view.  In  the  noon-hour,  in  the  harvest  fields,  he  mastered 
the  elements  of  mathematics.  He  took  part  in  the  debating  societies 
in  various  country  school  houses,  and  there  laid  the  foundation  for 
the  career  of  the  statesman  whose  voice  became  a  power  in  the  halls 
of  congress.  He  found  himself  a  leader  in  these  contests,  as  he  con- 
tinued to  be  in  the  wider  work  of  life  because  he  had  fitted  himself  for 
such  a  career.  The  conscientious  purpose  inspired  by  his  mother 
was  by  her  developed  in  her  son.  She  was  his  closest  companion, 
and  his  most  sympathetic  counsellor,  in  the  evening  readings  and 
talks  upon  books  and  the  affairs  of  men  and  states,  and  in  conversa- 
tions upon  the  subtle  mysteries  of  life  and  upon  problems  of  conduct. 

He  managed  by  strenuous  effort,  to  secure  means  to  enter  Upper 
Iowa  university,  where  he  was  engaged  with  his  studies  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  war.  The  martial  spirit  and  the  patriotism  of  the 
students  were  greatly  aroused  by  this  event,  and  many  of  them  has- 
tened to  enlist.  Henderson  had  not  yet  reached  his  majority;  but 
he  was  among  the  most  enthusiastic  of  the  volunteers,  and  in  August, 
1861,  he  was  chosen  first  lieutenant  of  Company  C,  12th  Iowa  volun- 
teer infantry.  He  was  wounded  at  Fort  Donelson,  and  again  severely 
at  Corinth.     This  latter  wound  resulted  in  the  amputation  of  his  left 


DAVID  BREMNER  HENDERSON  39 

foot,  and  he  was  consequently  obliged  to  leave  the  service  in  Febru- 
ary, 1863.  When  the  46th  Iowa  regiment  was  organized,  in  June, 
1864,  he  was  so  far  recovered  that  he  was  appointed  colonel  and 
assumed  command  for  the  "  hundred  days  service."  After  his  return 
from  the  field  he  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1865. 

In  November,  1865,  Colonel  Henderson  was  appointed  collector 
of  internal  revenue  for  the  third  Iowa  district.  He  held  that  appoint- 
ment until  June,  1869,  when  he  resigned  and  became  a  member  of  the 
law  firm  of  Shiras,  Van  Duzer  and  Henderson.  Soon  after,  he  was 
made  assistant  district  attorney  for  the  northern  district  of  Iowa, 
serving  two  years.  He  was  elected,  on  the  Republican  ticket,  in  the 
fall  of  1882,  a  representative  in  the  lower  house  of  congress,  from  the 
third  Iowa  district;  and  he  was  continuously  reelected  until  1903, 
when  he  declined  further  service.  His  career  in  congress  was  con- 
spicuous for  fidelity  to  public  interests,  and  he  was  rewarded  with 
many  preferments.  For  ten  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  committee 
on  Appropriations;  he  was  chairman  of  the  committee  on  Judiciary; 
a  member  of  the  committee  on  Rules  during  the  fifty-fourth  and 
fifty-fifth  Congresses;  and  he  was  speaker  of  the  fifty-sixth  and  fifty- 
seventh  Congresses. 

The  Spanish-American  war,  and  the  resultant  territorial  expan- 
sion of  the  United  States  made  the  fifty-sixth  and  fifty-seventh  Con- 
gresses epochal  in  the  history  of  the  country;  and  during  this  period 
Speaker  Henderson  took  a  prominent  part  in  shaping  the  many 
measures  which  were  made  necessary  by  changed  conditions  and 
added  responsibilities.  Following  upon  the  monetary  conference, 
at  Atlantic  City,  presided  over  by  Speaker  Henderson,  the  fifty- 
sixth  Congress  gave  to  the  gold  standard  the  "vitality  and  validity" 
of  law,  and  then  followed  many  new  and  important  measures,  cul- 
minating in  the  anti-trust  legislation  enacted  shortly  before  the  close 
of  the  fifty-seventh  Congress. 

Although  in  many  respects  Mr.  Henderson  was  the  very  an- 
tithesis of  Speaker  Reed,  whom  he  succeeded  and  whose  principal 
lieutenant  he  had  been  on  the  famous  committee  on  Rules,  yet  he 
followed  pretty  closely  in  the  wake  of  Reed's  rulings.  Perhaps  he 
had  the  tact  to  make  these  rules  easier  and  to  make  the  task  of 
following  his  leadership  pleasanter,  and  the  way  smoother.  When 
he  first  assumed  the  gavel,  he  said  to  some  of  his  friends,  with  whom 
he  was  discussing  certain  matters  pertaining  to  the  organization  of 


1 


40  DAVID    BREMNER   HENDERSON 

the  house:  "I  want  to  be  entirely  fair  with  everyone,  no  matter  on 
which  side  of  the  chamber  he  may  sit.  I  think  you  will  all  agree  that 
I  am  a  tolerably  sound  partisan  Republican,  but  I  want  to  say  here 
and  now  that  no  partisan  advantage  will  ever  accrue  to  my  party 
through  any  unfair  ruling  of  mine."  No  one  has  ever  charged 
Speaker  Henderson  with  unfairness. 

Colonel  Henderson  is  a  man  of  patriotic  impulses,  a  vigorous 
speaker,  of  conservative  tendencies,  and  his  public  record  on  the 
great  questions  of  legislation  furnishes  ample  ground  for  confidence 
in  his  wisdom  and  firmness.  His  stand  on  the  currency  question  has 
been  unequivocally  for  sound  money,  and  no  abler  champion  of  the 
development  of  American  industries  is  to  be  found  among  his  con- 
temporaries. In  his  personal  as  well  as  in  his  public  relations,  he  is 
earnest,  generous,  and  loyal.  With  the  undoubted  integrity  charac- 
teristic of  his  Scotch  ancestry,  he  inherited  a  strength  of  will  which  has 
enabled  him  to  endure  petty  annoyances  with  no  manifestation  of 
resentment,  and  to  pursue  steadfastly  and  unflinchingly  the  course  of 
conduct  marked  out  for  him  by  conscience  and  good  judgment. 

He  was  married  on  March  4,  1866,  to  Miss  Augusta  A.  Fox.  He 
died  at  Dubuque,  Iowa,  February  25,  1906. 


JOHN   BROOKS  HENDERSON 

HENDERSON,  JOHN  BROOKS,  district  school  teacher,  law- 
yer, Democratic  presidential  elector-at-large,  1856  and 
1860,  brigadier-general  of  state  militia,  1861,  United  States 
senator,  1862-69,  author  of  the  Thirteenth  Amendment  to  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States,  chairman  of  the  Republican  national 
convention  of  1882,  was  born  in  Pittsylvania  county,  Virginia, 
November  16,  1826.  His  father,  James  Henderson,  married  Jane 
Dawson  and  in  1832  removed  to  Lincoln  county,  Missouri.  Both 
his  parents  died  before  he  was  ten  years  of  age.  He  attended  the 
district  school  and  gained  a  fair  knowledge  of  the  branches  taught 
in  the  higher  schools  with  the  aid  of  a  tutor,  working  on  a  farm  to 
pay  for  his  education.  He  taught  a  district  school  and  began  the 
study  of  law  which  he  prosecuted  with  great  diligence.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1848  on  passing  a  thorough  examination  before 
the  judges  of  the  Pike  county  circuit  court.  He  removed  to  Lou- 
isiana, Missouri,  in  1849  and  began  the  practice  of  the  law,  and 
entered  actively  the  political  field  as  a  Democrat.  He  was  elected 
by  his  party  a  representative  in  the  state  legislature  in  1849  and 
again  in  1857  when  he  organized  and  advocated  before  the  legislature 
the  state  railroad  and  banking  laws  which  were  adopted  and  became 
operative.  He  was  one  of  the  presidential  electors-at-large  from 
Missouri  on  the  Buchanan  and  Breckenridge  ticket  in  1856.  In 
1860  he  was  a  delegate  from  Missouri  to  the  Democratic  national 
convention  that  met  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  and  adjourned 
to  Baltimore,  Maryland.  Before  both  conventions  he  advocated  the 
nomination  of  Stephen  A.  Douglas  for  president,  and  the  Missouri  State 
committee  placed  him  at  the  head  of  the  Douglas  and  Johnson  elec- 
toral ticket  which  ticket  was  elected  and,  with  New  Jersey  cast  the 
twelve  electoral  votes  received  by  Douglas  and  Johnson.  The  Demo- 
crats of  his  congressional  district  made  him  their  candidate  for  repre- 
sentative to  the  thirty-seventh  Congress  but  he  was  defeated  at  the 
polls  by  James  Sidney  Rollins  nominated  as  a  Conservative  Democrat. 
He  was  sent  as  a  delegate  to  the  state  convention  of  1861,  and  there 


42  JOHN    BROOKS    HENDERSON 

gave  the  weight  of  his  influence  to  prevent  the  secession  of  the  state 
from  the  Union;  and  when  Trusten  Polk  was  expelled  from  the 
United  States  senate  January  10,  1862,  for  disloyalty,  having  already 
served  as  an  officer  in  the  Confederate  government,  Mr.  Henderson 
was  appointed  by  Lieutenant-Governor  Willard  P.  Hall  to  fill  the 
vacancy  and  on  the  assembling  of  the  legislature  was  elected  to 
complete  the  term  of  Senator  Polk  which  expired  March  3,  1863, 
and  was  reelected  in  1863  for  a  full  term  expiring  March  3,  1869. 
He  served  in  the  senate  as  a  member  of  the  committee  on  Post  Offices 
and  Post  Roads;  on  the  committee  on  the  District  of  Columbia;  on 
the  committee  on  Finance;  on  the  committee  on  Expenditures  of 
the  Senate;  on  the  committee  on  Claims;  on  the  committee  on 
Foreign  Relations  and  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  Indian 
Affairs.  He  subsequently  originated  and  organized  the  Indian  Peace 
Commission  in  1867.  He  was  the  author  of  the  Thirteenth  Amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  ratified  December  18, 
1865,  providing  that  slavery  should  not  exist  within  the  United  States, 
and  that  congress  should  make  legislative  appropriation  for  the  en- 
forcement of  the  article.  He  was  one  of  the  original  agitators  for 
that  provision  for  universal  suffrage  which  led  to  the  Fifteenth 
amendment  ratified  March  30,  1870,  affirming  that  "the  right  of 
citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  shall  not  be  denied  or  abridged 
by  the  United  States,  or  by  any  state  on  account  of  race,  color  or 
previous  condition  of  servitude."  He  was  one  of  the  seven  Repub- 
lican senators  who  voted  for  the  acquittal  of  President  Johnson  on 
the  occasion  of  his  impeachment  by  the  house  of  representatives, 
November  25,  1867,  and  his  trial  before  the  senate.  In  1869  on 
retiring  from  the  senate  he  resumed  the  practice  of  law  in  St.  Louis 
and  in  1872  he  was  the  Republican  nominee  for  governor  of  the  state, 
but  at  the  election  he  was  defeated  by  Silas  Woodson.  He  was  the 
Republican  candidate  before  the  state  legislature  for  United  States 
senator  in  1873,  but  the  Democrats  being  in  the  majority  elected 
Louis  V.  Bogy.  In  1875  he  was  appointed  by  President  Grant  to 
assist  the  United  States  district  attorney  in  the  prosecution  of  the 
violators  of  the  revenue  laws,  known  as  the  "Whiskey  Ring,"  but  in 
December  of  the  same  year  the  president  removed  him  from  the  office. 
He  presided  over  the  Republican  national  convention  of  1882  and 
soon  after  made  his  home  in  Washington,  District  of  Columbia.  He 
was  elected  a  regent  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  1892  and  again 


JOHN  BROOKS    HENDERSON  43 

in  1898  and  served  as  a  member  of  the  Pan-American  conference 
assembled,  on  the  invitation  of  the  United  States,  in  Washington, 
October  2,  1898,  to  adopt  some  plan  for  the  settlement  of  disputes 
by  arbitration,  and  for  the  improvement  of  business  intercourse  and 
means  of  communication  between  the  countries.  This  convention 
suggested  the  Bureau  of  American  Republics  which  was  established 
for  the  prompt  collection  and  distribution  of  commercial  information 
concerning  the  American  Republics. 

He  was  married  in  1868,  to  Mary,  daughter  of  Judge  Elisha  and 
Eunice  (Newton)  Foote  of  New  York.  He  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  University  of  Missouri  in  1882.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Geological  and  National  Geographic  Societies  and  of 
the  American  Social  Science  Association.  He  wrote  valuable  papers 
on  economic  subjects  especially  as  affecting  finance,  and  contributed 
to  leading  magazines. 


WILLIAM   PETERS   HEPBURN 

HEPBURN,  WILLIAM  PETERS,  soldier,  lawyer,  member  of 
the  United  States  house  of  representatives  from  Iowa,  was 
born  at  Wells ville,  Columbiana  county,  Ohio,  on  Novem- 
ber 4,  1833.  His  father  was  James  Schmidt  Hepburn;  his  mother, 
Ann  Fairfax  Catlett.  Thomas  Chittenden,  first  governor  of  Vermont, 
was  a  forefather,  in  direct  line  of  descent,  and  Matthew  Lyon,  his 
great  grandfather,  represented  a  district  in  Vermont,  and  later  in 
Kentucky,  in  the  congress  of  the  United  States.  His  stepfather  re- 
moved from  Ohio  to  Iowa,  in  1841,  while  Iowa  was  still  a  territory, 
and  took  up  his  residence  in  Johnson  county.  Here  the  son  attended 
the  schools  and  furthered  his  education  along  practical  lines  in 
a  printing  office.  He  afterward  read  law  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1854.  Two  years  later,  he  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney 
for  Marshall  county,  and,  in  1858,  he  was  chosen  chief  clerk  of  the 
lower  house  of  the  Iowa  state  legislature,  for  the  seventh  session  in 
the  history  of  the  new  state. 

When  the  Civil  war  broke  out,  Mr.  Hepburn  raised  a  company 
for  the  2d  Iowa  cavalry,  of  which  he  was  commissioned  captain.  In 
September,  1861,  he  was  promoted  major  of  the  regiment;  and,  in 
November,  1862  he  became  lieutenant-colonel,  serving  until  his  term 
expired  in  1864.  In  addition  to  regimental  duty,  he  served  much 
of  the  time  on  the  staffs  of  General  Rosecrans  and  General  Sheridan, 
and  other  generals.  In  1864,  he  commanded  a  cavalry  brigade. 
His  regiment  participated  in  the  battles  of  Farmington,  Corinth, 
Booneville,  Iuka,  and  Nashville,  and  in  many  minor  engagements. 

After  the  close  of  the  war,  Colonel  Hepburn  removed  to  Page 
county,  Iowa,  where  he  continued  his  legal  career.  In  1880,  he  was 
elected  to  the  lower  house  of  congress  by  the  Republicans  of  the 
eighth  Iowa  district.  He  was  reelected  in  1882  and  again  in  1884. 
In  1886,  he  was  defeated  by  Major  A.  R.  Anderson.  In  1888  he  was 
chosen  presidential  elector-at-large  from  Iowa,  in  which  capacity 
he  had  previously  served  in  1876.  In  1892  he  was  again  elected  to 
congress,  and  was  reelected  in  1894, 1896, 1898, 1900,  1902  and  1904. 


WILLIAM  PETERS  HEPBURN  45 

His  long  term  of  service  in  the  house  has  given  him  unusual  influence 
in  that  body,  and  for  many  years  he  has  been  one  of  its  earnest 
workers.  He  is  chairman  of  the  committee  on  Interstate  and  Foreign 
Commerce,  a  member  of  the  committee  on  Insular  Affairs,  and  on 
Pacific  railroads,  and  was  one  of  the  leading  advocates,  on  the  floor 
of  congress,  of  the  Nicaraguan  interoceanic  ship  canal.  He  is  a 
public  speaker  of  unusual  power  and  eloquence  as  well  as  an  able 
debater.  Among  his  best  published  speeches  are  those  on  the 
isthmian  canal,  and  on  civil  service  reform.  Incidental  to  his  con- 
gressional career,  he  was  a  delegate  from  Iowa  to  the  Republican 
national  conventions  of  1860,  1888,  and  1896;  while,  during  the  ad- 
ministration of  President  Benjamin  Harrison,  he  served  as  solicitor 
of  the  treasury. 

On  October  7,  1855,  Colonel  Hepburn  was  married,  at  Iowa 
City,  Iowa,  to  Melvina  Annette  Morseman,  daughter  of  Doctor  Moses 
Jenerz  Morseman.  They  have  five  children,  three  daughters  and 
two  sons. 


HILARY  ABNER  HERBERT 

HERBERT,  HILARY  ABNER.  The  navy  of  the  United 
States,  in  the  position  which  it  holds  today  among  the 
navies  of  the  world,  is  largely  indebted  to  the  advanced 
ideas  and  active  labors  of  Hilary  Abner  Herbert,  notable  among 
our  recent  secretaries  of  the  navy.  Born  at  Laurensville,  South 
Carolina,  March  12,  1834,  the  son  of  Thomas  E.  and  Dorothy 
Herbert,  his  life  has  been  passed  in  the  South.  The  family  removed 
to  Greenville,  Alabama,  in  1846,  where  the  father  became  engaged 
as  a  teacher  and  planter,  and  the  son  received  his  early  education. 
Sent  to  the  University  of  Alabama  in  1853,  and  to  the  University  of 
Virginia  in  1854,  after  his  graduation  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of 
Alabama,  and  engaged  in  practice  in  Greenville. 

A  few  years  later  the  Civil  war  broke  out,  and  the  young  South- 
ern lawyer  hastened  to  join  the  army  of  the  Confederacy,  obtaining 
the  command  of  a  company  in  the  8th  Alabama  regiment.  This 
command  was  attached  to  General  Lee's  army,  in  which  Captain 
Herbert  fought  in  the  battles  of  the  Peninsula  from  Yorktown  to  Fair 
Oaks,  being  wounded  and  captured  in  the  latter  engagement.  Two 
months  later  he  was  exchanged,  and  joined  his  regiment  as  soon  as 
fully  recovered,  taking  part  subsequently  in  the  battles  of  Second 
Bull  Run,  Fredericksburg,  Salem  Heights,  Antietam,  Gettysburg 
and  the  Wilderness,  and  being  promoted  lieutenant-colonel  of  his 
regiment  in  1863  and  colonel  in  1864.  A  serious  wound  at  the  Wil- 
derness put  an  end  to  his  active  service.  He  was  carried  by  his  men 
from  the  field,  and  was  retired  as  colonel  at  the  end  of  the  war, 
resuming  his  practice  at  Greenville. 

In  1872  Colonel  Herbert  removed  his  office  to  Montgomery, 
Alabama,  where  he  continued  in  active  practice  until  1877,  at  the 
same  time  taking  a  vital  interest  in  politics.  His  activity  in  the 
Democratic  party  and  his  evident  ability  led  to  his  election  to  con- 
gress in  1876,  and  to  subsequent  elections  for  seven  later  terms.  He 
remained  a  member  of  the  house  from  1877  to  1893.  During  his 
legislative  life  he  served  on  the  committees  on  the  Judiciary,  and  on 


1 

S:    . 


- 


^z^^ 


HILARY   ABNER    HERBERT  47 

Ways  and  Means,  and  was  especially  active  and  prominent  in  the 
development  of  the  new  navy,  working  with  the  greatest  energy  in 
this  direction  as  chairman  of  the  Naval  committee  during  the  forty- 
ninth,  fiftieth  and  fifty-second  Congresses,  and  as  a  prominent  mem- 
ber of  that  committee  in  the  fifty-first  Congress.  His  vital  interest 
in  naval  progress  and  his  thorough  acquaintance  with  the  naval  needs 
of  the  country,  led  to  his  selection  as  secretary  of  the  navy  by  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  in  1893.  He  served  in  this  position  until  the  end  of 
the  Cleveland  administration.  Under  his  control  of  the  department, 
the  navy  made  marked  progress,  and  a  large  number  of  war  vessels 
were  built,  including  the  battleships  Massachusetts,  Indiana,  Oregon, 
Maine  and  Texas;  the  armored  cruisers  Brooklyn  and  New  York,  and 
a  considerable  number  of  smaller  cruisers,  gunboats,  etc.  Having 
done  more  than  any  other  man  toward  providing  the  United  States 
with  an  effective  navy,  Colonel  Herbert  retired  from  official  life  in 
1897  and  has  since  been  engaged  in  the  practice  of  the  law,  residing 
at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Na- 
tional Geographic  Society  of  that  city.  In  1888  he  published  in  the 
Democratic  campaign  book  a  paper  entitled,  "History  of  the  Efforts 
to  Increase  the  United  States  Navy."  He  was  also  the  editor  of, 
and  the  largest  contributor  to,  "Why  the  Solid  South — or  Recon- 
struction and  its  Results"  (1890). 

While  secretary  of  the  navy,  he  was  authorized  by  congress  to 
investigate  and  ascertain  the  actual  cost  of  manufacturing  ship's 
armor  and  what  would  be  a  fair  price  for  the  United  States  to  pay 
for  it.  First  getting  all  the  information  he  could  from  the  two  firms 
which  then  had  contracts  with  the  government  for  the  construction 
of  armor,  the  Bethlehem  Company  and  the  Carnegie  Company,  he 
then  went  to  Europe  and  investigated  the  manufacture  of  armor  in 
England  and  France.  He  got  a  bid  in  England  for  the  construction 
of  an  armor  plant,  conferred  with  the  minister  of  marine  of  France, 
and  obtained  from  him  an  estimate  made  under  his  direction  for  the 
cost  of  a  plant;  and  after  thorough  investigation  made  an  elaborate 
report  which  recommended  a  reduction  of  about  $300  per  ton  in  the 
price  of  steel  armor  for  naval  vessels.  The  companies  which  had 
contracts,  at  first  scouted  the  idea  that  they  could  make  armor  at 
the  price  indicated  in  the  report;  while  congress  for  a  time  insisted 
that  according  to  the  facts  and  figures  given  by  Secretary  Herbert 
the  price  he  had  indicated  as  right  was  too  high.     Disagreement 


48  HILARY   ABNER    HERBERT 


between  congress  and  the  domestic  manufacturers  put  a  stop  to  the 
manufacture  of  ship's  armor  in  the  United  States  for  more  than  a 
year.  After  some  eighteen  months  spent  in  discussion,  contracts 
were  made  with  the  armor-makers  by  the  then  secretary  of  the  navy, 
Secretary  Long,  upon  substantially  the  figures  which  had  been 
recommended  in  Secretary  Herbert's  report. 

Secretary  Herbert  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Tulane 
university  in  1901. 


■ 


'JU*/ 


I 


CHARLES  HEYWOOD 

HEYWOOD,  CHARLES,  major-general  and  commandant 
United  States  marine  corps,  retired,  at  the  time  of  his 
withdrawal  from  active  service,  received  a  tribute  from  the 
secretary  of  the  navy,  which  shows  the  esteem  in  which  he  was  held 
by  those  best  qualified  to  judge  of  his  character  and  his  career:  I  wish 
"  to  say  a  word  to  you  of  my  appreciation  of  your  long  and  honorable 
service  to  the  country,  which  by  law  ended  today.  Your  splendid 
record  in  war  and  faithful  service  in  peace  must  always  remain  an 
inspiration  to  the  corps  of  which  you  have  been  the  head.  I  need 
not  recount  the  history  of  your  career,  or  refer  to  the  many  brilliant 
incidents  which  it  contains.  I  can  not,  however,  refrain  from  the 
thought  of  your  service  in  the  last  battle  of  the  Cumberland.  Who- 
ever took  part  in  that  struggle  is  by  that  fact  alone  entitled  to  lasting 
remembrance."  General  Heywood  has  held  every  grade  in  the 
marine  corps,  from  second  lieutenant  to  major-general  commandant; 
and  when  retired,  his  was  the  oldest  commission  on  the  active  list 
of  the  army  or  the  navy,  his  service  having  extended  through  forty- 
five  years  and  six  months. 

He  was  born  in  Waterville,  Maine,  October  3,  1839.  His 
father,  Charles  Heywood,  was  an  officer  in  the  United  States  navy. 
His  mother's  maiden  name  was  Antonia  Delgardo.  Studying  in 
Waterville  and  Boston  until  he  was  eighteen,  he  entered  the  United 
States  marine  corps  as  second  lieutenant,  April  5,  1858.  He  was 
assigned  to  the  marine  barracks  at  Washington  for  instruction. 
With  a  detachment  of  marines  he  assisted  in  quelling  riots  at  quaran- 
tine, on  Staten  Island,  New  York,  in  September,  1858.  He  was  then 
sent  on  special  service  to  convey  captured  Africans  back  again  to 
their  country.  From  1858-60,  he  was  attached  to  the  home  squad- 
ron, stationed  at  Grey  town,  Nicaragua,  looking  after  the  filibuster 
Walker.  In  September,  1860,  he  was  ordered  to  the  United  States 
steamer  Cumberland,  flagship,  squadron  of  observation,  and  landed 
with  a  detachment  of  marines  and  took  part  in  the  destruction  of  the 


50  CHARLES   HEYWOOD 

navy  yard  at  Norfolk  to  prevent  its  falling  into  the  hands  of  the 
enemy,  April,  1861.  He  was  promoted  first  lieutenant  May  30,  1861. 
After  his  heroic  conduct  in  the  battle  of  Hatteras  Inlet  and  in  the 
capture  of  forts  Clark  and  Hatteras,  he  was  promoted  captain, 
November  23,  1861.  He  was  on  board  the  Cumberland,  in  command 
of  the  after  gun  deck  division  in  the  fight  between  the  Merrimac  and 
the  Cumberland,  March  8,  1862.  The  first  shot  from  the  Merrimac 
killed  nine  marines  under  his  command.  The  wooden  warship,  the 
Cumberland,  rammed  by  the  iron-clad  Merrimac,  went  down  with 
her  flag  flying  and  her  men  at  the  guns.  Captain  Hey  wood  fired  the 
last  gun  in  the  fight  and  jumping  overboard  as  the  ship  sank,  he  was 
saved  by  one  of  the  messenger  boys.  For  gallant  and  meritorious 
services  on  board  the  Cumberland,  he  received  the  brevet  of  major, 
United  States  marine  corps.  He  was  attached  successively  to  the 
marine  barracks,  Brooklyn,  New  York;  to  the  frigate  Sabine;  to  the 
United  States  steamer  Ticonderoga,  flagship  of  the  flying  squadron 
in  pursuit  of  the  Alabama.  In  October,  1863,  he  volunteered  for 
duty  with  Admiral  Farragut,  and  served  with  him  to  the  end  of  the 
Civil  war.  He  was  on  the  Hartford  at  the  battle  of  Mobile  Bay,  and 
at  the  capture  of  forts  Gaines,  Morgan  and  Powell,  as  well  as  at  the 
capture  of  the  rams  Tennessee  and  Selma,  and  the  sinking  of  the 
Gaines.  On  account  of  "  gallant  and  meritorious  service  at  the  battle 
of  Mobile  Bay"  and  "for  distinguished  gallantry  in  presence  of  the 
enemy,"  he  was  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel.  In  an  official  report 
of  the  battle  Captain  Drayton  writes  to  Admiral  Farragut:  "The 
two  after  guns  were  manned  by  marines  who,  under  the  command  of 
Captain  Charles  Heywood,  performed  most  efficient  service." 

During  labor  riots  in  Baltimore,  Philadelphia  and  Reading,  he 
commanded  a  battalion  of  marines. 

In  the  spring  of  1885  he  commanded  a  Marine  brigade  during 
the  rather  critical  period  while  traffic  was  interrupted  upon  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panama.  Admiral  Jouett,  commander-in-chief  of  the 
United  States  forces  at  the  Isthmus  at  that  time,  in  general  orders 
(May  7  and  May  22,  1885)  commends  in  high  terms  the  corps  and 
General  Heywood,  as  its  commander,  for  prompt,  efficient  and  most 
valuable  service  in  opening  and  reestablishing  traffic  and  in  guarding 
the  interests  of  the  United  States.  He  was  appointed  colonel  com- 
mandant of  the  corps  in  January,  1891.  He  was  promoted  major- 
general  commandant,  July  1,  1902,  and  retired  in  conformity  with 


CHARLES   HEYWOOD  51 

law,  October  3,  1903.  He  passed  through  all  grades  from  second 
lieutenant  to  major-general  commandant. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Loyal  Legion;  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic;  the  Naval  Order  of  the  United  States  Farragut  Veterans; 
and  the  Army  and  Navy  clubs  of  Washington  and  New  York.  He 
has  never  voted.  Military  writings  have  been  his  favorite  reading. 
All  out-of-door  sports  attract  him.  "I  do  not  think  I  have  failed  in 
what  I  had  hoped  for,"  he  writes.  "When  I  was  appointed  com- 
mandant of  the  marine  corps  my  ambition  was  to  make  the  marine 
corps  one  of  the  best  branches  of  the  service;  and  I  think  the  country 
will  bear  me  out  in  saying  I  succeeded."  He  brought  about  the 
increase  of  the  marine  corps  from  2000  when  he  took  command  of  it, 
to  7500  at  his  retirement. 

He  was  married  to  Miss  Carrie  Bacon,  of  Washington,  District 
of  Columbia. 


FRANCIS  JOHN   HIGGINSON 

HIGGINSON,  FRANCIS  JOHN,  naval  officer,  rear-admiral  of 
the  United  States  navy,  was  born  in  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
July  19,  1843.  He  is  a  direct  descendant  of  the  Reverend 
Francis  Higginson,  one  of  the  pioneer  ministers  of  Massachusetts 
colony,  and  a  son  of  Stephen  and  Agnes  Cochrane  Higginson.  He 
was  appointed  acting  midshipman  in  the  United  States  naval  acad- 
emy, at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  September  21, 1857,  and  was  graduated 
in  1861. 

Immediately  after  graduation  he  entered  active  naval  service 
in  the  Civil  war.  While  attached  to  the  steam  frigate  Colorado,  of 
the  West  Gulf  blockading  squadron,  he  was  wounded  at  the  capture 
and  destruction  of  the  Confederate  privateer,  Judith,  at  Pensacola, 
Florida.  In  1862,  he  was  signal  officer  and  aide  to  Captain  Theodore 
Bailey,  of  the  Cayuga,  at  the  bombardment  and  passage  of  Forts 
Jackson  and  St.  Philip,  on  the  Mississippi  river,  by  the  fleet  under 
Admiral  Farragut;  and  he  participated  in  the  action  at  the  Chalmette 
batteries  and  in  the  capture  of  New  Orleans.  Afterward  he  was  com- 
missioned successively  executive  officer  of  the  steamer  Vixen,  of  the 
South  Atlantic  squadron;  watch  officer  of  the  steam  sloop  Powhatan; 
commanded  a  division  of  boats  in  the  naval  attack  on  Fort  Sumter; 
and  was  executive  officer  of  the  steamer  Housatonic,  on  which  he 
was  serving  when  she  was  blown  up  and  sunk  by  a  Confederate  tor- 
pedo boat  off  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  February  17,  1865.  He 
also  took  part,  as  executive  officer  of  the  monitor,  Passaic,  at  the 
bombardment  of  Forts  Moultrie  and  Sumter,  in  1865,  and  received 
the  warm  commendation  of  General  Gillmore,  of  the  United  States 
army,  for  efficient  service  in  command  of  the  picket  launches  opera- 
ting at  night  inside  Morris  Island,  between  Forts  Gregg  and  Sumter. 

After  the  close  of  the  war  his  principal  commissions  were  the 
following:  November,  1873,  executive  officer  of  the  Franklin,  taking 
part  in  the  squadron  evolutions  at  Key  West,  during  the  Virginius 
excitement;  December,  1877,  ordered  to  Constantinople,  Turkey,  to 
command  the  Despatch;  in  1883,  ordered  to  command  the  Monocacy, 


FRANCIS    JOHN    HIGGINSON  53 

at  the  Asiatic  station,  and  to  protect  American  interests  in  Foo  Chow, 
during  the  bombardment  of  the  Chinese  arsenal  by  the  French  fleet 
under  Admiral  Courbet.  During  the  Spanish-American  war,  he 
served  in  Commodore  Sampson's  fleet,  in  command  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts, to  which  he  had  been  assigned  on  July  22,  1897.  He  took 
part  in  the  blockade  of  Santiago,  and  was  placed  in  command  of  the 
naval  detachment  which  acted  as  a  convoy  for  the  United  States 
troops  under  General  Nelson  A.  Miles  at  the  time  of  their  transporta- 
tion to  Cuba. 

After  the  battle  of  Santiago,  he  was  promoted  commodore,  and, 
on  March  3,  1899,  was  made  rear-admiral.  In  August,  1898,  he  was 
appointed  chairman  of  the  Lighthouse  Board.  His  previous  pro- 
motions and  their  dates,  were:  August  1,  1862,  commissioned  as 
lieutenant;  July  25,  1866,  commissioned  lieutenant-commander; 
June  10,  1876,  commissioned  commander;  September  27,  1891,  com- 
missioned captain.  On  May  1,  1901,  he  succeeded  to  the  command 
of  the  North  Atlantic  station,  and  July  1,  1903,  became  commandant 
of  the  navy  yard  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 

Rear- Admiral  Higginson  is  the  author  of  "  Naval  Battles  in  the 
Century,"  published  in  1903,  a  book  of  graphic  description  as  well 
as  of  historic  merit. 


ROBERT  ROBERTS  HITT 

HITT,  ROBERT  ROBERTS,  of  Mount  Morris,  Illinois,  son  of 
a  Methodist  minister,  reporter  of  the  debates  between  Lin- 
coln and  Douglas  in  1858,  secretary  of  Paris  Legation  1874 
to  1881,  assistant  secretary  of  state,  1881,  and  representative  in 
congress  since  1882,  was  born  in  Urbana,  Ohio,  January  16,  1834; 
son  of  the  Reverend  Thomas  Smith  and  Emily  (John)  Hitt,  and  a 
descendant  of  Peter  Hitt,  who  came  from  Nassau-Siegen,  Germany, 
to  Germanna,  Virginia,  in  1714,  and  on  the  maternal  side,  of  John 
Philip  John,  who  came  from  Pembrokeshire,  Wales,  to  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania,  in  1709.  Removed  to  Mount  Morris,  Illinois,  in  1837; 
he  was  a  student  at  Rock  River  seminary,  at  Asbury  university  and  at 
Indiana  university,  from  which  he  was  graduated  A.B.,  1855;  A.M., 
1858.  He  reported  the  memorable  series  of  seven  debates  between 
Abraham  Lincoln  and  Stephen  Arnold  Douglas  in  1858;  and  his 
excellent  stenographic  reports  of  Mr.  Lincoln's  speeches  first  made 
known  to  the  people  of  America  the  striking  originality,  strength  and 
admirable  literary  form  of  the  public  addresses  of  the  future  president. 
In  fact,  Mr.  Hitt  was  charged  with  "touching  them  up" — which  he 
positively  denied.  He  was  official  reporter  of  the  general  assembly 
of  Illinois,  1858,  1859  and  1860;  secretary  of  the  Holt-Davis  com- 
mission to  investigate  the  troubles  in  the  Department  of  Missouri 
under  General  Fremont,  1861;  confidential  clerk  to  Secretary  Stan- 
ton and  in  the  department  of  military  justice,  1862-63;  secretary  of 
the  senate  committee  to  investigate  the  naval  expeditions  of  Generals 
Burnside  and  Banks  in  1863;  to  the  board  of  treaty  commissioners 
and  accompanied  the  commission  to  the  Northwest  Indian  country, 
in  1865;  recorder  of  military  courts  at  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia,  and  Raleigh,  North  Carolina,  1866;  visited  Scotland, 
Switzerland,  Greece,  Egypt  and  Palestine,  1867-68;  secretary  to  the 
Santo  Domingo  annexation  commission  of  1871.  He  reported  for 
the  Kuklux  joint  committee  of  both  houses  and  prepared  a  large 
portion  of  their  voluminous  reports  in  thirteen  volumes  in  1871;  was 
private  secretary  to  Senator  Oliver  P.  Morton,  1872-73;  secretary  of 


ROBERT    ROBERTS   HITT  55 

legation  and  charge"  d'affaires  at  Paris,  France,  1874-81;  assistant 
secretary  of  state  under  Secretary  Blaine,  1881,  and  resigned  with  his 
chief  in  December,  1881,  after  the  death  of  President  Garfield. 

He  was  elected  November  7,  1882,  representative  from  the  fifth 
district  of  Illinois  to  the  forty-seventh  Congress  as  successor  to 
Representative  R.  M.  A.  Hawk,  deceased,  and  he  has  been  continu- 
ously reelected  from  the  same  district,  afterward  numbered  the  ninth 
and  thirteenth  following  the  census  of  1890  and  that  of  1900.  In 
congress  he  was  a  member  of  the  Republican  minority  in  the  com- 
mittee on  Foreign  Affairs,  1883-90,  and  was  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee or  leader  of  the  Republican  majority  from  1890;  and  he  also 
served  on  the  committee  on  Insular  Affairs  and  other  minor  com- 
mittees. He  is  a  positive  and  systematic  protectionist.  He  was  one 
of  the  first  to  urge  the  observance  of  the  treaty  stipulations  with  the 
Chinese  in  exclusion  legislation ;  made  an  earnest  and  compact  speech 
in  the  house  on  "Commercial  Union  with  Canada";  and  prevented  a 
rupture  with  Mexico  in  1888  by  carefully  investigating  and  explaining 
the  Cutting  matter  in  a  way  that  caused  the  house  to  refuse  its  en- 
dorsement of  the  proposed  threatening  demand  upon  Mexico.  He 
secured  the  adoption  by  the  house  in  March,  1889,  of  a  resolution 
contemplating  complete  commercial  union  with  Canada,  which  he 
claimed,  if  once  in  operation,  would  ultimately  result  in  permanent 
harmony  if  not  ultimate  union  of  the  two  countries.  He  exposed 
what  he  designated  as  the  fallacy  of  President  Cleveland's  Canadian 
retaliation  message,  September  4,  1888,  in  a  speech  to  which  Repre- 
sentative Bourke  Cockran  replied.  He  supported  the  interstate 
commerce,  law,  taking  an  exception  to  the  bill,  viz.,  to  the  "long 
and  short  haul  clause."  In  1890  he  and  Representative  Springer 
were  made  the  two  Illinois  members  of  the  special  committee  on  the 
World's  Fair,  upon  the  fourth  centennial  of  the  discovery  of  America, 
and  they  supported  the  claims  of  Chicago  before  the  house,  February 
20,  1890,  as  the  best  site  for  the  exposition  and  on  the  seventh  vote 
Chicago  received  156  votes,  exactly  a  majority.  He  pleaded  the 
cause  of  the  Cuban  revolutionists  December  14,  1895,  and  submitted 
a  resolution  to  accord  them  the  rights  of  belligerents  and  to  offer 
friendly  offices  to  Spain  to  secure  their  recognition  as  an  independent 
state,  which  passed  the  house  246  to  27.  He  supported  various  bills 
to  promote  reciprocity  and  increase  trade  with  the  other  American 
republics;   obtained   the   passage   of   a  resolution   recognizing   the 


56  ROBERT    ROBERTS    HITT 

Republic  of  Brazil;  in  1893  called  the  attention  of  the  country  to  the 
encroachment  of  England  upon  the  feeble  republic  of  Venezuela  in 
violation  of  the  Monroe  doctrine;  and  December  18,  1895,  he  intro- 
duced and  urged  a  bill  creating  a  commission  to  investigate  and  deter- 
mine the  true  divisional  line,  as  President  Cleveland  had  just  recom- 
mended, which  was  unanimously  passed.  In  1894  he  arraigned  before 
the  house  the  policy  of  President  Cleveland  in  Hawaii  and  in  1898 
presented  the  measure  for  Hawaiian  annexation  which  passed  June 
5,  1898;  and  soon  after  he  was  appointed  with  Senators  Cullom  and 
Morgan  a  commissioner  to  visit  the  islands,  examine  the  government 
and  recommend  necessary  legislation  to  congress,  which  resulted  in 
the  establishment  of  the  territory  of  Hawaii.  He  declined  appoint- 
ment as  United  States  Minister  to  Spain  in  1897.  The  same  year  he 
was  a  candidate  before  the  Illinois  legislature  for  the  United  States 
senate.  In  1903,  December  11,  he  defended  President  Roosevelt's 
action  on  the  Panama  Canal  in  the  first  speech  discussing  it. 

He  was  married  October  28,  1874,  to  Miss  Sallie  Reynolds, 
daughter  of  William  F.  Reynolds  of  Lafayette,  Indiana.  While  they 
were  at  Paris,  France,  where  he  was  secretary  of  legation,  their  two 
sons  were  born,  Robert  Reynolds  Hitt  and  William  Floyd  Hitt. 
Representative  Hitt  was  elected  to  membership  in  the  National 
Geographic  Society,  was  a  director  of  the  Columbia  Institution  for 
the  Deaf  and  Dumb  in  1884,  and  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  De  Pauw  university  in  1894,  and  from  Mount  Morris 
college,  in  1902.     He  is  a  regent  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 


GEORGE   FRISBIE   HOAR 

HOAR,  GEORGE  FRISBIE,  Harvard,  A.B.,  1846;  LL.B., 
1849;  practising  lawyer  in  Worcester,  Massachusetts, 
1849-68;  representative  in  the  General  Court  of  the  Com- 
monwealth of  Massachusetts,  1852;  state  senator,  1857;  representa- 
tive in  the  United  States  congress  from  the  Worcester  congressional 
district,  1869-77;  United  States  senator  from  March  5,  1877;  overseer 
of  Harvard  university;  regent  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution; 
trustee  of  the  Peabody  Education  Fund;  statesman,  author,  and 
lecturer;  was  born  in  Concord,  Middlesex  county,  Massachusetts, 
August  29,  1826.  His  father,  Samuel  Hoar  (1778-1856)  married 
Sarah,  youngest  daughter  of  Roger  (the  Signer)  and  Rebecca  (Pres- 
cott)  Sherman.  He  was  one  of  the  leading  lawyers  of  Massachusetts 
contemporary  with  Mason,  Webster  and  Choate.  His  grandfather, 
Samuel  Hoar,  was  a  soldier  in  the  French  and  Indian  wars,  a  prisoner 
for  three  months  among  the  Indians  and  a  lieutenant  for  the  Lincoln 
Company  at  the  battle  of  Concord  Bridge,  April  19,  1775.  His  great 
grandfather,  John  Hoar,  and  another  great  grandfather,  Colonel 
Abijah  Pierce  of  Lincoln,  were  privates  in  the  same  company.  His 
earliest  paternal  ancestor,  John  Hoar,  came  to  America  in  1640  with 
two  brothers  and  their  widowed  mother,  Joanna  Hoare,  whose  hus- 
band, Charles  Hoare,  sheriff  of  Gloucestershire,  England,  died  pre- 
vious to  their  emigration.  They  settled  on  the  Conihassett  Grant  at 
Scituate,  Plymouth  colony  and  about  1660  removed  to  Concord, 
Massachusetts  Bay  colony.  His  first  maternal  ancestor  in  America, 
Captain  John  Sherman,  came  from  Dedham,  England,  to  the  Province 
of  Massachusetts  Bay,  settled  in  Watertown  about  1634,  and  married 
Martha  Palmer.  They  were  the  great  grandparents  of  Roger  Sher- 
man, the  Signer. 

George  Frisbie  Hoar  was  sent  to  school  when  very  young, 
could  read  Latin  when  six  years  old  and  began  the  study  of  Greek 
when  nine  years  old,  having  at  that  time  read  several  books  of  Virgil. 
He  attended  the  schools  of  Concord  having  at  one  time  Henry  D. 
Thoreau  as  a  schoolmate  and  subsequently  as  teacher.     One  year  of 


58  GEORGE   FRISBIE   HOAR 

his  boyhood  he  spent  as  a  farm  hand  for  Deacon  James  Farrar,  the 
farm  being  in  the  town  of  Lincoln,  and  he,  the  Deacon,  the  fifth  in 
descent  from  George  Farrar,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  town.  He 
was  prepared  for  college  in  six  months,  at  the  celebrated  school  of 
Mrs.  Sarah  Alden  Ripley  of  Waltham.  He  entered  Harvard  when 
sixteen  years  old  and  was  graduated  A.B.,  1846.  While  at  Harvard 
most  of  the  boys  boarded  on  the  college  commons,  paying  $2.25  per 
week.  On  the  other  side  known  as  "Starvation  commons,"  the 
board  was  only  $1.75  per  week,  the  boys  there  having  meat  only  every 
other  day.  A  few  of  the  sons  of  the  wealthiest  families  boarded  in 
private  families  paying  $3.00  to  $3.50  per  week.  This  was  1843-46. 
He  studied  in  the  office  of  his  brother,  Ebenezer  Rockwood  Hoar,  in 
Concord  for  one  year  and  at  the  Harvard  law  school  for  two  years, 
graduating  LL.B.,  1849.  He  entered  the  law  office  of  Judge  Benja- 
min Franklin  Thomas  at  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  which  place  he 
selected  as  his  future  home  because  it  was  the  stronghold  of  the 
Free  Soil  party  in  Massachusetts.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  there 
December  1,  1849.  He  became  a  law  partner  of  Emory  Washburn, 
subsequently  governor  of  Massachusetts,  the  partnership  beginning 
in  June,  1852.  He  afterward  formed  a  law  partnership  with  Charles 
Devens  who  subsequently  served  in  the  Civil  war,  was  brevetted 
major-general  of  volunteers,  and  was  attorney-general  of  the  United 
States  in  the  cabinet  of  President  Hayes. 

Mr.  Hoar  made  his  entrance  in  the  field  of  politics  as  chairman 
of  the  Free  Soil  county  committee  of  Worcester  county  in  1849;  and 
this  committee  is  reported  to  have  been  more  efficiently  organized 
than  any  other  county  committee  of  the  Free  Soil  party  in  the 
United  States.  He  was  elected  representative  from  Worcester  in  the 
General  Court  of  Massachusetts  in  1852;  but  when  offered  the  nomina- 
tion he  refused  the  use  of  his  name  unless  he  could  first  obtain  the 
consent  of  his  father  who  lived  at  Concord,  and  the  convention 
adjourned  to  allow  him  to  visit  his  home  for  that  purpose.  When 
sworn  in,  he  was  the  youngest  member  of  the  house;  but  in  spite  of 
his  age  he  became  chairman  of  the  committee  of  Probate  and  Chan- 
cery of  the  house  and  leader  of  the  Free  Soil  party.  He  prepared  the 
Practice  Act  of  1852  which  abolished  the  common  law  system  of 
pleading.  He  was  the  first  legislator  in  the  United  States  to  favor 
a  ten-hour  system  in  factories.  To  him  was  assigned  the  task  oi 
drawing  up  the  resolution  adopted  by  the  Coalitionists  protesting 


GEORGE    FRISBIE   HOAR  59 

against  the  compromise  measures  of  1850,  the  question  being  then 
before  the  United  States  congress.  He  was  sent  with  Eli  Thayer  in 
1856  to  the  convention  at  Buffalo  to  aid  in  the  settling  of  Kansas  by 
Northern  Free  Soilers.  He  declined  reelection,  and  devoted  himself 
to  the  law  until  he  was  elected  to  the  state  senate  in  1857,  his  nomina- 
tion having  again  been  made  without  his  solicitation.  He  was  made 
chairman  of  the  judiciary  committee  and  became  the  author  of  the 
celebrated  report  which  settled  and  defined  the  limitations  of  the 
executive  and  the  legislative  authority  in  the  government  of  the 
commonwealth.  He  worked  hard  as  a  legislator,  being  in  his  seat 
every  day  of  the  session  of  1852  and  absent  only  one  day  from  the 
session  in  1857  (to  attend  an  important  law  suit).  He  declined  a 
renomination  as  state  senator.  He  was  city  solicitor,  1860,  and 
president  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Worcester  City  library  for 
many  years.  His  first  appearance  in  national  council  was  as  a  repre- 
sentative from  the  Worcester  district  of  Massachusetts  in  the  forty- 
first  Congress,  March  4,  1869,  having  been  elected  in  1868  as  successor 
to  John  Denison  Baldwin,  who  had  been  a  representative  from  the 
district  in  the  thirty-eighth,  thirty-ninth  and  fortieth  Congresses. 
Mr.  Hoar  was  placed  on  the  committee  on  Education  and  Labor,  and 
on  the  committee  on  Revision  of  the  Laws  in  the  forty-first  Congress 
where  he  prepared  the  National  Education  bill.  He  advocated  before 
that  congress  the  adoption  of  this  measure  and  also  framed  a  bill  to 
1  appropriate  $60,000  to  rebuild  the  College  of  William  and  Mary  at 
Williamsburg,  Virginia,  and  in  the  same  congress  he  saved  the  exist- 
'  ence  of  the  Bureau  of  Education  as  it  was  then  organized,  after  it 
had  been  reported  by  the  House  Committee  on  Appropriations  as  an 
unnecessary  burden  on  the  treasury  and  after  that  committee  had 
advised  its  abolishment.  He  also  had  the  important  duty  of  investi- 
gating the  conduct  of  the  Freedmen's  Bureau  and  other  charges 
against  General  Oliver  O.  Howard  preferred  by  Representative 
Fernando  Wood  of  New  York;  and  Mr.  Hoar's  presentation  of  the 
'■  arguments  of  the  committee  and  the  summing  up  of  the  evidence 
■  and  the  report  of  the  majority  of  the  committee,  was  accepted  by  the 
'■  house  and  vindicated  the  acts  of  General  Howard.  When  the  scheme 
of  President  Grant  to  purchase  and  annex  the  island  of  Santo  Domingo 
:  to  the  United  States  was  before  this  congress,  he  vigorously  opposed 
the  proposition  in  debate,  and  he  was  recognized  by  the  members  of 
the  house  as  a  formidable  antagonist  to  the  radical  legislation  pro- 


60  GEORGE    FRISBIE    HOAR 

posed  and  supported  by  his  party.  He  was  reelected  to  the  forty- 
second  Congress  in  1870  and  in  that  congress  was  made  a  member  of 
the  committee  on  Railroads  and  Canals  that  matured  the  act  for 
opening  to  commerce  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  by  a  system  of 
jetties  as  proposed  by  James  B.  Eads.  He  also  served  on  the  com- 
mittee on  Elections.  By  his  judicious  handling  of  the  cases  before 
that  committee  he  was  acknowledged  by  both  parties  as  an  eminently 
impartial  judge  of  the  real  merits  of  the  contestants  as  disclosed  by 
the  election  returns.  He  was  reelected  to  the  forty-third  Congress 
in  1874  and  to  the  forty-fourth  Congress  in  1876,  in  both  of  which 
congresses  he  led  the  movements  for  the  betterment  of  educational 
advantages,  for  the  right  of  labor,  and  for  internal  improvements. 
In  the  forty-third  Congress  he  was  made,  by  Speaker  Kerr,  a  Demo- 
crat, a  member  of  the  committee  on  the  Judiciary.  He  was  a  manager 
of  the  impeachment  measures  taken  against  William  W.  Belknap, 
secretary  of  war  in  the  cabinet  of  President  Grant,  for  receiving  a 
bribe  for  the  appointment  of  a  post- trader;  and  the  resolutions  of 
impeachment  passed  the  house;  but  Mr.  Belknap  had  resigned  as 
secretary  of  war  and  his  resignation  had  been  accepted  by  the  presi- 
dent, and  the  resolutions  were  defeated  in  the  senate  on  the  ground 
that  the  proceedings  were  commenced  after  the  person  had  left  office. 
The  majority  of  the  senate  voted  "not  guilty,"  upon  that  ground; 
but  every  Democrat  and  twelve  Republican  senators  voted  for  con- 
viction. However,  Mr.  Hoar's  honest  and  earnest  advocacy  of 
political  reform  within  the  party  in  power  awoke  the  conscience  of  the 
people  and  started  a  popular  movement  against  official  corruption  in 
high  places  that  has  not  yet  spent  its  force.  He  also  distinguished 
himself  before  the  forty-third  Congress  by  his  important  work  as 
chairman  of  the  special  committee  to  investigate  the  claims  of  the 
rival  state  governments  of  Louisiana.  The  report  as  made  by  him 
was  signed  by  Mr.  Wheeler  afterward  vice-president,  and  Mr.  Frye 
(q.  v.)  afterward  president  pro  tempore  of  the  United  States  senate. 
He  was  made  a  member  of  the  electoral  commission  appointed  by  act 
of  congress  January  29,  1877,  to  determine  the  result  of  the  elections 
in  Florida,  Louisiana,  Oregon  and  South  Carolina  during  the  presi- 
dential election  of  1876.  Speaker  Blaine  placed  him  third  on  the 
committee  to  investigate  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  and  the  Credit 
Mobilier,  and  he  prepared  the  report  of  the  committee.  He  subse- 
quently served  on  the  committee  on  the  Judiciary  in  investigating 


GEORGE    FRISBIE    HOAR  61 

the  conduct  of  Mr.  Speaker  Blaine,  charged  with  having  received 
stock  in  a  railroad  at  a  price  less  than  its  value;  but  this  charge  was 
referred  to  a  sub-committee  on  which  Mr.  Hoar  was  not  placed.  He 
declined  the  nomination  to  the  forty-fifth  Congress  in  1876,  and  in 
1877  he  was  elected  United  States  senator  from  Massachusetts  as 
successor  to  Senator  George  S.  Boutwell,  whose  term  would  expire 
March  4,  1877.  He  was  continuously  reelected  to  the  United  States 
senate  without  party  dissent,  being  chosen  again  in  1901  for  a  six- 
year  term  to  March  4,  1907.  In  state  politics  Mr.  Hoar  presided  over 
the  Republican  state  conventions  of  1871,  1877,  1882  and  1885  and 
in  national  politics  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  national  con- 
ventions of  1876,  1880,  1884  and  1888,  from  the  Worcester  district  in 
1876,  and  from  the  state-at-large  heading  the  delegations  of  1880, 
1884  and  1888,  and  presiding  over  the  convention  of  1880. 

In  the  United  States  senate  his  ability  as  a  statesman  was  at 
once  recognized,  and  his  service  in  committee  has  been  fully  as  impor- 
tant as  his  discussions  and  debates  before  the  assembled  senate. 
He  served  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  Privileges  and  Elections 
in  seven  congresses  and  was  a  member  of  the  committee  in  fourteen 
congresses.  He  also  served  on  the  committee  on  the  Judiciary,  as  a 
member  during  fourteen  congresses  and  as  chairman  during  five 
congresses.  Of  the  committee  on  Claims  he  was  a  member  during 
four  congresses.  He  served  on  the  committee  on  Patents  in  two  con- 
gresses; on  the  joint  committee  on  the  Library  in  five  congresses, 
chairman  of  the  select  committee  on  Relations  with  Canada  in  eight 
congresses,  and  as  a  member  in  nine  congresses.  Of  the  select  com- 
mittee on  Woman  Suffrage  he  was  a  member  in  five  congresses,  serv- 
ing as  chairman  in  the  fifty-fourth  Congress.  He  also  served  on  the 
committees  on  Civil  Service,  and  on  Engrossed  Bills  and  Rules,  in 
four  congresses;  on  the  select  committees  on  the  Centennial  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  and  the  Discovery  of  America  in 
two  congresses;  and  on  the  select  committee  on  Nicaragua  Claims 
in  three  congresses.  His  course  in  the  senate  was  eminently  con- 
servative, a  trait  inherited  from  Puritan  ancestors;  and  when  he 
supported  a  radical  measure  it  was  only  when  led  by  the  voice 
of  his  own  conscience.  His  aim  in  legislation  appears  to  have 
been  to  maintain  a  free  and  enlightened  government  and  to  help  to 
provide  such  a  government  for  all  men  who  desire  it  and  are  able  to 
conduct  it.     In  the  matter  of  the  acquisition  of  territory  by  the 


62  GEORGE    FRISBIE    HOAR 

government  of  the  United  States  and  the  treatment  of  the  inhabitants 
thereof,  he  became  an  ardent  opponent  to  the  administrative  policy 
of  expansion  and  of  waging  war  against  the  Filipinos,  interpreting 
the  power  of  the  government  to  be  that  of  a  police  to  prevent  internal 
contention  and  the  interference  of  foreign  nations,  and  claiming  that 
the  Filipinos  were  capable  of  self-government  and  should  be  allowed 
the  opportunity  to  exercise  that  right.  He  continued  to  maintain 
these  views  in  debate  before  the  senate  and  in  addresses  before  various 
assemblies  of  the  people;  but  when  the  question  came  to  vote,  he 
respected  the  wishes  and  judgment  of  the  majority  of  his  own  party, 
and  voted  with  them.  In  1898  President  McKinley  offered  him  the 
ambassadorship  to  Great  Britain  as  successor  to  John  Hay;  but  he 
declined  it.  In  aid  of  measures  to  the  advantage  of  persons  connected 
with  the  Slaveholders'  Rebellion  he  obtained  the  approval  of  Presi- 
dent Harrison  to  the  bill  for  the  relief  of  the  widow  of  Jefferson  Davis; 
secured  the  passage  of  the  bill  for  the  restoration  of  the  College  of 
William  and  Mary  burned  by  the  Union  troops  during  the  Civil  war, 
and  the  appointment  of  Howell  E.  Jackson  of  Tennessee,  a  Confed- 
erate general,  as  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States. 

Senator  Hoar  was  married  March  30,  1853,  to  Mary  Louisa, 
daughter  of  Samuel  D.  Spurr  of  Worcester.  She  died  a  few  years 
after,  leaving  a  son,  Rockwood,  and  a  daughter,  Mary.  He  was 
married  again,  October  13,  1862,  to  Ruth  Anne,  daughter  of  Henry 
W.  Miller  of  Worcester,  who  died  in  Washington,  District  of  Colum- 
bia, December  24,  1903.  He  served  as  a  regent  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  in  1880;  as  president  of  the  American  Historical  Associa- 
tion; as  vice-president  and  president  of  the  American  Antiquarian 
Society;  as  president  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Clark  university, 
1900;  as  a  trustee  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  Archeology;  he  was 
founder  and  first  president  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Worcester 
Free  Library;  trustee  of  Leicester  academy;  a  founder  of  the  Worces- 
ter Polytechnic  institute,  and  in  1904  he  was  the  only  surviving 
member  of  the  first  board.  He  was  one  of  the  one  hundred  members  of 
the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society;  a  member  of  the  famous  Satur- 
day Club  of  Boston;  of  the  New  England  Historic  Genealogical 
Society;  of  the  Worcester  Fire  Society  Club  and  of  the  American 
Historical  Society.  He  was  a  trustee  of  the  Peabody  Education  fund; 
an  overseer  of  Harvard  university;    a  member  of  the  Virginia  Histori- 


GEORGE    FRISBIE    HOAR  63 

cal  Society;  fellow  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
and  corresponding  member  of  the  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and 
Sciences.  He  served  as  an  overseer  of  Harvard  university,  1874-80, 
1896  and  1900-04.  He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  from 
the  College  of  William  and  Mary  in  1873;  from  Amherst  college  in 
1879,  from  Yale  university  in  1885,  from  Harvard  university  in  1886, 
also  from  Dartmouth,  and  he  was  president  of  the  Association  of 
the  Alumni  of  Harvard  1900-04.  His  tribute  to  his  father's  worth 
is :  "In  everything  that  related  to  his  own  conduct  he  was  controlled 
by  a  more  than  Puritan  austerity.  He  seemed  to  live  for  nothing  but 
duty.  Yet  he  was  a  man  of  strong  affections,  unlike  what  is  generally 
deemed  to  be  the  character  of  the  Puritan.  He  was  gentle,  tolerant, 
kindly  and  affectionate.  He  had  all  his  life  a  large  professional  in- 
come, but  he  never  seemed  to  care  for  money.  In  that  respect  he 
was  like  one  who  dwelt  by  the  side  of  a  pond,  ready  to  dip  up  and 
give  its  waters  to  any  man  who  might  thirst.  He  never  wasted 
money  or  spent  it  for  any  self  indulgence,  but  he  was  ready  to  share 
it  with  any  deserving  object.  Starr  King  said  of  him  that  'he  lived 
all  the  beatitudes  daily."'  His  faith  in  the  perpetuity  of  free  gov- 
ernment was  voiced  on  the  occasion  of  an  address  on  the  assassina- 

|  tion  of  President  McKinley  as  follows:  "If  every  Republican  were 
to-day  to  fall  in  his  place  as  William  McKinley  has  fallen,   I  believe 

!  our  countrymen  of  the  other  party,  in  spite  of  what  we  deem  their 
errors,  would  take  the  Republic  and  bear  on  the  flag  to  liberty  and 
glory.  I  believe  if  every  Protestant  were  to  be  stricken  down  by  a 
lightning  stroke,  that  our  brethren  of  the  Catholic  faith  would  still 

•  carry  on  the  Republic  in  the  spirit  of  a  true  and  liberal  freedom.  I 
believe  if  every  man  of  native  birth  within  our  borders  were  to  die 
this  day,  the  men  of  foreign  birth  who  have  come  here  to  seek  homes 
and  liberty  under  the  shadow  of  the  Republic,  would  carry  it  on 
in  God's  appointed  way.  I  believe  if  every  man  of  the  North  were 
to  die,  the  new  and  chastened  South  would  take  the  country  and 
bear  it  on  to  the  achievement  of  its  lofty  destiny.' ' 

Senator  Hoar's  public  life  illustrates  the  possibility  of  a  states- 
man differing  from  his  party  on  questions  affecting  human  rights  and 
constitutional  limitations,  and  advancing  arguments  in  support  of  his 
belief  while  engaged  in  debate,  and  yet  maintaining  his  party  fealty 
by  voting  apparently  contrary  to  his  expressed  convictions,  when  a 
policy  the  contrary  of  his  own  is  thought  to  be  desirable  by  his  con- 


64  GEORGE    FRISBIE    HOAR 

stituents  and  by  the  administration  he  helped  to  put  into  power. 
Such  distinction  as  between  the  academic  conviction  of  the  speaker, 
and  the  political  aspect  as  seen  by  the  legislator  on  the  final  issue  of  a 
measure,  is  not  usual  in  the  history  of  American  politics;  and  Senator 
Hoar's  course  of  argument  in  the  debate  on  the  Philippine  question 
when  before  the  senate,  may  well  have  created  alarm  and  much  ad- 
verse criticism  in  his  own  party;  but  his  vote  caused  a  greater  degree 
of  surprise  in  the  ranks  of  the  opposition,  when  their  hopes  for  still 
further  help  from  so  powerful  an  ally  were  destroyed,  as  his  name  was 
called  and  his  vote  recorded  in  the  final  judgment  of  the  senate.  He 
says  in  his  autobiography:  "  I  have  been  able  by  adhering  to  the  Re- 
publican party,  to  accomplish,  in  my  humble  judgment,  ten-fold  the 
good  that  has  been  accomplished  by  men  who  have  ten  times  more 
ability  and  capacity  for  such  service,  who  have  left  the  party."  In 
another  place  he  says:  "The  lesson  which  I  have  learned  in  life  and 
which  is  impressed  on  me  daily,  and  more  deeply  as  I  grow  old,  is 
the  lesson  of  Good  Will  and  Good  Hope.  I  believe  that  today  is 
better  than  yesterday  and  that  tomorrow  will  be  better  than  today. 
I  believe  that  in  spite  of  so  many  errors  and  wrongs  and  even  crimes, 
my  countrymen  of  all  classes  desire  what  is  good  and  not  what  is 
evil. " 

Senator  Hoar  died  at  his  home  in  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  Sep- 
tember  30,    1904. 


ALBERT  J.  HOPKINS 

HOPKINS,  ALBERT  J.,  lawyer,  United  States  senator  from 
Illinois,  was  born  in  De  Kalb  county,  Illinois,  August  15, 
1846.  He  was  reared  on  a  farm,  and  after  receiving  a  good 
common  school  and  academic  preparation,  entered  Hillsdale  college, 
Michigan,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1870.  He  studied  law, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Illinois,  and  began  practice  at  Aurora, 
that  state,  where  he  has  since  resided.  From  1872  to  1876  he  was 
state's  attorney  of  Kane  county;  from  1878  to  1880,  he  served  as  a 
member  of  the  Republican  state  central  committee  of  Illinois;  and 
in  1884  as  presidential  elector  on  the  Blaine  and  Logan  ticket.  The 
following  year  he  was  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  forty-ninth 
Congress;  and  he  was  successively  reelected  to  the  fiftieth,  fifty-first, 
fifty-second,  fifty-third,  fifty-fourth,  fifty-fifth,  fifty-sixth  and  fifty- 
seventh  Congresses. 

During  the  fifty-sixth  Congress  he  was  supported  by  the  Repub- 
lican congressional  delegation  from  Illinois  for  speaker  of  the  United 
States  house  of  representatives.  While  a  member  of  the  house  he 
served  as  chairman  of  the  select  committee  on  Census,  and  also  on  the 
Merchant  Marine,  Fisheries,  and  Ways  and  Means  committees.  His 
best  known  speeches  were  on  the  following  themes :  National  honesty 
as  the  best  policy;  Our  policy  in  Porto  Rico  and  the  Philippines;  on 
the  bill  to  regulate  trade  with  Porto  Rico;  and  on  the  necessity  of  a 
permanent  census  bureau.  He  has  been  an  occasional  contributor  to 
the  magazines,  notably  to  the  "  Forum"  in  which  appeared  his  article 
on  the  "Porto  Rican  Relief  Bill"  and  "The  Tariff  a  Live  Issue." 

In  1902,  Mr.  Hopkins  was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate 
from  Illinois,  to  succeed  Honorable  William  E.  Mason.  He  took 
the  oath  of  office  March  4,  1903.  He  is  a  member  of  the  following 
important  Senate  committees: Fisheries,  chairman;  Cuban  Relations; 
Interoceanic  Canals;  Privileges  and  Elections. 


OLIVER  OTIS  HOWARD 

HOWARD,  OLIVER  OTIS,  with  the  exception  of  General 
Schofield,  the  last,  and  always  one  of  the  most  distinguish- 
ed of  the  surviving  Union  generals  who  successfully  com- 
manded large  armies  during  the  Civil  war,  was  at  eleven  years  of  age 
striving  for  an  education;  at  nineteen  a  college  graduate;  at  twenty- 
four  a  graduate  of  West  Point  military  academy  and  a  lieutenant 
in  the  United  States  army.  Later  he  was  leader  in  twenty-two  battles,  , 
losing  his  right  arm  at  Fair  Oaks.  He  was  in  command  of  the  Union 
forces  on  the  first  day  at  Gettysburg.  In  Sherman's  brilliant  cam-  ] 
paigns  in  the  West  and  to  Atlanta,  Howard  commanded  the  4th  army 
corps,  and  in  the  march  to  the  Sea  he  was  commander  of  the  right 
wing — the  Army  of  the  Tennessee.  His  military  record  throughout 
shows  such  intrepid  valor,  and  his  work  after  the  war,  in  adjusting 
the  distressingly  difficult  relation  of  ex-master  and  ex-slave,  shows 
such  ardent  devotion  and  goodness  of  heart,  that  he  is  preeminently 
entitled  to  the  names  of  patriot,  hero  and  Christian. 

He  was  born  in  Leeds,  Maine,  November  8,  1830.     When  he  was 
nine  years  old  his  father,  Rowland  Baily  Howard,  died — "a    man 
of  executive  talent,  fond  of  literature,  manly  and  upright."     His 
widowed  mother  did  all  she  could  to  educate  him  and  his  two  younger, 
brothers.     Oliver  Otis  worked  on  the  farm,  obtaining  in  this  way, 
as  he  says,  "toughness  of  fiber."     He  attended  the  neighboring 
academies  at  Hallo  well,  Monmouth  and  Yarmouth,  spending  his  va-: 
cations  at  home  on  the  farm.     He  entered  Bowdoin  college,  Maine, 
in  1846  and  was  graduated  from  that  institution  in  1850.     To  help 
to  pay  his  expenses  at  college  he  taught  district  schools.     Of  his 
studies  he  said  "Greek  seemed  hard  at  first,  but  did  me  more  good 
than  even  mathematics,  which  I  always  enjoyed."     In  the  fall  ol 
1850  he  entered  West  Point  military  academy,  graduating  in  1854 
fourth  in  a  class  of  forty-six  and  first  in  mathematics.     He  was  as- 
signed to  duty  at  Watervliet  arsenal  1854-55;    and  at  Kennebec 
arsenal,  Maine,  1855-56.     As  first  lieutenant  he  was  chief  of  ordnance 
on  the  staff  of  General  Harney  in  the  Seminole  war  in  Florida,  1857 


OLIVER   OTIS   HOWARD  67 

and  he  was  assistant  professor  of  mathematics,  West  Point,  from 
1857  to  1861. 

He  entered  the  volunteer  service  June  4,  1861,  as  colonel  of  the 
3d  Maine  volunteers,  and  was  promoted  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers September  3,  1861.     During  the  winter  of  1861-62  he  com- 
manded a  brigade  (composed  of  the  81st  Pennsylvania,  45th,  61st 
and  64th  New  York,  5th  New  Hampshire  and  4th  Rhode  Island)  in 
camp,  preparing  his  brigade  on  the  front  line  in  Virginia.     An  in- 
dependent expedition  to  the  Rappahannock  and  a  reconnaissance  for 
General  Sumner  brought  him  much  recognition.     With  the  same 
brigade  he  was  in  the  battles  of  Yorktown,  Williamsburg  and  Fair 
Oaks.     He  was  twice  wounded  in  the  right  arm  in  the  latter  battle; 
receiving  for  leading  a  charge  in  this  engagement  the  congressional 
medal  of  honor.     After  the  amputation  of  his  arm,  he  employed  the 
time  of  his  convalescence  in  raising  volunteers,  filling  the  quota  of 
his  state — Maine.     In  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  he  successfully 
commanded  the  rear  guard  in  the  retreat.     At  Antietam,  when 
Sedgwick,  his  division  commander  was  wounded,  Howard  was  placed 
in  command  of  the  division  and  commanded  it  in  the  battle  of  Fred- 
ericksburg.    He  was  promoted  major-general  of  volunteers,  Novem- 
ber 29,  1862.     President  Lincoln  assigned  him  to  the  command  of 
the  11th  army  corps  in  April  1863.     In  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville 
this  corps  met  with  a  repulse  from  Stonewall  Jackson.     At  Gettys- 
burg, with  the  same  corps,  he  was  highly  commended  by  General 
Meade  and  by  congress,  particularly  for  his  ability  in  selecting  the 
famous  field  of  battle— Cemetery  Hill.     He  maintained  himself  there 
with  his  reserve  troops  of  the  right  wing  checking  a  superior  force 
all  day,  from  the  time  of  General  Reynold's  death  till  night-fall,  and 
afterward  commanding  his  corps  until  the  triumphant  close  of  the 
battle.     After  he  was  transferred  with  his  corps  to  reenforce  Chatta- 
nooga, Tennessee,  General  Thomas  commended  him  for  his  action 
in  the  battle  of  Wauhatchie,  October  28,  1863.     He  was  engaged  in 
the  battle  of  Missionary  Ridge,  December  24-25,  1863.     Sherman 
first  showed  appreciation  of  him  by  asking  to  have  Howard's  corps 
move  with  his  own  to  the  relief  of  Knoxville. 

In  the  fall  of  1864,  taking  command  of  the  4th  army  corps,  Army 
of  the  Cumberland,  he  participated  in  the  following  battles:  Dal  ton, 
Resaca,  Adairsville,  Kingston  and  Cassville,  New  Hope  Church, 
Pickett's  Mill,  Muddy  Creek,  Kenesaw  Mountain,  Smyrna  Camp 


68  OLIVER  OTIS    HOWARD 

Ground,  Peachtree  Creek,  Ezra  Church,  Jonesboro,  and  Lovejoy  Sta- 
tion. By  order  of  President  Lincoln  he  was  placed  in  command  of 
the  Army  of  the  Tennessee, after  the  battle  of  Atlanta  where  McPher- 
son  was  killed.  For  his  brave  action  at  Ezra  Church,  which  he 
fought  independently,  he  was  brevetted  major-general  in  the  regular 
army,  March  13,  1865. 

In  Sherman's  march  to  the  Sea,  Howard  commanded  the  right 
wing.  He  moved  successfully  on  the  southern  route  toward  Savan- 
nah, fought  the  battle  of  Griswoldville  and  sent  his  scouts  down  the 
Ogeechee  river,  who  were  the  first  to  communicate  with  the  navy. 
He  chose  and  sent  the  division  of  Hazen  which  captured  Fort  McAl- 
lister. After  the  surrender  of  Savannah,  Georgia,  he  moved  his  army 
by  water  to  Beaufort  Island,  South  Carolina,  and  then  on  the  main- 
land crossed  the  Saluda  and  Broad  rivers  to  Columbia.  On  the  sur- 
render of  Columbia  and  Charleston,  and  the  forts  along  the  coast, 
Howard's  wing  crossed  the  Carolinas  and  joined  Slocum  (command- 
ing the  left  wing)  sharing  the  battle  of  Bentonville,  March  19,  20, 
and  21,  1865.  Shortly  after  Johnston's  surrender,  Howard's  com- 
mand marched  from  twenty  to  twenty-five  miles  a  day,  from  Raleigh 
to  Washington  via  Richmond.  As  a  result  of  these  brilliant  cam- 
paigns, he  was  made  a  brigadier-general  in  the  regular  army  to  date 
from  December  21,  1864. 

In  accordance  with  a  request  left  by  President  Lincoln,  General 
Howard  was  assigned  to  duty  in  the  war  department,  May  12,  1865, 
as  commissioner  of  the  "Bureau  of  Refugees,  Freedmen  and  Aban- 
doned Lands."  In  this  work  he  showed  himself  a  friend  of  humanity, 
and  in  no  respect  less  devoted  than  during  the  nation's  four  years' 
struggle  in  war.  Political  sagacity,  scrupulous  oversight  of  subor- 
dinates, breadth  of  view,  tact  and  patience  were  all  needed  for  a  work 
which  had  no  precedent  in  history,  and  for  the  direction  of  which  he 
could  receive  no  instructions.  The  work  of  this  bureau,  setting  a 
recently  freed  race  upon  the  road  to  self-support  and  citizenship  has 
been  recognized  as  one  of  the  greatest  achievements  of  our  govern- 
ment. He  won  confidence  by  his  adjustment  of  questions  arising 
between  land-owners  and  freedmen.  He  arranged  a  system  of  con- 
tracts by  which  a  new  basis  of  industry  enabled  the  old  masters  tc 
deal  with  former  slaves  and  free  laborers.  He  was  among  the  first  t( 
provide  for  the  education  of  the  freedmen.  Here  the  Christian  bene' 
factor  rose  superior  to  the  soldier.     Eventually  the  work  of  thi; 


OLIVER   OTIS    HOWARD  69 

bureau,  joined  with  that  of  benevolent  societies  in  the  North,  became 
almost  exclusively  a  work  of  education.  Schools  established  tem- 
poraril}''  for  freedmen,  were  placed  on  a  permanent  basis.  They  have 
developed  into  such  leading  institutions  as  Atlanta  university,  Hamp- 
ton Institute,  Lincoln,  Fiske,  Straight  and  Howard  universities.  He 
did  more  than  any  other  man  to  enable  the  white  and  the  black 
people  of  the  South  to  meet  the  new  and  unprecedented  conditions 
following  the  sudden  emancipation  of  millions  of  slaves.  Senor  Cas- 
tellar  in  the  Spanish  Cortes,  pointed  to  this  work  of  the  Freedmen's 
bureau,  as  a  triumphant  refutation  of  the  assertion  of  the  superiority 
of  a  monarchy  to  a  republic;  and  M.  Hoppin,  in  his  report  to  the 
French  government  on  public  instruction  in  the  United  States,  said 
that  "nothing  reflected  more  honor  upon  our  country  than  this  work 
of  providing  for  the  education  of  the  negro  before  the  war  was  fairly 
ended."  In  so  vast  an  enterprise,  occasions  of  complaint  were  cer- 
tain to  arise;  and  there  were  two  investigations  of  General  Howard's 
administration  of  the  Freedmen's  bureau;  the  first  by  a  committee 
of  congress,  in  1870,  which  resulted  in  a  vote  of  thanks  to  him  by 
the  house  of  representatives;  the  other,  a  court  of  inquiry,  consisting 
of  seven  general  officers  of  the  army,  which  resulted  in  his  complete 
acquital  of  all  charges  brought  against  him,  and  in  unrestricted  com- 
mendation. 

Howard  university  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  one  of 
the  leading  institutions  for  giving  to  the  brightest  and  most  aspiring 
of  the  freedmen  that  higher  training  which  fits  them  to  be  leaders  of 
their  race,  was  established  by  him  and  aided  by  the  government,  and 
was  named  in  his  honor.  From  1869-73,  he  acted  as  president  of  the 
institution;  and  he  has  been  a  trustee  from  its  organization. 

President  Grant  chose  General  Howard  in  1872  to  make  peace 
with  the  Chiricahua  Apaches,  then  at  war  with  the  United  States; 
and  he  settled  many  troubles  with  other  tribes  of  Arizona  without 
resort  to  arms.  The  work  of  the  bureau  was  hardly  terminated, 
when  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  Department  of  the  Columbia 
and  was  obliged  to  take  command  in  the  Nez  Perces  war  against 
Chief  Joseph,  in  1877;  and  in  a  contest  with  the  Piutes  and  Bannocks 
in  1878.  These  campaigns  were  tedious,  but  successful.  The  tribe 
of  Indians  called  Sheepeaters  making  trouble,  he  deported  them  to 
Vancouver,  Northwest  Territories,  put  them  to  work  and  placed 
their  children  in  school. 


70  OLIVER    OTIS    HOWARD 

From  1880  to  1882  he  was  superintendent  of  the  United  States 
military  academy,  West  Point.  In  July  1882,  he  was  assigned  to  the 
Department  of  the  Platte,  remaining  there  till  his  promotion  to  the 
rank  of  major-general,  March  19,  1886.  He  commanded  the  division 
of  the  Pacific  till  1888,  and  that  of  the  Atlantic,  afterward  the  de- 
partment of  the  East,  from  1888-94,  when  he  was  retired  by  operation 
of  law,  November  8,  1894. 

Since  his  retirement  he  has  written  his  memoirs;  has  organized 
the  Lincoln  Memorial  university  at  Cumberland  Gap,  Tennessee,  for 
the  education  of  the  mountaineer  white  children,  and  as  president 
of  its  board  of  directors  has  been  most  useful  in  securing  for  it  friends 
and  funds.  During  the  Spanish  war,  1898,  he  delivered  many  ad- 
dresses in  the  interest  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  at 
all  the  camps  from  Chickamaugua  to  Cuba.  For  his  service  in  the 
battle  of  Gettysburg,  he  received  the  thanks  of  congress,  January  28, 
1864.  When  attending  the  French  maneuvers  in  1884,  he  received 
the  decoration  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  of  France.  He  has  had  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  Bowdoin.  and  from  Waterville  college,  Maine, 
in  1865;  from  Shurtleff  college,  Indiana,  1865,  and  from  Gettysburg 
theological  seminary,  Pennsylvania,  1866.  He  has  been  elected 
president  of  the  Home  Missionary  Society  (Congregational)  for  nine 
consecutive  years;  president  of  the  American  Tract  society  for  nine 
years;  and  a  vice-president  of  the  American  Bible  society. 

He  is  author  of  "Donald's  School  Days"  (1878);  "Chief  Joseph 
of  the  Nez  Perces,  in  Peace  and  War"  (1878);  "Henry  in  the  War" 
(1899);  and  the  "Life  of  Count  Agenor  de  Gasparin,"  translation 
(1885);  "Life  of  General  Zachary  Taylor"  (1892);  "Isabella  of  Cas- 
tile" (1894);  "Fighting  for  Humanity"  (1898).  A  publisher  had  in 
hand  (1906)  a  large  volume  of  his  "Indian  Experiences."  His  lec- 
tures on  the  great  generals  and  other  topics  related  to  the  war  meet 
with  popular  acceptance  and  are  in  demand.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Loyal  Legion,  the  societies  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  of  the 
Potomac,  and  of  the  Cumberland.  He  belongs  to  the  Union  League 
clubs  of  New  York  city  and  of  Philadelphia,  and  he  has  been  com- 
mander of  the  Medal  of  Honor  Legion.  He  has  always  voted  with  the 
Republican  party  since  it  was  organized  in  1860.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Congregational  church. 

His  reading  has  been  various.  "After  the  Bible,"  he  says, 
"probably  professional  reading  has  been  most  influential."     His  re- 


OLIVER   OTIS   HOWARD  71 

laxation  has  been  his  "work,  horseback  riding;  the  society  of  young 
people;  anything  to  make  one  laugh  heartily."  "Deep  breathing" 
he  finds  effective  in  preventing  colds.  Circumstances  led  to  his  choice 
of  the  army.  "  I  chose  deliberately.  Duty  kept  me  in  my  profession 
after  the  outbreak  of  the  war."  One  secret  of  General  Howard's 
success  has  been  adherence  to  his  motto  "  to  accomplish  what  I 
undertook."  "I  have  always  done  my  best  when  I  leaned  strongly 
upon  the  help  of  our  Lord,"  he  says.  He  places  first  among  char- 
acteristics to  be  attained  by  young  men,  "principle,  that  is,  a  whole- 
some, Christian  faith;  second,  method,  that  is,  that  they  guide  them- 
selves by  the  head  and  the  heart;  third,  habits,  that  is,  system, 
diligence,  healthful  untiring  efforts." 

General  Howard  was  married  to  Miss  Elizabeth  Anne  Waite, 
February  14,  1855.  They  have  had  seven  children,  six  of  whom 
were  living  in  1905.  Their  oldest  son,  Lieutenant  Colonel  Guy  How- 
ard, United  States  army,  was  killed  in  action  in  the  Philippines, 
October  22,  1899. 


ROBERT  P.  HUGHES 

HUGHES,  ROBERT  P.,  soldier,  major-general  in  the  United 
States  army,  retired,  was  born  in  Pennsylvania,  April  11, 
1839.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  war,  he  was  a  student 
at  Jefferson  college,  Canonsburg,  Pennsylvania,  and  when  hostilities 
opened  he  left  college,  enlisted  with  the  Union  forces  and  served 
through  the  war.  During  that  struggle  he  received  the  following 
promotions:  October  11, 1861,  first  lieutenant;  May  20, 1862,  captain; 
December  7, 1864,  lieutenant  colonel;  April  2,  1865,  brevetted  colonel 
for  gallant  and  distinguished  service  during  the  assault  on  Fort  Gregg, 
Virginia. 

After  the  close  of  the  war  he  entered  the  United  States  army  and 
on  July  28,  1866,  received  appointment  as  captain  in  the  18th  United 
States  infantry.  On  February  19,  1885,  he  was  made  inspector-gen- 
eral, with  the  rank  of  major.  While  holding  that  appointment,  he  was 
promoted  lieutenant-colonel,  March  11,  1885  and  colonel,  August  31, 
1888. 

During  the  Spanish- American  war,  he  was  sent  to  the  Philippine 
Islands,  with  the  expeditionary  corps,  on  the  staff  of  Major-General 
Otis  and  remained  in  the  military  service  in  connection  with  those 
islands  until  1901.  On  June  3,  1898,  he  was  appointed  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers;  was  appointed  chief  of  staff  of  the  8th  corps, 
June  23,  1898,  and  provost  marshal-general  of  the  city  of  Manila  and 
its  suburbs,  September  3,  1898.  During  his  occupancy  of  the  post, 
General  Otis  gave  him  official  praise  for  the  able  manner  in  which  he 
fought  the  great  fire  in  Manila,  his  tact  and  vigilance  alone  saving  the 
capital  from  complete  destruction.  On  May  25,  1900,  he  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  commission  to  treat  with  the  insurrec- 
tionary forces  in  the  Philippine  Islands;  and  on  May  25,  1900,  was 
made  military  commander  of  the  Visayan  Islands,  receiving  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general  in  the  United  States  army,  February  25, 
1901. 

After  his  return  from  duty  in  the  Philippines,  he  succeeded  to 
the  command  of  the  Department  of  California,  was  promoted  major- 
general  of  the  United  States  army  April  1,  1902,  and  reached  the 
age  of  retirement  April  11,  1903. 


JOHN  ALBERT  TIFFIN  HULL 

HULL,  JOHN  ALBERT  TIFFIN,  student  at  Asbury  univer- 
sity, Indiana,  and  Wesleyan  college,  Iowa,  1858-61;  Cin- 
cinnati law  school,  LL.B.,  1862;  officer  in  the  Civil  war, 
1862-63;  lawyer  and  editor,  Iowa,  1864-72;  secretary  of  Iowa  state 
senate,  1872-78;  secretary  of  the  state  of  Iowa,  1878-82;  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Iowa,  1886-90;  representative  in  the  United  States 
congress  since  1891;  was  born  in  Sabine,  Clinton  county,  Ohio, 
May  1,  1841.  His  father,  Andrew  Young  Hull,  was  a  physician, 
held  the  position  of  state  senator  and  was  noted  for  the 
faculty  he  possessed  of  grasping  and  elucidating  political  questions; 
and  for  this  reason  he  was  consulted  by  his  neighbors  on  the  questions 
of  the  day.  His  mother,  who  was  Margaret  Tiffin  before  her  mar- 
riage to  Doctor  Hull,  was  a  woman  of  remarkable  moral  and  spiritual 
insight  and  largely  molded  the  life  of  her  son.  His  first  American 
ancestor,  John  Hull,  came  from  England  to  America  about  the  middle 
of  the  seventeenth  century  and  settled  in  New  England.  John  A.  T. 
Hull  removed  with  his  parents  to  Iowa  in  1849,  and  after  attending 
the  public  schools  he  matriculated  at  Asbury  university,  Indiana, 
changed  to  Wesleyan  college,  Mount  Pleasant,  Iowa,  but  did  not 
graduate,  leaving  college  to  give  his  whole  time  to  the  study  of  law; 
and  he  was  graduated  at  the  Cincinnati  law  school,  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
LL.B.,  1862.  In  July  1862,  he  enlisted  in  the  23d  Iowa  regiment  of 
infantry  and  was  elected  first  lieutenant  and  promoted  to  captain. 
He  served  in  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  under  General  U.  S.  Grant, 
his  regiment  being  commanded  by  Colonel  Robert  P.  Kinsman,  who 
was  killed,  and  subsequently  by  Colonel  Samuel  L.  Glasgow;  and  he 
was  assigned  to  the  2d  brigade,  14th  division,  13th  army  corps, 
General  John  A.  McClernand  in  the  Vicksburg  campaign.  He  was 
wounded  in  a  charge  made  by  his  regiment  on  the  Confederate  en- 
trenchment at  Big  Black  River  Bridge,  Mississippi,  May  17,  1863, 
his  brigade  losing  twenty-seven  killed  and  one  hundred  and  ninety- 
four  wounded.  He  resigned  on  account  of  his  wound  in  October, 
1863,  and  returned  to  Des  Moines,  where  he  engaged  in  the  practice 


74  JOHN    ALBERT  TIFFIN  HULL 

of  law,  and  in  1872  was  elected  secretary  of  the  Iowa  state  senate, 
was  reelected  in  1874,  1876  and  1878,  serving  four  terms.  He  was 
elected  secretary  of  the  state  of  Iowa  in  1878  and  reelected  in  1880  and 
in  1882,  serving  three  terms.  In  1885  he  was  elected  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Iowa  and  was  reelected  in  1887,  serving  two  terms.  In 
1890  he  was  elected  representative  from  the  seventh  district  of  Iowa 
to  the  fifty-second  Congress,  defeating  H.  C.  Harges,  Democrat,  by 
two  thousand  five  hundred  and  forty-five  plurality.  He  served  on 
the  committee  on  Military  Affairs,  and  on  Railroads  and  Canals.  He 
was  reelected  to  the  fifty-third  Congress  in  1892  by  a  plurality  of 
six  thousand  and  eighty  votes  over  his  Democratic  opponent,  and 
was  continued  on  the  same  committees.  On  his  election  to  the  fifty- 
fourth  Congress  in  1894  he  defeated  the  Democratic  Fusionist  candi- 
date by  a  majority  of  seven  thousand  two  hundred  and  twenty-five; 
on  his  election  to  the  fifty-fifth  Congress  in  1896  he  was  chosen  over 
F.  W.  Evans,  Fusionist,  by  a  majority  of  six  thousand  two  hundred 
and  twenty-six.  In  1898  he  was  elected  to  the  fifty-sixth  Congress 
over  C.  O.  Holly,  Democrat,  T.  G.  Orwig,  Prohibitionist  and  C.  M. 
James,  Populist,  by  seven  thousand  six  hundred  and  fifty-two 
plurality  and  served  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  Militia.  He 
was  reelected  in  1900  to  the  fifty-seventh  Congress  and  in  1902  to  the 
fifty-eighth  Congress  by  increased  pluralities  and  continued  at  the 
head  of  the  committee  on  Military  Affairs,  and  in  1904  he  was  elected 
to  the  fifty-ninth  Congress.  He  is  connected  with  the  Masonic 
Order,  with  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  with  the  Knights 
of  Pythias,  and  with  the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion,  and 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic. 

He  was  married  July  17,  1863,  to  Emma  G.  Gregory,  and  of  their 
four  children  three  were  living  in  1905. 

He  found  his  favorite  recreation  in  riding  and  his  most  helpful 
books  for  reading  and  study  were  the  Bible  and  Shakespeare.  He 
has  no  church  affiliations.  He  recommends  to  American  youth  the 
practice  of  industry,  sobriety  and  perseverance  as  the  chief  means 
for  strengthening  the  ideals  of  American  life,  and  of  attaining  true 
success  in  that  life. 


GAILLARD  HUNT 

HUNT,  GAILLARD,  government  official,  historian,  and  an 
authority  on  questions  relating  to  citizenship,  naturaliza- 
tion and  protection  of  Americans  abroad,  was  born  Sep- 
tember 8,  1862,  in  New  Orleans,  Louisiana.  His  father,  William 
Henry  Hunt,  a  lawyer,  was  attorney-general  of  Louisiana,  judge  of 
the  United  States  Court  of  Claims,  secretary  of  the  navy,  and  envoy 
extraordinary  and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Russia.  His  son 
describes  him  as  a  man  of  "courage,  patriotism  and  ardent  devotion 
to  the  Union. "  The  place  of  his  mother,  who  died  when  he  was  one 
year  old,  was  taken  by  his  father's  sister,  Emma  Lydia  Hunt.  A 
descendant  on  his  mother's  side  from  the  Livingston  family,  he  counts 
among  his  distinguished  ancestors,  Robert  R.  Livingston  of  New 
York,  Edward  Livingston,  Commodore  Charles  G.  Ridgely,  United 
States  Navy;  and  John  Gaillard,  senator  from  South  Carolina  for 
many  years. 

In  youth  he  was  fond  of  the  country,  passing  half  his  time  in 
New  Orleans  and  the  other  half  at  a  country-seat  on  the  Hudson 
river,  opposite  the  Catskill  Mountains.  He  says,  "I  was  pam- 
pered and  permitted  to  neglect  my  education,  and  did  exceed- 
ingly ill  at  school,  being  indolent  and  fond  of  social  life  and 
unsteady  in  application. ' '  He  attended  the  Hopkins  grammar 
school  in  New  Haven,  the  New  Orleans  high  school  and  Emerson 
institute  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia.  He  was  prepared  for 
Yale  university,  but  for  family  reasons  was  unable  finally  to  take  a 
college  course. 

He  began  the  practical  labor  of  his  life  at  the  age  of  eighteen  as 
a  department  clerk,  and  has  been  continuously  in  the  civil  service 
since.  At  present  he  is  chief  of  the  passport  bureau,  Department  of 
State,  United  States  army.  He  has  written  much  on  civil  service 
questions,  has  cooperated  in  the  movement  for  consular  reform,  and  is 
the  author  of  the  "Bill  to  organize  the  Consular  service"  introduced 
by  Senator  Lodge,  and  substantially  the  same  as  the  bill  now 
pending  (1906).     He  is  a  member  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution, 


76  GAILLARD    HUNT 

and  for  three  years  was  general  historian  of  the  National  Society 
of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution;  is  a  member  of  the  Metropolitan 
club  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  and  of  several  historical 
societies.  He  belongs  to  the  Republican  party.  He  formerly  en- 
joyed horseback  riding,  more  recently  pedestrianism.  He  was 
"born  in  the  Episcopal  church,"  but  affiliating  with  no  church 
for  some  years,  in  1901  he  was  received  into  the  Roman  Catholic 
communion. 

He  says,  "  My  own  ambition  made  me  a  writer;  my  taste  impelled 
me  to  historical  writing,  and  the  impulse  toward  this  form  of  writing 
has  been  with  me  from  youth;  the  industry  and  application  came 
when  I  was  about  eighteen.  Since  then  I  have  worked  hard. 
Private  studies  chosen  by  myself  and  prosecuted  by  myself  were  the 
strongest  influence  in  my  career.  I  was  always  a  thoughtful  reader, 
although  not  a  steady  one  till  I  reached  manhood;  my  education 
began  then.  My  work  has  been  impersonal.  My  publications  have 
been  of  the  character  which  does  not  arouse  interest  in  the  person- 
ality of  the  writer. ' '  Among  his  books  are:  "The  Seal  of  the  United 
States"  (1892);  "The  Department  of  State  of  the  United  States:  Its 
History  and  Functions"  (1892);  "The  American  Passport"  (1898); 
"Life  of  James  Madison"  (1902),  which  is  "the  standard  life  of  the 
great  father  of  the  Constitution,  and  has  been  generally  so  accepted 
by  scholars."  "The  Writings  of  James  Madison,"  the  sixth 
volume  of  which  is  about  to  be  issued  1904,  contains  the  first  abso- 
lutely correct  print  of  the  Madison  journal  of  the  debates  in  the  con- 
vention which  framed  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  Mr. 
Hunt  is  preparing  the  " Life  of  John  C.  Calhoun,"  to  be  issued  in 
1906  in  the  American  Crisis  Series,  and  other  historical  volumes. 
Mr.  Hunt  makes  official  heraldry  a  fad  and  has  attained  a  unique 
and  unsought  for  distinction  by  designing  the  arms  of  Porto  Rico, 
of  The  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  and  of  the  Philippine 
Islands. 

He  was  married  October  24,  1901,  to  Mary  Goodfellow.  They 
had  one  child  living  in  1904. 


THOMAS  HYDE 

HYDE,  THOMAS,  banker,  was  born  in  Georgetown,  District 
of  Columbia,  January  27,  1839.  His  father,  Anthony 
Hyde,  was  at  one  time  a  clerk  in  the  department  of  the 
United  States  treasury;  afterward  becoming  secretary  to  W.  W. 
Corcoran,  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia.  Colonel  Ninian 
Beall,  commander-in-chief  of  Provincial  forces  in  Maryland  in  1678, 
and  later  a  member  of  the  House  of  Burgesses,  was  his  earliest 
known  ancestor  in  America,  and  Thomas  Hyde  of  Severn,  his  great- 
grandfather, born  in  1725,  was  prominent  in  the  Revolutionary  war. 
Except  for  occasional  travel,  Mr.  Hyde  has  spent  his  life  in  George- 
town, District  of  Columbia.  Leaving  school  at  fifteen  he  became  a 
clerk  in  the  banking  house  of  Riggs  &  Company,  Washington,  District 
of  Columbia.  After  serving  for  years  as  a  clerk  with  this  house, 
he  became  a  member  of  the  firm;  and  at  this  date,  1906,  is  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  Riggs  National  Bank,  perhaps  the  most  important  bank- 
ing house  of  the  Capital  city. 

Mr.  Hyde  is  a  member  of  the  Metropolitan  club,  of  the  Chevy 
Chase  club,  of  which  he  is  president,  and  of  the  Dumbarton  club,  all 
of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia.  He  is  governor  of  the  Society 
of  Colonial  Wars,  and  junior  vice-commander  of  the  Society  of  Ameri- 
can Wars.  He  is  affiliated  "with  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church, 
with  which  his  family  has  been  connected,  as  shown  in  local  records, 
since  1725,  and  doubtless  from  long  before  that  period." 

Every  community  of  any  size  is  dependent  upon  leading  men  in 
its  business  life  for  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  such 
standards  of  integrity,  promptness  and  public  spirit,  in  its  business 
transactions,  as  will  give  tone  and  character  to  the  commercial  trans- 
actions of  the  city  and  exalted  public  spirit  to  the  promotion  of 
plans  for  the  general  welfare.  In  such  an  inner  circle  of  leading  busi- 
ness men  at  Washington,  Mr.  Hyde  has  won  a  place  for  himself.  He 
is  a  prominent  banker  and  financier,  whose  name  lends  weight  to, 
and  inspires  confidence  in,  any  transaction  in  which  he  engages. 

He  married  Fannie,  daughter  of  Charles  E.  Rittenhouse,  October 
27,  1864. 


JOSEPH  TABER  JOHNSON 

JOHNSON,  JOSEPH  TABER,  clergyman's  son,  Georgetown  uni- 
versity, District  of  Columbia,  M.D.,  1865;  Belle vue  Hospital 
college,  New  York  city,  1867-68;  University  of  Vienna,  Austria, 
1871;  physician  and  surgeon  in  Washington,  District  of  Columbia, 
since  1868;  was  born  in  Lowell,  Massachusetts,  June  30,  1845.  His 
father,  Lorenzo  Dow  Johnson,  was  a  clergyman  of  the  Methodist 
denomination,  a  man  of  piety,  patriotism  and  love  of  family,  who 
in  1853  removed  from  Rochester,  Massachusetts,  to  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia.  His  mother,  Mary  Burges,  was  a  daughter  of 
Abraham  Burges  whose  brother,  Tristam  Burges  was  a  United  States 
senator  from  Rhode  Island  and  a  celebrated  orator.  His  first  ancestor 
in  America  was  John  Alden  of  the  Mayflower.  The  Burges'  ancestors 
came  to  this  country  in  1630. 

Joseph  Taber  Johnson  attended  the  academy  at  Rochester, 
Massachusetts  and  the  preparatory  school  of  Columbian  college, 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  and  was  graduated  from  the  medi- 
cal department  of  Georgetown  university,  M.D.,  1865.  He  studied 
in  Bellevue  Hospital  medical  school,  New  York  city,  and  under  Doctor 
Austin  Flint,  1867-68;  and  at  the  University  of  Vienna,  1871.  He 
practised  medicine  and  surgery  in  Washington,  District  of  Columbia, 
from  1868  and  was  made  president  of  the  faculty  of  the  medical 
department  of  the  Georgetown  university.  He  also  served  as  con- 
tract surgeon  in  the  United  States  army  for  several  years.  In  1898-99 
he  was  president  of  the  American  Gynecological  Society  and  of  the 
Southern  Surgical  and  Gynecological  Association.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  Cosmos,  Metropolitan  and  University  clubs  of  Wash- 
ington, District  of  Columbia;  the  Society  of  the  Mayflower  descend- 
ants; Sons  of  the  American  Revolution;  Sons  of  the  Colonial  Wars; 
Association  of  Military  Surgeons  of  the  United  States,  and  a  Director 
of  Young  Men's  Christian  Association.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Con- 
gregational church.  He  teaches  and  practises  exercise  in  the 
open   air.     To  American  youth  he  says:  "Love    your  home,    your 


JOSEPH    TABER    JOHNSON  79 

family,  your  country,  your  work,  and  you  will  not  have  much  time 
for  foolishness  or  worse." 

Doctor  Johnson  was  married  May  1,  1873,  to  Edith  Maud, 
daughter  of  Professor  William  Franklin  and  Ann  (Strong)  Bascom 
of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  and  of  their  six  children  five 
were  living  in  1906.  One  of  their  sons,  Lorenzo  Bascom  Tabor  John- 
son, was  educated  at  Yale  and  Georgetown  universities,  served  a 
year  as  United  States  army  contract  surgeon  in  the  Philippines,  re- 
ceiving a  commission  as  captain  from  President  McKinley,  and  has 
since    practised    medicine    in    Washington,    District    of    Columbia. 

Doctor  Johnson  wrote  the  section  on  Surgical  Diseases  of  the 
Ovaries  and  Tubes  in  "Dennis's  American  System  of  Surgery"  and 
on  Ovariotomy  in  "Reed's  System  of  Gynecology";  also  many  arti- 
cles for  medical  journals  and  addresses  upon  important  subjects.  He 
received  in  1869  the  honorary  degree  of  A.M.  from  Columbian  college 
of  which  he  was  a  student  when  it  was  closed  in  1861;  and  the  degree 
of  Ph.D.  from  the  University  of  Georgetown,  District  of  Columbia, 
in  1890. 


JAMES  KIMBROUGH  JONES 

JONES,  JAMES  KIMBROUGH,  for  eighteen  years  United  States 
senator  from  Arkansas,  had  been  senator  in  his  own  state  from 
1873-1879  (for  the  last  two  years  president  of  the  Arkansas 
senate),  and  a  representative  in  congress  from  1881  to  1885.  In  the 
state  senate  he  was  a  most  valuable  member  of  the  committee  of  Ways 
and  Means;  and  in  the  senate  of  the  United  States  his  influence  and 
capacity  have  had  full  scope.  He  is  acknowledged  to  be  one  of  the 
foremost  leaders  of  his  party,  lending  strength  and  dignity  to  any 
causes  to  which  he  gives  his  support.  He  represented  the  Demo- 
cratic party  for  nearly  twenty  years  in  the  United  States  senate.  He 
was  chairman  of  the  Democratic  national  committee  from  1896  until 
1904.  He  conducted  the  presidential  campaigns  of  1896  and  1900; 
and  was  a  delegate  to  the  Democratic  national  convention  of  1896 
and  1900.  His  sterling  personal  worth  and  his  unusual  ability  are 
fully  recognized  by  the  public,  as  well  as  by  his  constituents. 

He  was  born  September  29, 1839,  in  Marshall  county,  Mississippi. 
His  father,  Nathaniel  Kimbrough  Jones,  is  described  as  possessing 
"strong  good  sense  and  upright  character."  His  earliest  known 
ancestor  in  America  was  his  great,  great  grandfather,  Nathaniel 
Jones.  His  physical  condition  in  childhood  was  very  frail  and  deli- 
cate and  while  he  had  a  special  fondness  for  books,  his  health  was 
such  that  it  was  with  difficulty  that  he  could  pursue  constant  and 
regular  courses  of  study.  He  removed  with  his  parents  to  Dallas 
county,  Arkansas,  in  1848,  and  there  attended  country  schools  and 
was  aided  in  his  classical  education  by  tutors.  In  1861  he  entered 
the  Confederate  army  as  a  private,  and  remained  with  it  until  the 
close  of  the  war,  when  he  returned  to  his  father's  plantation  where 
he  remained  until  1873.  He  began  the  practice  of  law  at  Wash- 
ington, Hempstead  county,  Arkansas  in  that  year,  and  in  that 
same  year  he  was  elected  to  the  state  senate. 

In  the  United  States  senate  he  has  served  on  several  important 
committees,  among  them,  Finance,  Printing,  Relations  with  Canada, 


JAMES    KIMBROUGH    JONES  81 

Indian  Affairs,  To  Establish  the  University  of  the  United  States,  To 
Audit  and  Control  the  Contingent  Expenses  of  the  Senate,  etc. 

Senator  Jones  is  a  Methodist  in  faith,  though  not  a  member  of 
the  church.  Of  books  and  special  lines  of  reading  he  says,  "  it  would 
be  difficult  to  tell  what  has  been  most  helpful  to  me,  though  I  doubt 
if  any  have  influenced  me  more  than  McGuffey's  readers  at  school." 
He  uses  no  especial  method  of  exercise;  to  no  kind  of  amusement 
does  he  give  decided  preference.  He  says:  "  I  take  little  relaxation, 
but  walk  wherever  I  go,  in  town."  Circumstances  rather  decided  his 
choice  of  the  law,  though  his  "fancy  ran  that  way."  That  which 
first  awakened  his  ambition  and  enthusiasm  to  succeed  was  "reading 
the  History  of  the  United  States  and  the  biographies  of  leading  men." 
Comparing  the  effects  of  home,  school,  companionships,  and  contact 
with  men  in  active  life,  he  says,  "the  home  influence  surpassed  all 
others,  very  far,  in  every  respect."  "I  have  tried  to  do  my  best, 
without  any  especial  failure."  And  to  young  people  who  seek  to 
make  their  lives  all  they  ought  to  be,  and  to  become  truly  successful 
in  life,  he  emphasizes  the  thought  of  what  his  own  home-life  has 
meant  to  him,  when  he  assures  them  that "  a  sound,  healthy  home-life 
is  the  foundation  of  character,  and  character  is  necessary  for  high 
conduct." 

These  words  give  us  the  key  to  the  character  of  Senator 
Jones,  and  help  to  explain  his  public  record.  It  is  such  sentiments 
as  these,  ingrained  in  his  beliefs  and  worked  out  in  his  practice,  that 
have  brought  him  the  recognition  he  deserves.  They  show  the  source 
of  his  strength,  and  ini  icate  the  moral  standards  which  have  guided 
him  to  success  in  life.  He  is  by  nature  retiring,  scholarly  in  his  in- 
clinations, studious  by  force  of  habit,  and  domestic  in  his  tastes. 
His  fine  stature,  striking  presence  and  marked  personality  made  him 
a  notable  figure  in  the  senate.  He  is  a  strong,  enthusiastic  and 
forcible  speaker,  and  represents  his  party  with  dignity  and  ability. 
His  last  term  in  the  senate  expired  March  3,  1903. 

He  has  been  twice  married.  In  1863,  to  Miss  Sue  Rust  Eaton; 
and  after  her  death,  to  Miss  Sue  E.  Somervell,  in  June  1866.  He 
has  had  five  children,  three  of  whom  are  living  in  1906. 


JOHN  ADAM  KASSON 

KASSON,  JOHN  ADAM,  congressman,  diplomatist,  author, 
envoy  extraordinary  and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  the 
courts  of  Austria,  and  Germany;  envoy  to  the  International 
Congo  congress  of  1884-85;  special  envoy  to  the  Trinational  Samoan 
conference  in  Berlin;  codifier  of  the  postal  laws  of  the  United  States; 
initiator  of  the  great  International  Postal  union,  as  well  as  framer  of 
the  laws  introducing  and  legalizing  the  metric  system  in  the  United 
States,  has  been  in  public  life  for  forty  years.  Scotch-Irish  in  his 
descent,  he  was  the  son  of  John  Steele  Kasson,  a  farmer,  "  kindly  and 
cheerful  in  his  character."  His  death,  when  his  son  was  but  six 
years  old,  left  to  his  widow,  Mrs.  Nancy  Blackman  Kasson,  the  care 
and  education  of  their  son.  "She  was  Calvanistic,  rigid  for  truth- 
telling  and  against  Sabbath  breaking,  and  earnest  for  the  education 
of  her  children,"  says  her  son.  In  youth  he  was  strong,  with  an 
excitable  disposition,  fond  of  dogs  and  horses,  and  of  reading,  as  well 
as  of  country  boyhood's  sports.  He  was  born  at  Charlotte,  Vermont, 
January  11,  1822,  and  lived  in  the  country  until  he  was  fourteen. 
He  then  moved  with  the  family  to  Burlington,  Vermont,  for  his  edu- 
cation. His  tasks  as  a  boy  were  slight,  "only  incidental  labor,  light 
duties  morning  and  evening  with  horses  and  cattle  and  'chores.'" 
And  except  for  rather  narrow  means  he  had  no  great  difficulties  to 
overcome  in  acquiring  an  education.  He  earned  something  toward 
his  own  support  by  teaching  school  in  winter.  His  preparatory  work 
was  done  at  Burlington  academy,  and  after  the  regular  classical 
course  he  was  graduated  from  the  University  of  Vermont  in  1842. 
He  began  the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of  his  brother,  Charles  de 
Forest  Kasson,  in  Burlington;  and  after  teaching  during  a  part  of  the 
year  1843  in  Virginia,  he  resumed  his  law  studies  at  Worcester, 
Massachusetts,  with  Judge  Washburn,  afterward  governor  of  that 
state. 

His  active  life  was  begun  at  New  Bedford,  Massachusetts,  as  a 
lawyer,  and  incidentally  as  a  politician.  He  was  chosen  a  delegate 
to  the  first  Free  Soil  national  convention  at  Buffalo,  in  1848.     That 


wmmm 


mmmzztzzmmi? 


JOHN   ADAM    KASSON  83 

year  he  declined  the  Free  Soil  nomination  for  congress.  Early  in  his 
career  he  was  styled  "the  silver-tongued  orator"- — when  but  twenty- 
six  years  old. 

His  removal  to  St.  Louis  as  a  place  of  residence  and  for  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  took  place  in  1849.  On  the  occasion  of  Kos- 
suth's visit  to  that  city,  in  1852,  Mr.  Kasson  was  chosen  by  the 
reception  committee  of  one  hundred  to  make  the  address  of  welcome. 
Preferring  a  free  to  a  slave  state  for  a  home,  in  1857  he  settled  at  Des 
Moines,  Iowa.  Holding  the  chairmanship  of  the  Republican  state 
committee  for  two  years — 1858  to  1859 — he  was  said  by  Governor 
Grimes  to  be  the  first  to  do  effective  work  in  organizing  the  Republi- 
can party  of  the  state.  He  was  a  delegate  in  1860  to  the  national 
convention  which  nominated  Lincoln.  The  party  was  declared  by 
Horace  Greeley,  editorially,  to  be  chiefly  indebted  to  Kasson  for  the 
platform  adopted.     In  that  campaign  he  took  the  stump  for  Lincoln. 

President  Lincoln  early  appointed  him  first  assistant  postmaster- 
general  of  the  United  States.  He  reorganized  the  service,  revising 
and  codifying  the  scattered  postal  laws;  and  devised  a  plan  to  secure 
uniformity  in  postal  intercourse  between  America  and  foreign  nations, 
to  reduce  foreign  postal  rates,  and  to  abolish  international  postal 
accounts.  Fourteen  governments  accepted  the  invitation  of  the 
United  States  to  the  postal  conference  which  met  at  Paris  in  1863, 
Mr.  Kasson  representing  the  United  States.  This  was  the  first 
general  conference  of  nations  ever  held  to  facilitate  peaceful  inter- 
course and  closer  relations  between  alien  governments  and  peoples. 
Out  of  the  conference  grew  the  Universal  Postal  Union  of  today. 
The  historical  importance  of  this  International  convention  led  the 
postmaster-general  to  say,  in  his  Annual  Report  of  1864:  "I  deem  it 
proper  to  make  known  the  fact  that  the  public  owes  the  suggestion 
to  invite  this  International  Conference  to  the  Honorable  John  A. 
Kasson,  who  represented  our  Government  in  it  with  such  zeal  and 
ability  as  to  command  the  thanks  and  warm  approval  of  his  associates. 
I  do  not  doubt  that  important  and  lasting  advantages  are  to  flow  from 
this  conference,  due  in  a  great  degree  to  his  assiduity,  practical 
ability  and  earnestness  in  the  cause  of  progress." 

Late  in  1862,  he  had  resigned  his  office  in  Washington  to  take  a 
seat  in  congress  from  Iowa.  His  service  in  congress  covered  twelve 
years,  1863-67,  1873-77,  and  1881-85.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Ways  and  Means  committee  for  five  terms;  of  Appropriations  for  one 


84  JOHN  ADAM    KASSON 

term;  and  at  times  he  served  on  the  committee  on  Foreign  Affairs. 
Chairman  of  the  committee  on  Coinage,  Weights  and  Measures,  he 
drew  the  bill  which  legalized  the  metric  system  in  this  country. 
From  1868-72  he  served  three  successive  terms  in  the  Iowa  legislature. 
Among  his  notable  speeches  and  addresses  in  congress  are  those  on 
the  Anti-Slavery  Amendment,  1865;  Universal  Suffrage,  1866;  Chinese 
Immigration;  the  Tariff,  1883;  Tariff  Protection,  1884.  Several  of 
his  reports  from  committees  were  of  marked  importance,  particularly 
the  report  from  the  Pacific  Railroad  Committee  against  endorsing 
the  bonds  of  the  Texas  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  January  7,  1877; 
the  report  from  the  committee  on  Foreign  Affairs  on  the  Nicaragua 
Canal,  July  21,  1882;  and  the  report  from  the  committee  on  Reform 
of  the  Civil  Service,  December  12,  1882. 

In  1877  President  Hayes  offered  Mr.  Kasson  his  choice  between 
the  missions  to  Madrid  and  Vienna.  He  accepted  the  latter,  and  was 
at  that  court  as  envoy  extraordinary  and  minister  plenipotentiary 
during  the  years  1877-81.  Two  terms  in  congress  followed,  but 
before  his  second  term  expired  he  was  named  by  President  Arthur 
for  a  like  distinguished  post  at  the  court  of  the  German  Empire.  His 
term  of  office  at  Berlin  lasted  until  the  change  of  administration  under 
President  Cleveland,  and  in  large  part  through  his  efforts  better  rela- 
tions between  the  two  countries  were  brought  about.  Prince  Bis- 
marck paid  him  the  most  complimentary  tribute  by  asking  the  new 
administration  to  continue  him  at  his  post  in  Berlin. 

Mr.  Kasson  was  appointed  in  1884  special  envoy  to  the  Inter- 
national General  conference  at  Berlin  to  establish  the  Congo  Free 
State,  and  to  regulate  its  relation  to  other  powers.  The  historical 
significance  of  this  convention  of  national  governments  is  not  yet 
fully  appreciated.  All  the  greater  nations  of  the  world,  both  colonial 
and  noncolonial  powers,  participated.  Its  object  was  to  secure 
future  peace  and  international  equality  of  rights  in  all  the  vast  region 
of  Central  Africa.  The  diplomatist  and  historian  of  the  future  will 
find  in  its  records  ample  rewards  for  his  study.  Baron  von  Bunsen, 
in  the  "Montags  Revue,"  declared  that  the  influence  of  the  United 
States  over  its  results  was  second  only  to  that  of  Germany. 

President  Harrison  in  1889  appointed  Mr.  Kasson  at  the  head  of 
the  United  States  commission  to  meet  the  German  and  English  com- 
missions in  the  Samoan  conference  at  Berlin.  His  diplomatic  skill 
was  heavily  taxed  in  settling  the  vexatious  differences  between  Ger- 


JOHN    ADAM    KASSON  85 

many  and  the  United  States  in  a  manner  honorable  to  both  nations. 
Again  in  1897  President  McKinley  called  upon  Mr.  Kasson  to  resume 
diplomatic  duties.  Under  the  Dingley  tariff  act,  the  President 
appointed  him  as  special  plenipotentiary  to  make  treaties  of  reci- 
procity with  various  foreign  nations.  He  negotiated  a  difficult  and 
advantageous  commercial  treaty  with  France,  and  with  ten  or  twelve 
other  countries.  But  upon  a  change  of  policy  by  the  senate,  adverse 
to  reciprocity,  Mr.  Kasson  asked  Mr.  McKinley  to  accept  his  resigna- 
tion. The  president  was  not  ready  to  do  so,  but  later  Mr.  Kasson 
renewing  his  request  said  he  did  not  wish  "to  draw  a  salary  for  fruit- 
less labor,"  and  he  was  allowed  to  withdraw  "subject  to  recall." 
During  this  period  President  McKinley  had  also  appointed  him  one 
of  the  five  United  States  commissioners  on  the  Anglo-American  High 
Joint  Commission  to  settle  questions  in  dispute  with  Canada;  and  he 
attended  the  sessions  of  that  distinguished  body,  both  in  Quebec  and 
in  Washington. 

In  1870-71,  Mr.  Kasson  visited  Egypt,  Palestine,  Syria,  Turkey 
and  Greece,  making  a  study  of  the  social,  religious  and  political  con- 
ditions of  these  eastern  lands.  In  1890,  he  delivered  a  course  of 
lectures  before  the  Lowell  institute,  Boston,  on  the  Historical  Evolu- 
tion of  Diplomacy.  He  has  given  two  similar  courses  at  Johns 
Hopkins  university  at  the  request  of  that  institution.  His  political 
writings  are  numerous.  Among  those  which  have  appeared  in  the 
"North  American  Review"  are:  "History  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine" 
(1881);  "Municipal  Reform"  (1883);  "The  Congo  Conference" 
(1886);  "Bismarck"  (1886);  "The  Hohenzollern  Kaiser"  (1888). 
He  has  also  written  for  the  "  Century  Magazine." 

He  is  unmarried.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
church.  He  is  president  of  the  Columbia  Historical  Society;  was 
lately  president  of  the  Metropolitan  club;  is  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Association  for  Advancement  of  Science,  of  the  National  Geo- 
graphic Society,  of  the  Washington  Academy  of  Science,  and  is  a 
trustee  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Cathedral  Foundation,  at  Wash- 
ington, District  of  Columbia.  He  is  a  Mason  of  the  thirty-third 
degree.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the  Republican  party  since  its 
incipient  formation  in  1848.  The  books  and  writers  from  which  he 
has  derived  most  profit,  are  the  New  Testament,  Coleridge's  Aids  to 
Reflection,  Kent's  Commentaries;  Histories  of  Rome,  England,  the 
Dutch  Republic;  and  the  United  States;  Wheaton  on  International 


86  JOHN  ADAM    KASSON 

Law,  Plato,  and  Demosthenes,  Emerson,  and  Hawthorne;  and  the 
histories  of  modern  European  nations.  His  favorite  diversions  have 
been  "wandering  in  the  woods  on  foot,  and  on  the  plains  on  horse- 
back, with  gun  or  fishing-tackle;  travel  and  reading."  The  example 
of  his  brother,  and  his  own  preference,  led  him  into  the  law  as  a  pro- 
fession. His  first  strong  ambition  to  succeed  came  from  natural 
impulse,  and  the  rivalry  of  competition  and  contact  with  men.  A 
broad  basis  of  study,  and  wide  travel  gave  him  enlarged  views  of  life. 
The  influence  of  his  home  upon  his  life  was  seriously  diminished  by 
the  early  death  of  his  father.  He  says:  "  In  youth  I  was  insubordi- 
nate, and  wilful.  In  later  years  I  have  deferred  much  contemplated 
work  to  a  'more  convenient  time';  old  age  therefore  surprised  me 
with  much  of  my  anticipated  work  undone."  To  the  young  he  adds, 
"Use  the  first  opportunity  for  your  contemplated  work.  Do  not 
wait  for  some  other  time.  Such  delay  is  your  enemy."  The  sound 
ideals  he  inculcates  are,  "  Love  of  the  truth,  fidelity  in  every  office,  to 
every  trust,  courage  without  bluster,  no  hasty  judgment  of  men  or 
measures,  patience  in  face  of  opposition,  careful  reading  of  history 
and  biography.  Keep  a  daily  record  of  interesting  incidents  and 
personal  experiences,  cultivate  carefully  the  memory  of  both  men 
and  events.  Heartily  accept  the  four  Gospels  for  the  rules  of  faith 
and  conduct,     It  is  the  only  thing  that  holds  to  the  very  end." 

Mr.  Kasson,  though  in  his  eighty-second  year  in  1904,  was  as 
straight  as  in  his  young  manhood.  It  is  in  part  owing  to  his  distinc- 
tion of  manner,  and  his  savoir  faire  and  elegance  of  bearing,  that  he 
has  been  a  persona  grata  in  so  many  European  circles.  His  high 
principle  is  as  marked  a  characteristic  of  the  man  as  are  his  political 
insight  and  his  quick  perceptions.  Three  features  have  marked  his 
political  campaigns:  He  has  never  allowed  pecuniary  assessments 
upon  office-holders  or  other  constituents  in  his  district,  for  the  ex- 
penses of  his  campaigns;  he  has  never  allowed  a  "boss"  to  manage 
his  political  affairs;  he  has  not  allowed  personalities  to  mingle  in 
politics,  where  he  was  a  candidate  or  a  debater. 

Mr.  Kasson  has  recently  published  a  historical  volume  (Hough- 
ton, Mifflin  &  Co.,  Boston,  1904),  containing  "The  Evolution  of  the 
United  States  Constitution,  and  History  of  the  Monroe  Doc- 
trine." 


SAMUEL  HAY  KAUFFMANN 

KAUFFMANN,  SAMUEL  HAY,  journalist,  traveler,  president 
of  the  Washington  Evening  Star  Company,  was  born  in 
Wayne  county,  Ohio,  April  30, 1829,  son  of  Rudolph  and  Jane 
(Hay)  Kauffmann.  His  youth  was  spent  on  a  farm,  and  he  received 
his  early  education  in  the  common  schools  of  his  native  county,  after 
which  he  learned  the  printing  trade.  This  he  temporarily  abandoned 
taking  up  telegraphy  in  its  stead.  He  was  employed  as  a  telegraph 
operator  for  a  period  of  about  three  years.  He  then  returned  to  his 
original  trade,  and  subsequently  became  an  editor  and  publisher  in 
Zanesville,  Ohio,  and  was  identified  with  Ohio  newspaper  interests 
until  1861.  In  that  year  he  was  appointed  to  a  position  in  the  office 
of  the  United  States  treasury,  then  under  the  secretaryship  of  Sal- 
mon P.  Chase;  and  he  retained  this  position  until  1867,  when  he 
purchased  an  interest  in  the  Washington  "  Evening  Star,"  with  which 
he  has  been  prominently  connected  since  that  date.  Upon  the  in- 
corporation of  the  Evening  Star  Company,  in  1868,  he  was  elected 
its  president;  and  for  nearly  forty  years  he  has  retained  that  position. 
In  connection  with  his  journalistic  work,  Mr.  Kauffmann  has 
been  an  extensive  traveler;  and  he  is  a  student  and  patron  of  art, 
especially  of  sculpture.  He  has  written  much  as  editor  and  in  des- 
criptive articles,  upon  travel  and  art.  He  is  recognized  as  an  author- 
ity on  the  equestrian  statuary  of  the  world,  and  has  prepared  material 
for  an  illustrated  volume  on  this  form  of  sculptural  art.  His  travels 
have  embraced  all  the  countries  of  Europe,  much  of  Asia,  China  and 
Japan;  and  he  has  visited  Africa  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  He  was 
one  of  the  first  to  suggest  and  advocate  the  establishment  at  Wash- 
ington of  the  National  Museum  which  contains  some  of  the  most 
interesting  and  important  collections  illustrative  of  anthropology. 
He  was  made  a  trustee  of  the  Corcoran  Gallery  of  Art,  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia,  in  1881,  and  was  president  of  that  institution 
in  1894.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  American  Newspaper 
Publishers  Association,  and  has  been  three  times  its  president.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Philosophical  Society;    the  Anthropological  So- 


88  SAMUEL    HAY    KAUFFMANN 

ciety;  Columbia  Historical  Society;  the  Literary  Society  of  Washing- 
ton; the  National  Geographic  Society;  the  Cosmos  club,  and  the 
Chevy  Chase  club — all  of  Washington;  and  of  the  American  Geo- 
graphical Society;  Shakespeare  Society;  National  Arts  club;  National 
Sculpture  Society;  and  the  Grolier  club — all  of  New  York.  He  is 
fond  of  angling,  and  is  a  member  of  several  clubs  which  encourage 
this  sport. 

On  October  12,  1852,  Mr.  Kauffmann  married  Sarah  Clark, 
daughter  of  John  Tileston  Fracker,  of  Zanesville,  Ohio.  He  died  at 
his  home  in  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  on  March  15,  1906. 


ALBERT  KAUTZ 

KAUTZ,  ALBERT,  rear-admiral  United  States  navy,  has  had  a 
career  in  the  service  of  his  country  distinguished  for  its  use- 
fulness and  unusual  in  its  opportunity  for  brilliant  gallantry. 
Three  episodes  in  his  life  are  particularly  interesting  and  deserve 
honorable  mention  in  any  sketch  of  what  he  has  done  during  his  fifty 
years  in  the  navy.  The  earliest  of  these  three  events  occurred  during 
the  first  days  of  the  Civil  war,  when  as  a  lieutenant  he  was  given  com- 
mand of  the  prize  brig,  Hannah  Balch,  of  Portland,  Maine,  bound  from 
Matanzas,  Cuba,  for  Savannah,  Georgia,  with  a  cargo  of  molasses. 
In  his  own  words  he  says:  "  In  the  month  of  June,  1861,  I  found  myself 
a  young  lieutenant  serving  on  board  the  United  States  steamer  Flag, 
then  forming  part  of  the  South  Atlantic  blockading  squadron,  when 
we  discovered  the  sail.  There  was  nothing  exciting  about  the  cap- 
ture, as  the  wind  was  light  and  the  brig  could  not  possibly  escape  us. 
We  soon  overhauled  her,  took  her  in  tow,  and  steamed  up  the  coast 
as  far  as  Charleston.  Preparations  were  made  for  my  going  aboard 
with  a  crew  of  five  men  to  take  charge  of  the  prize  and  proceed  to 
Philadelphia.  On  the  morning  of  the  fourth  day  out,  I  made  Cape 
Hatteras  Lighthouse,  and  shortly  after  discovered  the  black  smoke 
of  a  steamer  coming  out  of  Hatteras  Inlet.  She  soon  came  near 
enough  to  fire  a  32  pounder,  the  shot  passing  between  our  fore  and 
main  mast.  I  at  once  hove  the  brig  to,  and  a  boarding  officer  imme- 
diately came  alongside  from  the  Rebel  steamer.  I  had  already 
thrown  overboard  my  arms  and  the  mail,  as  I  could  see  a  company 
of  soldiers  in  gray  uniform  drawn  up  on  the  deck  of  the  steamer.  My 
presence  was  required  on  board  the  rebel  craft,  and  as  soon  as  I 
reached  her  deck,  I  was  informed  that  I  was  a  prisoner  to  the  state  of 
North  Carolina,  and  was  captured  by  the  steamer  Winslow,  Captain 
Thomas  Crossen,  of  the  navy  of  that  state.  He  soon  made  me  feel  at 
home  by  kind  treatment.  He  took  a  week's  leave  of  absence  after 
landing,  and  took  me  to  his  home,  in  Warrenton,  North  Carolina. 
The  military  secretary  and  acting  governor  of  the  state,  Warren 
Winslow,  offered  me  a   parole  to  go  anywhere  within  the  state  of 


90  ALBERT    KAUTZ 

North  Carolina.  I  was  treated  as  a  guest  in  the  family  of  the 
captain.  After  the  return  of  the  captain  to  his  naval  duties,  I  spent 
a  fortnight  in  camp  with  the  first  North  Carolina  infantry  with  an 
old  friend  whom  I  had  known  at  the  naval  academy,  and  then  went  to 
the  Shocko  Sulphur  Springs,  North  Carolina,  where  I  had  a  cottage  to 
myself  and  was  kindly  treated."  Up  to  this  point  his  imprisonment 
had  not  been  a  severe  restraint  on  his  personal  liberty,  but  in  the 
latter  part  of  August  he  was  taken  as  a  prisoner  of  war  to  Richmond, 
Virginia,  where  he  was  incarcerated  at  first  in  a  cell  six  by  eight  feet, 
and  the  orders  were  that  he  was  to  have  only  bread  and  water.  As 
the  cell  already  contained  one  occupant  who  was  quite  sick,  and  as  the 
food  offered  was  of  a  nauseating  character,  by  dint  of  persevering 
effort,  he  at  last  prevailed  on  the  jailor  to  give  him  a  large  and  com- 
fortable room,  where  excellent  meals  were  served  him.  In  this  room 
he  had  two  companions  and,  though  the  suspense  of  such  a  stay  was 
great  accompanied  as  it  was  with  threats  that  should  a  rebel  prisoner 
at  that  time  in  the  Tombs  in  New  York  be  hung,  he  would  himself 
immediately  pay  the  forfeit  with  his  own  life — his  courage  never 
deserted  him,  and  by  diplomacy  and  the  absolute  pledge  of  a  friend 
to  give  up  life  in  the  stead  of  Lieutenant  Kautz  should  Kautz  fail  to 
keep  his  word,  the  Confederate  authorities  after  great  deliberation 
and  hesitation  permitted  him  to  find  his  way  to  Washington,  and  to 
try  to  effect  an  exchange  for  himself  and  many  others.  His  experi- 
ence at  "Castle  Thunder,"  the  Richmond  jail,  as  well  as  his  journey 
to  Washington,  part  of  the  way  accompanied  by  a  Confederate  escort, 
and  part  of  the  way  entirely  alone  running  innumerable  risks,  and  his 
final  success  with  the  authorities  at  Washington,  make  a  dramatic 
story  which  well  illustrates  not  only  indomitable  courage  but  an 
extreme  sense  of  honor.  The  proposition  which  the  Confederate 
government  made  through  him,  that  he,  John  L.  Worder  and  George 
L.  Selden ,  and  three  hundred  and  fifty  prisoners  then  in  North  Caro- 
lina, be  released,  was  accepted  by  the  United  States  government,  and 
it  was  the  occasion  of  the  first  general  exchange  of  prisoners.  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  fully  subscribed  to  this  action  and  all  the  cabinet  voted 
with  him  with  the  exception  of  Secretary  Seward.  Admiral  Kautz 
has  himself  written  a  graphic  account  of  his  imprisonment  which 
appeared  in  two  issues  of  "Harper's  Weekly,"  in  February,  1898.  He 
speaks  appreciatively  of  the  kindness  he  received  while  a  prisoner  of 
war. 


ALBERT   KAUTZ  91 

The  second  event  in  his  life  which  proved  his  personal  bravery 
and  his  quick  heroic  resolution  was  hauling  down  the  Lone  Star  flag 
from  the  City  Hall  on  the  capture  of  New  Orleans  under  Farragut,  at 
which  time  he  was  serving  as  Farragut's  flag-lieutenant  on  board  the 
Hartford.  Mayor  Munroe  of  the  city  refused  to  remove  the  flag,  and 
Lieutenant  Kautz  made  his  way  through  a  dense  mob  and  hoisted 
the  United  States  flag  on  the  Custom  House. 

His  third  striking  effort  for  the  country  was  his  service  in  Samoa, 
in  1899,  while  he  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  United  States  naval 
forces,  in  the  Pacific.  To  quote  from  his  official  report  in  regard  to 
his  part  in  the  Samoan  difficulty:  "If,  while  there  was  not  sufficient 
force  in  Apia,  in  the  interests  of  peace,  a  temporary  provisional 
government  of  Samoan  chiefs  was  accepted,  it  should  cease  now  that 
the  proper  force  is  here.  These  chiefs  should  be  informed  that  they 
must  return  quietly  to  their  homes  and  respect  the  laws.  The  chiefs 
and  their  people  who  were  driven  from  their  homes  should  be  allowed 
to  return,  or  should  be  brought  back;  and  the  order  of  the  supreme 
court  should  be  obeyed.  This  can  and  ought  to  be  done  without 
firing  a  shot,  and  I  earnestly  hope  that  all  who  have  official  authority, 
and  all  good  citizens  of  whatever  nationality,  will  do  all  in  their 
power  for  the  accomplishment  of  this  end.  In  conclusion,  I  can  only 
assure  you  that  the  naval  force  of  a  majority  of  the  Treaty  Powers 
can  be  depended  upon  to  act  with  firmness  in  the  suppression  of 
lawlessness  and  in  the  loyal  support  of  all  officers  in  the  execution  of 
duty  under  the  treaty  of  Berlin."  He  says:  "I  consider  the  record 
I  made  in  Samoa  the  most  important  and  creditable  of  my  life  of 
fifty  years  in  the  navy.  The  president  and  his  cabinet  approved  of 
all  I  did,  but  failed  to  reap  any  benefit  from  a  most  advantageous 
position.  Germany,  after  neglecting  its  duty  to  a  degree  positively 
criminal,  was  allowed  to  reap  a  harvest,  and  the  helpless  Samoans 
were  deprived  of  all  that  had  been  guaranteed  them  by  the  three 
leading  Christian  nations  of  the  world."  Admiral  Kautz's  humane 
but  authoritative  methods  may  be  judged  of  by  the  two  phrases 
which  are  found  in  the  words  quoted  from  his  report.  "Without 
firing  a  shot,"  and  "  the  naval  force  can  be  depended  upon  to  act  with 
firmness." 

He  was  born  in  Georgetown,  Ohio,  January  29,  1839.  His 
father,  George  Kautz,  a  wine  grower,  was  a  man  of  honesty  and  good 
common-sense.     His  mother's  maiden  name  was  Dorothe  Lewing. 


92  ALBERT   KAUTZ 

His  parents  were  natives  of  Ispringen,  Baden,  Germany.  They  came 
to  America  in  1828  and  settled  in  Ohio.  He  was  a  strong  boy  physi- 
cally ;  and  an  early  taste  for  command  was  his  predominant  character- 
istic. He  attended  the  public  schools  of  his  country  home  for  seven 
years,  and  had  one  summer's  tuition  in  a  private  school.  He  was 
graduated  from  the  naval  academy  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  in  1858, 
and  was  appointed  midshipman,  June  11,  1858.  He  was  promoted 
passed  midshipman,  master,  and  lieutenant  in  rapid  succession;  and 
it  was  while  he  held  the  last  mentioned  rank  that  he  was  taken  pris- 
oner by  the  Confederates  as  already  described.  His  imprisonment 
lasted  from  June  to  October,  1861.  In  April,  1862,  at  the  capture  of 
New  Orleans,  his  heroic  act  of  raising  the  United  States  colors  has 
been  mentioned.  He  was  at  that  time  in  service  on  the  Hartford; 
and  in  June  and  July  of  the  same  year  he  participated  in  the  engage- 
ments of  the  Hartford  with  the  Vicksburg  batteries.  His  promo- 
tions came  in  due  order,  that  of  lieutenant-commander  on  May  31, 
1865;  commander,  1872;  captain,  1885;  commodore,  1897;  rear- 
admiral,  October,  1898.  During  these  years  he  served  on  the  Winoo- 
ski,  Pensacola  and  New  Hampshire,  and  he  commanded  the  Monocacy 
at  the  Chinese  Station  from  1873  to  1875.  He  also  commanded  the 
Michigan  on  the  great  lakes;  the  Pensacola,  and  the  receiving  ship, 
Wabash.  He  was  president  of  the  naval  examining  and  retiring 
board,  1897;  commander  of  the  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  station, 
1898;  commander  of  the  Pacific  station  on  the  flag-ship  Philadelphia 
from  October  15,  1898.  While  rear-admiral  he  represented  our 
government  in  the  pacification  of  the  Samoan  Islands  to  the  entrie 
satisfaction  of  all  concerned.  From  1900-01  he  was  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  Pacific  station.  On  January  29,  1901,  he  was  retired  by 
operation  of  law. 

His  recreation  he  finds  in  golf.  His  own  personal  preference  led 
him  to  the  choice  of  the  navy  as  the  line  of  life  which  would  best  suit 
him,  and  his  achievements  have  justified  the  wisdom  of  his  decision. 

He  was  married  to  Esther  Hemphill,  September  27,  1865.  They 
had  one  child  living  in  1905. 


JOHN   KEAN 

KEAN,  JOHN,  United  States  senator  from  New  Jersey,  was 
born  in  Ursino,  Union  county,  New  Jersey,  December  4, 
1852,  the  son  of  John  and  Lucy  Kean.  Receiving  his  early  edu- 
cation in  private  schools,  he  entered  Yale  university  in  the  class  of 
1876,  but  the  wish  to  fit  himself  early  for  the  legal  profession  led  him 
to  leave  college  shortly  after  his  matriculation.  He  entered  Columbia 
law  school,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1875.  Though  admitted  to 
the  bar  of  New  Jersey  in  1877,  he  never  engaged  in  practice,  being 
occupied  in  various  business  enterprises  and  ardently  engaged  in 
Republican  political  movements.  In  the  latter  he  made  himself  so 
active  that  he  was  elected  to  represent  his  district  in  congress  in 
1883  and  again  in  1887,  and  in  1891-92  was  chairman  of  the  Repub- 
lican state  committee. 

During  these  years  Mr.  Kean  was  steadily  becoming  a  power  in 
his  party,  and  in  1892  he  was  selected  as  the  Republican  candidate 
for  governor.  Though  defeated  in  this  contest,  his  activity  con- 
tinued; he  was  appointed  on  the  committee  to  revise  the  state 
judiciary;  and  at  a  Republican  legislative  caucus  in  1899  was  nomi- 
nated by  acclamation  for  the  United  States  senate,  and  was  elected 
on  January  25,  to  succeed  James  Smith,  Jr.,  a  Democratic  senator. 
In  1905  he  was  reelected.     His  present  term  will  expire  March  4,  1911. 

While  thus  advancing  in  political  life,  Senator  Kean  has  been 
active  in  business  enterprises,  being  interested  in  many  corporations, 
and  serving  as  president  of  the  National  State  Bank  of  Elizabeth,  of 
the  Elizabethtown  Water  Company,  and  of  the  Elizabethtown  Gas 
Company,  and  as  vice-president  of  the  Manhattan  Trust  Company. 


MARTIN  AUGUSTINE  KNAPP  \ 

KNAPP,  MARTIN  AUGUSTINE,  LL.D.,  lawyer  and  Inter- 
state Commerce  commissioner,  was  born  in  Spafford,  New 
York,  November  6, 1843.  He  was  graduated  from  Wesleyan 
university,  1868,  and  commenced  the  active  work  of  life  in  1870,  as  a 
lawyer  at  Syracuse,  New  York.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Syracuse 
board  of  education,  1875-77,  and  was  corporation  counsel  of  that  city, 
1877-83.  In  February,  1891,  he  was  appointed  by  President  Harri- 
son a  member  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  commission;  he  was  reap- 
pointed  by  President  Cleveland,  February,  1897,  and  by  President 
Roosevelt  in  December,  1902.  Since  January,  1898,  he  has  been 
chairman  of  the  commission. 

His  parents  were  Justus  Norton  and  Polly  (McKay)  Knapp. 
His  father  was  a  man  of  integrity  and  public  spirit  who  served  his 
community  in  various  positions  of  trust.  Martin  Augustine  Knapp 
was  married  to  Marion  Hotchkiss,  December  29,  1869.  He  received 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Wesleyan  university  in  1892.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Union  League  and  Transportation  clubs  of  New  York, 
of  the  Citizens  and  University  clubs  of  Syracuse,  and  of  the  Cosmos 
club  of  Washington.  He  has  always  been  identified  with  the  Repub- 
lican party.  In  religious  matters  he  affiliates  with  the  Unitarian 
denomination.  He  finds  his  principal  diversion  in  reading  and  in 
social  enjoyment. 

His  early  life  was  passed  in  the  country.  He  was  interested  in 
books  and  in  the  sports  and  pastimes  which  are  popular  with  boys 
in  a  farming  region.  His  health  was  good  and  his  tasks  did  not 
interfere  with  his  studies. 

He  was  free  to  choose  his  own  profession.  The  influences  which 
have  tended  to  his  advancement  he  names  as  home,  educational 
opportunities,  and  contact  with  men  who  have  been  more  successful 
than  himself.  In  his  experience,  works  on  economics  and  sociology 
have  proved  the  most  helpful  reading.  He  has  contributed  to  various 
magazines  and  made  numerous  addresses  on  railway  transportation 


17.  £ 


MARTIN    AUGUSTINE    KNAPP  95 

and  kindred  subjects.  As  a  helpful  suggestion  to  the  young,  he  says 
that  "integrity,  tolerance,  and  persistent  effort  for  others"  are 
essential  to  the  attainment  of  the  highest  success. 


PHILANDER  CHASE  KNOX  I 

KNOX,  PHILANDER  CHASE,  late  attorney-general  of  the 
United  States,  and  since  June  10,  1904,  senator  from  Penn- 
sylvania, was  born  May  6,  1853,  at  Brownsville,  Fayette 
county,  Pennsylvania,  where  his  father,  Davis  S.  Knox,  was  long 
engaged  in  the  banking  business.  His  mother  was  Rebekah  (Page) 
Knox.  The  character  of  both  parents  has  had  a  beneficial  influence 
upon  their  son.  He  studied  at  the  University  of  West  Virginia  and  at 
Mount  Union  college,  Alliance,  Ohio,  and  was  graduated  from  the 
latter  institution  in  1872.  While  in  college  he  had  the  good  fortune 
to  make  the  acquaintance  of  William  McKinley,  who  at  that  time 
was  district  attorney  of  Stark  county,  Ohio,  and  a  friendship  sprang 
up  between  them  which  continued  until  McKinley's  lamentable 
death.  He  entered  upon  a  course  of  legal  study  in  the  office  of  H. 
B.  Swope,  of  Pittsburg,  then  United  States  district  attorney  for 
western  Pennsylvania,  afterward  studied  in  the  office  of  David  Reed 
and  in  1875  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Allegheny  county.  He  was 
successful  in  practice  from  the  start,  and  in  1876  he  served  as  assist- 
ant United  States  district  attorney  under  his  late  preceptor.  Giving 
up  his  position  for  private  practice  in  1878,  he  rapidly  built  up  a 
profitable  business,  becoming  in  time  counsel  for  various  large  cor- 
porations, among  them  the  Carnegie  Company. 

For  more  than  twenty  years  the  firm  of  Knox  and  Reed  con- 
tinued in  active  and  successful  practice,  Mr.  Knox  winning  so  high 
a  reputation  for  profound  legal  knowledge  and  practical  skill  in  the 
law  that  in  1897  President  McKinley  is  said  to  have  privately  offered 
him  the  position  of  attorney-general  in  his  cabinet.  Mr.  Knox  de- 
clined this  tempting  offer  because  he  wished  to  continue  in  private 
practice.  In  1901,  on  the  resignation  of  John  W.  Griggs,  the  post 
was  again  offered  to  him  and  was  accepted  by  Mr.  Knox,  who  was 
sworn  in  as  attorney-general  of  the  United  States  on  April  9  of  that 
year.  His  appointment  by  President  Roosevelt  to  this  cabinet 
position  was  confirmed  by  the  senate,  December  16,  1901.  He  re- 
tained this  portfolio  until  after  the  death  of  Senator  Matthew  Stanley 


PHILANDER    CHASE   KNOX  97 

Quay,  in  May,  1904,  when  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  Penny- 
packer  to  succeed  that  well-known  senator  from  Pennsylvania,  for 
the  session  ending  March  4,  1905.  He  resigned  from  the  cabinet 
June  30,  1904  and  took  his  seat  in  the  senate  on  the  sixth  of  the  fol- 
lowing December.  In  the  session  of  the  Pennsylvania  legislature 
for  January,  1905,  he  was  elected  to  the  senate  to  fill  out  the  unexpired 
term.     His  present  term  of  service  will  expire  March  4,  1911. 

Senator  Knox  is  fond  of  outdoor  sports  and  is  a  lover  of  fine 
horses.  He  has  a  beautiful  country  seat  at  Valley  Forge,  Pennsyl- 
vania, where  he  can  indulge  freely  in  these  tastes,  which  are  shown 
also  by  his  membership  in  the  Pittsburg  country  club,  in  the  Chevy 
Chase  Golf  club  of  Washington,  and  in  the  Castalia  Fishing  club. 
He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Duquesne  and  Pittsburg  clubs,  and  the 
Union  League  of  New  York.  He  was  president  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Bar  Association  in  1897. 

He  was  married  in  1876  to  Lillie,  daughter  of  Andrew  D.  Smith, 
of  Pittsburg. 


JOHN  FLETCHER  LACEY 

LACEY,  JOHN  FLETCHER,  lawyer,  legislator,  member  of  the 
United  States  house  of  representatives,  was  born  at  New 
Martinsville,  West  Virginia,  May  30,  1841,  son  of  John  M. 
and  Eleanor  (Patten)  Lacey.  His  grandfather  was  also  named 
John  M.,  and  was  descended  from  Spencer  Lacey,  who  served  as  a 
soldier  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  The  parents  of  John  F.  removed 
to  Iowa  in  1855,  where  they  located  on  a  farm  near  Oskaloosa.  His 
early  education  was  limited  to  the  country  schools  of  that  day,  but 
was  afterward  improved  by  study  in  private  schools.  He  was  com- 
pelled by  lack  of  means,  to  forego  the  advantages  of  a  higher  educa- 
tion, and  he  learned  the  trade  of  bricklaying. 

When  the  Civil  war  began,  he  enlisted  in  Company  H,  3rd  Iowa 
infantry,  and  immediately  went  into  active  service.  At  the  battle 
of  Blue  Mills  he  suffered  capture,  but  subsequently  obtained  his 
release  on  parole  and  returned  home  to  begin  the  study  of  law  with 
Honorable  Samuel  A.  Rice,  then  attorney-general  of  Iowa.  After 
being  exchanged  in  1862,  he  reenlisted  in  Company  D,  33rd  Iowa 
volunteers,  of  which  his  preceptor  was  appointed  colonel.  He  was 
soon  promoted  to  first  lieutenant  of  Company  C,  and  afterward  was 
appointed  assistant  adjutant-general  on  the  staff  of  Brigadier- 
General,  Samuel  A.  Rice  serving  in  that  position  until  the  death  of  his 
chief.  He  was  later  assigned  to  duty  on  the  staff  of  Major-General 
Frederick  Steele  until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  participated  in  the 
battles  of  Helena,  Little  Rock,  Tenenoir,  Poison  Creek,  Elkins  Ford, 
Prairie  d'Ann,  Camden,  Jenkins  Ferry,  and  Blakely. 

Shortly  after  his  return  to  civil  life,  Mr.  Lacey  finished  his  law 
studies  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  the  courts  of  the  state  in  1865. 
Four  years  later  he  was  elected  upon  the  Republican  ticket  to  the 
thirteenth  general  assembly  of  the  state  of  Iowa,  serving  one  term, 
and  subsequently  he  filled  the  office  of  city  solicitor  for  Oskaloosa. 
He  soon  took  high  rank  at  the  bar  and  in  public  affairs,  and  in  1888 
he  was  elected  to  the  fifty-first  Congress  from  the  sixth  Iowa  district. 
He  has  since  served  as  a  member  of  the  fifty-third,  fifty-fourth,  fifty- 


JOHN   FLETCHER   LACEY  99 

fifth,  fifty-sixth,  fifty-seventh  and  fifty-eighth  Congresses;  and  he  was 
reelected  to  the  fifty-ninth  Congress.  In  1898,  he  was  temporary 
chairman  of  the  Republican  state  convention  of  Iowa.  During  his 
career  in  congress  he  has  been  particularly  identified  with  the  com- 
mittees on  Indian  Affairs,  Reform  in  the  Civil  Service  and  Public 
Lands,  of  which  last  committee  he  is  chairman.  His  principal  public 
utterances  include  addresses  on  the  financial  bill  of  1899,  the  bond 
bill,  homesteads,  the  tariff,  wages  and  the  silver  standard,  and  a 
notable  address  on  Henry  Clay  delivered  at  Des  Moines,  Iowa.  He 
has  taken  a  deep  interest  in  the  preservation  of  the  forests  and  animals 
of  the  country,  and  he  has  drafted  and  introduced  several  important 
laws  on  the  subject.  He  is  also  the  author  of  "  Lacey's  Railway 
Digest,"  and  of  "  Lacey's  Third  Iowa  Digest,"  and  contributed  the 
articles  "  Forestry  Legislation  in  the  United  States,"  and  "  Need  of 
Forest  Preservation,"  to  "Gunton's  Magazine." 


L 


CHARLES  BEARY  LANDIS 

LANDIS,  CHARLES  BEARY,  journalist,  legislator,  member  of 
the  United  States  house  of  representatives,  was  born  in 
Millville,  Butler  county,  Ohio,  July  9,  1858,  son  of  Abraham 
H.  and  Mary  L.  (Kumler)  Landis.  He  is  the  grandson  of  Daniel 
Kumler,  a  descendant  of  one  of  seven  brothers  who  came  to  America 
from  Germany  in  the  seventeenth  century.  During  boyhood,  he 
attended  the  public  schools  of  Logansport,  Indiana,  and  later  entered 
Wabash  college  at  Crawfordsville,  in  the  same  state,  from  which  he 
was  graduated  in  1883. 

He  immediately  took  up  newspaper  work,  and,  from  1883  to  1887, 
edited  the  Logansport  "Journal."  From  1887  to  1897  he  was  editor 
of  the  Delphi  "Journal"  and  in  the  latter  year  he  was  nominated,  on 
the  Republican  ticket,  for  congress  from  the  ninth  Indiana  district, 
and  was  elected.  He  has  since  served  in  the  fifty-fifth,  fifty-sixth, 
fifty-seventh  and  fifty-eighth  Congresses,  and  has  been  reelected  to 
the  fifty-ninth  Congress.  In  the  fifty-eighth  Congress  he  was  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  Foreign  Affairs.  He  has  been  much  in 
requisition  as  a  campaign  speaker,  and  has  delivered  a  number  of 
addresses  in  various  parts  of  the  country  on  political,  and  economic 
themes,  and  on  questions  of  public  policy.  During  1894-95,  he  was 
president  of  the  Republican  Editorial  Association  of  Indiana. 

On  October  23,  1887,  Mr.  Landis  married  Cora  B.  Chaffin, 
daughter  of  J.  B.  Chaffin,  of  Logansport,  Indiana. 


SAMUEL  PIERPONT  LANGLEY 

LANGLEY,  SAMUEL  PIERPONT,  Sc.D.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  is  an 
eminent  scientist,  author,  and  inventor,  who  is  highly  honored 
and  the  value  of  whose  work  is  known  and  recognized  in  all 
civilized  lands.  In  addition  to  his  elaborate  studies  in  the  fields  of 
natural  science  and  in  utilizing  for  the  public  benefit  much  of  the 
knowledge  thus  acquired,  he  has  given  some  attention  to  the  investi- 
gation of  psychical  phenomena.  He  has  shown  what  well-directed 
and  persistent  effort  can  accomplish;  and  while  one  of  his  leading 
inventions,  from  which  much  is  hoped,  is  still  in  the  experimental 
stage,  the  record  of  his  achievements  is  long  and  honorable  and  should 
give  courage  and  hope  to  every  ambitious  youth  who  has  a  taste  for 
scientific  pursuits. 

Mr.  Langley  was  born  in  Roxbury  (now  incorporated  in  Boston) , 
August  22,  1834,  the  son  of  Samuel  and  Mary  Sumner  (Williams) 
Langley.  His  father  was  a  merchant  of  good  standing  and  of  influ- 
ence in  the  community,  though  he  never  entered  public  life.  Among 
the  earliest  ancestors  of  Mr.  Langley  in  this  country  were  John 
Winthrop,  the  famous  governor  of  the  Massachusetts  colony;  and 
Increase  and  Cotton  Mather  who  were  among  the  foremost  men  of 
their  time  in  the  religious,  educational,  and  civil  affairs  of  New  Eng- 
land. 

His  early  years  were  about  equally  divided  between  city  and 
country  life.  His  health  was  good  and  as  no  tasks  involving  the 
performance  of  manual  labor  were  imposed  upon  him  he  had  many 
opportunities  for  enjoying  the  companionship  of  nature,  which  he 
highly  prized,  and  for  gratifying  a  taste  for  reading  and  study,  espe- 
cially in  astronomy,  for  which  his  fondness  was  strongly  marked  even 
in  early  boyhood.  He  attended  the  Boston  public  schools,  the  Latin 
school,  and  after  graduation  from  the  latter,  in  1851,  he  commenced 
the  study  of  architecture  and  civil  engineering.  A  few  years  later 
he  took  a  post-graduate  course  at  the  astronomical  observatory  of 
Harvard  college . 


102  SAMUEL   PIERPONT   LANGLEY 

Mr.  Langley  commenced  the  active  work  of  life  as  an  architect 
in  1856.  This  profession  was  followed  for  several  years.  In  1864  he 
went  to  Europe  and  on  his  return  to  this  country,  in  the  following 
year,  he  became  assistant  at  the  Harvard  college  observatory  and 
entered  upon  the  course  of  scientific  study  and  investigation  which  he 
has  followed  with  unwavering  devotion  and  in  which  he  has  been 
eminently  successful  and  useful.  In  1866  he  became  an  assistant 
professor  of  mathematics  on  the  academic  staff  of  the  United  States 
naval  academy  at  Annapolis.  Beside  performing  the  duties  of  an 
instructor  he  placed  in  serviceable  condition  the  observatory,  which 
during  the  civil  war  had  been  practically  useless.  In  1867  he  removed 
to  Pittsburg,  where  he  remained  for  nearly  twenty  years.  Here  he 
became  director  of  the  Allegheny  observatory,  which  was  connected 
with  the  Western  university  of  Pennsylvania.  The  situation  there, 
as  he  found  it,  was  discouraging.  The  equipment  of  the  observatory 
was  very  poor.  There  was  hardly  a  dollar  with  which  to  purchase 
the  instruments  which  were  imperatively  needed  or  to  pay  the  ex- 
penses which  original  research  would  involve.  With  the  aid  of  a 
generous  friend  and  by  the  use  of  several  of  his  own  inventions,  Pro- 
fessor Langley  did  much  toward  placing  the  observatory  on  a  good 
working  basis;  and  in  1869,  in  the  face  of  many  difficulties,  he  estab- 
lished the  paid  "  time  service  "  from  which  funds  were  secured  for  the 
prosecution  of  his  investigations  along  independent  lines.  This 
service,  by  means  of  which  "standard"  time  is  accurately  kept  at  all 
connecting  points,  was  at  first  adopted  only  by  a  few  railroads  and  by 
business  houses  in  large  cities;  but  it  proved  so  valuable  that  its  use 
has  become  common  at  the  smaller  centers  of  population  and  in  num- 
berless public  and  private  offices  throughout  the  country. 

Professor  Langley  has  been  one  of  the  most  persistent  and  suc- 
cessful investigators  of  the  nature  of  the  sun,  and  has  been  very 
prominent,  especially  in  laying  foundations  and  indicating  the  most 
promising  lines  of  study,  in  developing  the  science  of  aerostatics. 
He  was  a  member  of  expeditions  to  observe  eclipses  of  the  sun  in 
Kentucky,  1869;  in  Spain,  1870;  and  at  Pike's  Peak  in  1878.  In  the 
year  last  named  he  also  visited  Mount  ^Etna  to  observe  the  character 
of  the  astronomic  vision  at  that  altitude.  In  1881 ,  under  the  auspices 
of  the  United  States  Signal  Service,  he  organized  and  conducted  an 
expedition  to  the  station  on  Mount  Whitney,  in  Southern  California 
(one  of  the  highest  in  the  country),  to  learn  certain  important  facts 


SAMUEL    PIERPONT    LANGLEY  103 

regarding  the  sun  which  could  not  be  ascertained  at  a  lower  altitude. 
Early  in  1887  he  became  assistant  secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution, and  a  few  months  later  he  was  appointed  secretary,  which 
position  he  is  holding  at  the  present  time  (1906).  Although  the 
duties  of  this  office  have  required  a  large  part  of  his  time  and  effort 
he  has  never  discontinued  his  scientific  investigations.  Among  the 
important  public  services  which  he  has  rendered  while  connected  with 
the  institution  are  the  establishment  of  the  National  Zoological  Park 
and  of  the  Astrophysical  Observatory. 

In  authorship  Professor  Langley  has  done  work  that  is  of  great 
and  permanent  value,  although  most  that  he  has  written  has  been  on 
scientific  subjects  treated  technically  and  therefore  has  not  been 
widely  read.  Among  his  principal  works  of  this  kind  are  "  Experi- 
ments in  Aerodynamics"  and  " Internal  Work  of  the  Wind,"  both  of 
which  were  published  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  Many  smaller 
treatises  have  been  printed  in  the  memoirs  of  various  learned  societies 
in  England,  France,  and  Germany  as  well  as  in  the  United  States.  In 
"The  New  Astronomy"  Professor  Langley  has  departed  from  a 
technical  style  and  has  written  a  book  which  presents  the  facts  of 
astronomical  science  in  a  most  attractive  manner  for  popular  reading. 
Occasional  articles  in  the  "Atlantic,"  the  "Century,"  and  other 
magazines,  have  been  written  in  a  popular  style  and  have  been  very 
favorably  received. 

Professor  Langley  has  invented  several  valuable  scientific  instru- 
ments; but  as  he  has  preferred  to  give  his  fellow  workers  the  full 
benefit  of  his  labors  in  this  important  field  he  has  never  taken  out  a 
patent.  One  of  the  best  known  of  these  inventions  is  the  "bolo- 
meter," which  is  used  in  the  study  of  certain  characteristics  of  the 
sun  and  which  is  so  greatly  superior  to  any  other  instrument  for  the 
purpose  that  it  has  been  adopted  at  all  the  leading  physical  labora- 
tories of  the  world.  Another  invention,  which  has  not  yet  been  per- 
fected, is  that  of  the  aerodrome,  or  "flying  machine."  Professor 
Langley  was  the  first  to  construct  (in  1896)  a  machine  which,  sup- 
ported only  by  mechanical  power,  made  repeated  flights  for  consider- 
able distance. 

Among  the  honorary  degrees  which  Professor  Langley  has 
received  are  Ph.D.  from  Stevens  Institute  of  Technology;  LL.D.  from 
Harvard,  Princeton,  Yale,  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  universities; 
D.C.L.  from  Oxford,  and  Sc.D.  from  Cambridge,  England.     He  is  a 


104  SAMUEL    PIERPONT    LANGLEY 

member  of  various  prominent  clubs,  including  the  Cosmos  and 
Metropolitan  of  Washington,  the  Century  and  Metropolitan  of  New- 
York,  and  the  St.  Botolph  of  Boston.  Among  his  connections  with 
scientific  bodies  are  those  of  correspondent  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  of  the  Institute  of  France,  Foreign  member  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  London,  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh, Associate  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  member  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Sciences,  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  and  the 
American  Psychical  Society.  He  has  been  president  of  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  and  of  the  American 
Branch  of  the  British  Psychical  Society,  and  he  was  (1904)  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  English  Psychical  Society  and  of  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Society.  He  has  never  taken  an  active  part  in  political 
affairs. 

Professor  Langley  has  never  adopted  any  definite  system  of 
physical  culture  and  has  not  been  especially  interested  in  athletics. 
Formerly  he  was  very  fond  of  horseback  riding,  but  in  later  years  he 
has  found  his  chief  recreation  in  golf.  For  relaxation  and  for  health, 
as  well  as  for  enjoyment,  he  has  taken  ocean  voyages  and  traveled  in 
foreign  countries. 

In  the  choice  of  a  profession  his  circumstances  in  early  life  were 
such  as  to  leave  him  free  to  follow  his  inclinations.  His  interest  in 
everything  pertaining  to  astronomy  dated  from  childhood,  and  it 
naturally  led  to  the  course  of  study  and  investigation  in  which  he  has 
been  engaged  throughout  his  active  life.  He  has  read  extensively  in 
natural  science  and  in  English  and  French  literature.  The  influences 
which  have  been  most  powerful  in  aiding  him  to  win  success  he  names 
in  the  following  order:  Heredity,  home,  and  private  study.  Contact 
with  men  in  active  life  has  left  its  impress;  but  this  has  been  of  only 
secondary  importance,  particularly  in  relation  to  the  early  part  of  his 
career. 

Professor  Langley  died  at  Aiken,  South  Carolina,  February 
27,  1906. 


Jfcur- 


SAMUEL  SPAHR  LAWS 

LAWS,  SAMUEL  SPAHR,  M.D.,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  clergyman, 
teacher  of  physical  and  metaphysical  science,  inventor, 
president  of  Westminster  college,  and  later  chancellor  of  the 
University  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  is  an  example  of  the  type  of 
American  whose  versatility  and  many-sided  ability  is  equaled  by  his 
devotion  to  study,  and  whose  executive  talent  has  enabled  him  to 
succeed  in  what  he  has  attempted.  His  earliest  known  ancestor  in 
America  was  one  of  two  brothers,  Quakers,  who  came  from  England 
to  Maryland  in  1672.  He  is  a  son  of  James  and  Rachel  Laws,  and 
was  born  near  Wheeling,  then  Virginia,  on  March  23,  1824. 

His  early  life  in  the  country,  where  he  entered  into  all  the  pur- 
suits and  enjoyments  of  a  healthy  and  active  minded  boy,  strength- 
ened his  fiber  and  developed  his  self-reliance,  and  provided  him  with 
an  ordinary  common  school  education.  His  mother  died  while  he 
was  still  young,  and  at  twelve  he  was  placed  with  the  head  of  a  con- 
siderable hardware  and  manufacturing  firm  at  St.  Louis  to  learn  this 
business,  under  an  indenture  extending  to  his  twenty-first  year.  He 
soon  became  an  expert  workman  and  salesman.  When  he  decided  in 
his  seventeenth  year  to  study  for  the  ministry,  he  was  offered  a 
partnership  in  the  firm  whose  principals  subsequently  retired  from 
business  with  accumulated  wealth.  But  he  at  once  entered  privately 
upon  studies  preparatory  to  college.  He  was  graduated,  A.B.,  in 
1848,  from  Miami  university,  Oxford,  Ohio,  valedictorian  of  his  class. 
He  feels  that  it  was  his  business  training  which  had  given  him  such 
habits  of  persistent  industry  as  enabled  him  easily  to  outrank  other 
students.  His  standing  was  the  highest  taken  by  any  one  in  that 
college  up  to  that  time.  He  has  "never  ceased  to  feel  satisfaction  in 
his  choice  of  this  higher,  more  exacting  career,  in  place  of  the  lower, 
in  which  success  would  have  been  more  easily  won." 

He  took  a  theological  course  at  Princeton  seminary;  he  was 
class  orator,  and  was  graduated  in  1851 ;  was  ordained  to  the  ministry, 
and  installed  pastor  of  the  West  Presbyterian  church  at  St.  Louis, 
Missouri,  in  October  of  the  same  year.     February  27,  1854,  he  was 


106  SAMUEL  SPAHR    LAWS 

elected  to  the  chair  of  physical  science  in  Westminster  college,  Fulton, 
Missouri.  In  June,  1855,  he  was  elected  the  first  president  of  West- 
minster college,  and  he  served  in  that  capacity  until  October,  1861, 
six  months  after  the  Civil  war  had  broken  out.  At  that  time  he  recom- 
mended to  the  curators  to  close  the  college  till  the  war  should  be 
over,  and  resigned  his  position.  The  military  authorities,  having 
occupied  the  place,  without  preferring  charges,  demanded  of  him,  on 
account  of  his  Southern  sympathies,  an  oath  of  allegiance  and  a  bond 
for  the  observance  of  the  same.  This  oath  he  could  not  consistently 
take,  as  it  would  have  implied  that  he  had  previously  forfeited  his 
allegiance,  which  was  not  the  case.  After  detention  in  prison  for 
some  months,  he  was  finally  paroled  to  Canada,  the  loyal  states,  or 
Europe.  Soon  after  this,  he  went  to  Europe,  where  he  passed  the 
year  1861-62,  chiefly  at  Paris,  in  study. 

On  his  return,  in  1862,  he  settled  in  New  York,  and  being  still  on 
parole,  he  engaged  in  financial  affairs.  The  public  owes  to  him  the 
simultaneous  system  of  electric  reporting,  the  "ticker,"  which,  in  its 
improved  condition,  is  in  such  general  use  to  distribute  news  of  the 
markets  of  the  exchanges.  The  developments  of  this  instrument  have 
revolutionized  business.  He  is  its  inventor,  and  by  it  he  made  a 
fortune,  as  he  was  receiving  $30,000  per  year  when  he  sold  the  inven- 
tion. Doctor  Laws  has  completed  courses  of  study  in  three  pro- 
fessional schools.  He  has  taken  the  course  in  theology  already 
spoken  of;  a  course  in  the  law  school  of  Columbia  college,  New  York 
city,  receiving  the  degree  of  LL.B.  and  being  admitted  to  the  New 
York  bar  in  1869;  and  also  a  four  years'  course  at  Bellevue  Hospital 
Medical  college,  receiving  the  degree  of  M.D.  in  1874. 

Owing  no  doubt  to  his  record  in  earlier  years  as  an  educator  in 
the  State  of  Missouri,  in  1875,  he  was  elected  to  the  presidency — 
the  "  chancellorship"  of  the  Missouri  State  university  and  entered  on 
his  duties  there,  July  5,  1876,  holding  the  position  until  July,  1889. 
During  the  thirteen  years  of  Doctor  Laws'  presidency,  the  number  of 
students  increased  from  three  hundred  to  eight  hundred  and  fifty, 
and  the  productive  funds  of  the  institution  (which  were  $205,000  at 
the  beginning  of  his  administration),  increased  to  over  half  a  million, 
during  his  incumbency.  Fully  twenty  years  of  his  life  prior  to  1889 
were  laboriously  and  most  successfully  devoted  to  the  interests  of 
education  in  Missouri,  amid  the  agitations  and  controversies  incident 
to  the  development  of  a  state  university  dependent  upon  state  legisla- 


SAMUEL   SPAHR   LAWS  107 

tion  and  political  influence.  Doctor  Laws  is  justly  held  in  honor  for 
the  work  he  accomplished  during  this  long  term — work  which  resulted 
in  making  the  state  university  of  Missouri  a  leading  institution  in  the 
Southwest.  Three  years  later,  in  1893,  he  was  unanimously  elected 
to  the  chair  of  Christian  Apologetics  in  the  Presbyterian  Theological 
seminary  at  Columbia,  South  Carolina.  He  served  in  this  capacity 
until  1898.  He  has  several  times  been  moderator  or  president  of  the 
church  courts  of  his  denomination,  the  Presbyterian  church,  South. 

By  appointment  of  President  Garfield,  he  was  a  United  States 
Visitor  to  the  West  Point  military  academy  in  1882.  In  the  Pan- 
Presbyterian  Council  of  Europe  and  America,  which  met  in  Wash- 
ington, District  of  Columbia,  in  1899,  he  was  a  delegate,  sent  by  the 
General  Assembly  of  the  South  to  represent  the  Synod  of  South 
Carolina;  and  he  participated  in  the  discussions.  He  has,  also  taken 
part  in  the  public  conferences  and  conventions  in  regard  to  education, 
emigration  and  other  matters  pertaining  to  the  public  welfare. 

He  has  published  enough  to  make  several  volumes,  but  his  pro- 
ductions have  usually  been  written  to  meet  current  exigencies,  with- 
out any  ambition  to  be  known  as  an  author.  Among  them  are 
addresses  on  "The  Philosophy  of  Christianity,"  "The  Presbyterian 
Church,"  "Sovereignty  in  the  United  States  Political  System,"  "The 
Dual  Constitution  of  Man"  or  "New  Analysis  of  the  Cranial  and 
Spinal  Nerves,"  "  Life  and  Labors  of  Louis  Pasteur." 

Washington  and  Lee  university,  \irginia,  conferred  on  him  the 
degree  of  D.D.,  and  Westminster  college,  Missouri,  in  1871,  gave  him 
that  of  LL.D.  He  is  not  a  partisan  in  politics.  He  is  a  Presbyterian 
by  conviction  and  ardent  in  his  feelings  regarding  the  high  and  noble 
nature  of  faith.  He  says,  "the  Christian  faith  is  a  life  business." 
His  "desire  in  early  life  was  to  excel,  but  not  to  surpass,  except  as  an 
incident."  "Do  the  best  possible  for  others  as  well  as  for  self." 
Acting  on  this  principle,  he  says,  "  When  I  awakened  to  God's  claims 
they  seemed  perfectly  rational,  natural  and  worthy  of  every  possible 
aspiration."  He  mentions  as  the  three  teachers  who  most  effectually 
influenced  him,  Erasmus  Darwin  McMasters,  the  president  of  the 
college  where  he  was  graduated;  and  Doctors  Charles  Hodge  and 
Joseph  Addison  Alexander,  in  the  seminary  at  Princeton. 

Doctor  Laws  says  he  looks  on  his  life  as  a  success,  and  thinks  the 
chief  explanation  of  our  successes  and  failures  is  to  be  found  in  our 
opportunities,  qualifications,  and  limitations.     He  feels  with  Daniel 


108 


SAMUEL    SPAHR    LAWS 


Webster  that  "  the  greatest  thought  that  has  ever  occupied  his  mind 
is  his  accountability  to  God." 

He  married  a  daughter  of  William  Broadwell,  of  Fulton,  Mis- 
souri.! His  address  is  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 


■ 


FITZHUGH  LEE 

LEE,  FITZHUGH,  first  a  major-general  in  the  Confederate  army, 
then  a  brigadier-general  in  the  United  States  army  and 
major-general  of  United  States  volunteers  during  the 
Spanish- American  war,  is  one  of  the  most  striking  examples  of  that 
noble  body  of  true-hearted  American  patriots  who  are  utterly  loyal 
to  the  Union  although  in  earlier  years  they  went  with  their  states 
through  the  fiery  trial  of  secession  and  war  against  the  Union.  He 
was  one  of  the  six  major-generals  of  volunteers  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent McKinley,  May  4,  1898;  was  given  command  of  the  7th  army 
corps  and  was  selected  by  the  president  to  lead  the  attack  on  Havana, 
Cuba,  during  the  Spanish-American  war  in  case  an  assault  should 
become  necessary.  He  was  not  ordered  to  Havana  with  his  corps, 
however,  until  December  12,  1898;  and  on  January  12,  1899,  he  was 
appointed  governor  of  the  provinces  of  La  Habana  and  Pinar  del 
Rio.  The  four  provinces  in  Cuba,  La  Habana,  Pinar  del  Rio,  Matan- 
zas  and  Santa  Clara  having  been  consolidated  in  March  1900,  into 
the  single  department  of  Habana,  he  was  appointed  governor  of  the 
new  department.  At  the  expiration  of  that  official  term,  he  was  put 
in  command  of  the  department  of  Missouri,  United  States  Army. 

He  was  born  in  Clermont,  Fairfax  county,  Virginia,  November 
19,1835.  His  father,  Sydney  Smith  Lee,  was  a  captain  in  the  United 
States  navy,  afterward  in  the  Confederate  States  navy.  He  was  a 
brother  of  General  Robert  E.  Lee;  and  he  is  described  by  his  son  as 
a  man  "of  charming  personality  and  grace  of  manner,  handsome  in 
person  and  possessing  goodness  of  heart  and  nobility  of  character." 
He  says  of  his  mother,  Anna  Maria  (Mason)  Lee  (who  was  a  daughter 
of  General  John  Mason  and  sister  of  James  M.  Mason,  formerly  United 
States  senator  from  Virginia,  and  granddaughter  of  George  Mason, 
author  of  the  Virginia  Bill  of  Rights)  that  she  strongly  influenced 
him  in  the  development  of  his  character  toward  intellectual  and  moral 
achievement.  Richard  Lee  whose  will  is  dated  1663,  came  to  this 
country  from  Shropshire,  England,  and  is  his  earliest  known  ancestor 
on  this  side  of  the  water.     Ancestors  of  Richard  Lee,  were  Launce- 


110  FITZHUGH    LEE 

lot  Lee,  who  fought  by  the  side  of  William  the  Conqueror,  at  the 
battle  of  Hastings,  and  Lionel  Lee,  who  followed  Richard  Coeur  de 
Lion  in  the  third  Crusade  1192.  Fitzhugh  Lee  is  a  grandson  of 
General  Henry  Lee,  known  as  "Light  Horse  Harry,"  of  the  Caro- 
linas,  during  the  Revolutionary  war. 

His  early  life  spent  in  the  country  confirmed  his  health  and 
strength,  which  have  always  been  good.  His  tastes  even  in  child- 
hood were  military;  and  after  an  excellent  preparation  for  the  course, 
he  was  graduated  from  West  Point  military  academy  in  1856. 

He  was  detailed  at  once  to  Carlisle  barracks,  Pennsylvania,  and 
appointed  instructor  of  war  recruits  in  horsemanship.  As  a  lieu- 
tenant of  the  2d  United  States  cavalry,  he  accompanied  his  regiment 
to  Texas  to  subdue  the  hostile  Comanches  on  the  frontier.  On  May 
14,  1858,  he  was  wounded  in  the  lungs  by  an  Indian  arrow;  and  he 
had  several  personal  encounters  with  mounted  Indians,  one  of  these 
engagements,  January  15,  1860,  being  particularly  severe.  He  was 
instructor  in  cavalry  tactics,  at  West  Point  from  1860-61.  In  the 
latter  year  he  resigned  his  commission  in  the  United  States  army, 
when  the  people  of  his  native  state  had  confirmed  the  act  of  secession; 
and  returning  to  Virginia  he  was  commissioned  assistant  adjutant- 
general,  with  the  rank  of  captain  in  the  Confederate  army;  and  dur- 
ing the  Civil  war,  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  major-general,  commanding 
the  cavalry  corps  of  General  Robert  E.  Lee. 

His  record  in  the  Confederate  army  began  with  the  first  battle 
of  Manassas,  in  which  he  served  on  the  staff  of  General  Ewell.  He 
was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  1st  Virginia  cavalry,  Colonel 
J.  E.  B.  Stuart  commanding,  in  1862.  Succeeding  General  Stuart  in 
the  command  of  the  regiment,  he  took  part  in  the  raid  around  McClel- 
lan's  army  and  in  all  the  battles  of  Northern  Virginia,  1861-62.  He 
was  commissioned  brigadier-general,  July  25,  1862,  and  was  in  com- 
mand of  a  brigade  of  Virginia  cavalry  in  the  second  battle  of  Manassas, 
August  29  and  30,  1862,  in  which  he  made  an  attack  on  Pope's  army 
at  Catletts  Station,  taking  Pope's  headquarters  and  nearly  making 
a  prisoner  of  the  commanding  officer.  He  participated  in  the  engage- 
ments of  South  Mountain,  Crompton's  Gap,  Sharpsburg,  Fredericks- 
burg, Chancellorsville  and  Gettysburg,  from  September  14,  1862  to 
July  3,  1863.  He  was  commissioned  major-general,  September  3, 
1863.  He  met  Custer  and  Kilpatrick,  October  19,  1863  in  a  cavalry 
engagement;  and  he  commanded  a  division  of  cavalry  in  the  battles 


FITZHUGH   LEE  111 

of  the  Wilderness,  Spottsylvania,  North  Anna  River,  Hawes  Shop, 
Cold  Harbor,  Trevillian  Station  and  Cedarville,  from  May  to  August, 
1864.  At  Winchester,  September  19,  1864,  he  had  three  horses  shot 
under  him,  and  being  severely  wounded  he  was  obliged  to  give  up 
active  service  for  several  months.  He  maintained  his  position  against 
the  Federal  army,  at  Five  Forks,  Sailor's  Creek  and  Farmville,  and 
he  prepared  the  way  for  the  retreat  of  the  Confederate  army  to  Appo- 
mattox Court  House;  but  advancing  toward  Lynchburg,  his  army 
was  cut  off  from  the  main  body,  and  he  surrendered  to  General  Meade, 
at  Farmville,  retiring  to  his  home  in  Stafford  county,  Virginia. 

For  a  number  of  years  after  the  close  of  the  war,  he  preferred 
retirement  to  public  life.  His  memorable  address  at  the  Bunker 
Hill  Centennial  in  Boston,  in  1874,  was  the  occasion  of  his  appearing 
again  before  the  people.  The  patriotism  and  eloquence  of  his  speech 
at  that  time  aroused  the  enthusiasm  of  the  country.  It  was  an  effort 
to  bring  together  on  some  common  ground  of  national  interest  the 
hitherto  divided  people  of  the  North  and  the  South  and  it  did  much 
to  allay  the  irritation  which  had  followed  the  conflict  of  1861-65. 

During  the  winter  and  spring  of  1882-83,  he  made  a  trip  through 
the  South  to  promote  the  interest  of  the  Southern  Historical  Society. 
In  1884  he  was  appointed  by  the  president  visitor  to  West  Point. 
For  four  years,  from  1886-90,  he  was  (the  39th)  governor  of  Virginia. 
President  Cleveland  appointed  him  (1893-96)  collector  of  Internal 
Revenue  at  Lynchburg,  Virginia.  For  two  years  prior  to  the  out- 
break of  the  Spanish  war  he  was  consul-general  at  Havana,  Cuba. 
This  post  was  an  extremely  difficult  and  responsible  one,  at  this  time; 
and  General  Lee  most  wisely  met  the  situation  arising  from  the  cruel 
tyranny  of  the  Spanish  and  the  excited  uprising  of  the  Cubans  against 
their  oppressors.  He  was  calm  and  judicial  in  his  decisions,  and  he 
protected  with  a  firm  hand  and  strong  will,  American  interests.  Under 
General  Weyler  and  again  under  General  Blanco,  the  conditions  re- 
quired diplomacy  and  tact,  and  yet  called  for  immediate  and  strong 
measures  of  resistance  to  the  arbitrary  sway  of  these  officers.  Gen- 
eral Lee's  record  was  patriotic  and  brilliant.  His  life  was  threatened 
and  yet  he  would  not  accept  our  government's  offer  to  protect  him 
by  war  vessels.  The  Maine  was  already  on  its  way  to  Cuba,  when 
he  asked  to  have  the  vessel  recalled.  It  was  becoming  dangerous 
for  Americans  to  stay  in  Cuba  by  reason  of  the  excitement  in  the 
island.     The  Spanish  government  asked  for  the  recall  of  General  Lee, 


112  FITZHUGH    LEE 

but  the  request  was  refused  by  the  United  States  government,  April 
5,  1898.  All  consuls  were  recalled  and  many  American  residents  of 
Cuba  came  home  to  the  states  at  the  same  time. 

General  Lee  wrote  the  life  of  General  Robert  E.  Lee,  his 
uncle,  in  the  series  of  "Great  Commanders"  published  by  D.  Apple- 
ton  and  Company.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Democratic  party.  His 
reading  was  most  largely  historic  and  biographic.  He  was  a  com- 
municant of  the  Episcopal  church.  Driving  and  riding  were  his 
favorite  modes  of  relaxation,  and  he  gave  especial  attention  to 
athletics.  The  wishes  of  relatives  coincided  with  his  personal  prefer- 
ence for  the  military  life. 

To  young  people  he  said,  "duty  is  the  sublimest  word  in  the 
English  language."     "Let  our  young  Americans  do  it  always." 

He  was  married  April  19,  1871,  to  Miss  Ellen  Bernard  Fowle. 
They  have  had  seven  children,  five  of  whom  were  living  in  1904. 
Their  oldest  son,Fitzhugh,  is  Captain  in  the  7th  United  States  cavalry, 
and  assistant  to  the  Superintendent  Public  Buildings  and  Grounds, 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia;  and  their  second  son,  George 
Mason,  is  first  lieutenant  7th  United  States  cavalry,  General  Hospi- 
tal, Presidio,  San  Francisco,  California. 

General  Lee  died  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  April  28, 
1905. 


FRANCIS  ELLINGTON  LEUPP 

LEUPP,  FRANCIS  ELLINGTON,  United  States  commissioner 
of  Indian  affairs,  merchant's  son,  graduate  of  Williams  Col- 
lege and  of  Columbia  law  school,  lawyer,  newspaper  corre- 
spondent, member  of  the  Board  of  Indian  Commissioners,  editor  and 
author,  was  born  in  New  York  city,  January  2,  1849,  son  of  John 
Philyer  and  Emeline  Matilda  (Davis)  Loop,  and  a  descendant  of 
Gerloch  Liipp.  His  father  was  noted  for  his  firmness  of  character. 
Francis  Ellington  grew  up  in  New  York  city,  but  spent  his  summer 
vacations  in  the  Taghanic  and  Berkshire  hill  country,  and  attended 
Sedgwick  institute,  Great  Barrington,  Massachusetts,  and  the 
Lawrence ville,  New  Jersey,  high  school.  He  was  graduated  at  Wil- 
liams college,  A.B.,  1870;  A.M.,  1873,  and  at  Columbia  university  law 
school,  LL.B.,  1872.  He  practised  law  for  one  year  in  New  York 
city,  1872-73;  was  assistant  editor  of  the  New  York  "  Evening  Post," 
1874-78;  editor  and  part  owner  of  the  Syracuse  "Herald,"  1878-85; 
confidential  correspondent  and  editorial  contributor  in  Washington 
to  the  New  York  "Evening  Post,"  1885-89,  and  head  of  the  New 
York  "Evening  Post's"  telegraphic  bureau  after  1889.  He  also 
contributed  editorials  to  the  Washington  "Star"  and  edited  "Good 
Government,"  the  official  organ  of  the  Civil  Service  Reform  League. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Indian  Commissioners,  1895-97, 
and  before  and  after  that  period  he  made  special  investigations  under 
private  auspices  and  under  temporary  commissions  from  the  United 
States  government,  and  did  work  for  the  civilization  and  protection 
of  the  Indians,  spending  some  time  on  Indian  reservations.  He  also 
worked  to  advance  the  merit  system  in  the  civil  service. 

He  has  been  president  of  the  Williams  Alumni  Association  and 
vice-president  of  the  Columbia  Alumni  Association  of  the  District  of 
Columbia,  and  was  elected  to  the  administrative  council  of  the 
National  Civil  Service  Reform  League,  but  declined,  owing  to  the 
pressure  of  other  duties.  He  is  affiliated  with  the  Kappa  Alpha  of 
Williams  college,  the  Cosmos  club,  the  Gridiron  club,  and  the  Society 
of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution,  in  Washington,  District  of 


114  FRANCIS    ELLINGTON   LEUPP 

Columbia.  He  has  always  been  independent  in  politics.  His  chief 
recreation  has  been  work  on  his  small  farm  at  Tyringham,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  writing  magazine  articles.  He  chose  journalism  as  a 
profession,  he  says,  because  all  his  tastes  and  such  talents  as  he 
possessed  seemed  to  point  in  that  direction;  and  in  his  career  as  a 
journalist  he  has  been  largely  influenced  by  association  with  Bryant, 
Godkin,  George  William  Curtis  and  Theodore  Roosevelt.  The  best 
motto  for  young  men,  in  his  judgment,  is:  "Do  what  lies  nearest  the 
hand,  as  well  as  you  can,  and  leave  the  rewards  to  take  care  of  them- 
selves." 

He  was  married  October  13,  1874,  to  Ada  Lewis  Murdock,  of 
New  York  city. 

He  became,  on  January  1,  1905,  United  States  Commissioner  of 
Indian  Affairs. 

He  edited  the  "Memorial  Volume  to  William  Cullen  Bryant" 
(1878);  and  he  is  the  author  of  "Bagby  v.  Bagby"  (1895);  "How  to 
Prepare  for  a  Civil  Service  Examination"  (1898);  and  "The  Man, 
Roosevelt:  A  Portrait-Sketch"  (1904). 


CHARLES  EDGAR  LITTLEFIELD 

LITTLEFIELD,  CHARLES  EDGAR,  lawyer,  speaker  of  the 
Maine  house  of  representatives,  attorney-general  of  the  state 
of  Maine  four  years,  representative  from  the  second  district 
of  Maine  in  the  fifty-sixth,  fifty-seventh,  fifty-eighth  and  fifty-ninth 
Congresses,  was  born  in  Lebanon,  York  county,  Maine,  June  21, 
1851.  His  father,  the  Reverend  William  H.  Littlefield,  was  a  clergy- 
man of  the  Free  Baptist  denomination  who  before  entering  the  min- 
istry had  learned  the  trade  of  millwright,  in  which  occupation  he  was 
an  expert  workman.  He  was  a  direct  descendent  of  Edmund  Little- 
field  who  emigrated  from  England  and  settled  in  the  Piscataqua 
district  of  Maine,  then  a  part  of  Massachusetts,  in  the  seventeenth 
century.  William  H.  Littlefield  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Paul 
and  Dorothy  Stevens,  also  descended  from  early  Piscataqua  settlers. 
Charles  Edgar  Littlefield  as  a  boy  attended  the  town  schools,  and 
Foxcroft  academy,  and  learned  the  trade  of  carpenter  at  which  trade 
he  worked  until  1874  when  he  determined  to  fit  himself  for  the  prac- 
tice of  law.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Knox  county  in  1876 
and  began  practice  in  Rockland.  In  1899  he  formed  a  partnership 
with  the  younger  brother,  Arthur  S.  Littlefield,  in  the  same  city. 
He  attained  prominence  at  the  bar  and  was  active  in  politics,  being 
elected  a  representative  in  the  state  legislature,  serving  in  1885  and 
1887.  Hewaselected  speakerof  thehouse  in  1887.  He  was  attorney- 
general  of  the  state  of  Maine,  1889-93;  a  delegate  to  the  Republican 
national  conventions  of  1892  and  1896,  at  each  convention  serving 
as  chairman  of  the  Maine  delegation.  At  a  special  election  held  June 
19,  1899,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  Nelson  Dingley, 
Jr.,  who  had  represented  the  second  district  of  Maine  in  the  forty- 
seventh  to  the  fifty-fifth  Congresses,  Mr.  Littlefield  was  elected  his 
successor,  receiving  eleven  thousand  six  hundred  and  twenty-four 
votes,  the  Democratic  candidate,  John  Scott,  receiving  two  thousand 
seven  hundred  and  thirty-six  votes. 

On  taking  his  seat  in  the  fifty-sixth  Congress  at  the  beginning  of 
the  first  session  in  December,  1899,  Representative  Littlefield  was 


116  CHARLES    EDGAR   LITTLEFIELD 


placed  on  the  committee  on  the  Judiciary  and  on  the  special  com 
mittee  of  nine  appointed  by  the  chair  to  investigate  the  right  of 
Brigham  Henry  Roberts,  elected  representative  in  congress  from 
Utah  to  a  seat  in  the  fifty-sixth  Congress.  He,  with  Representative 
de  Armond  of  Missouri,  made  the  minority  report  recommending 
that  Roberts  be  seated  as  his  right  under  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States  and  that  when  seated  he  be  expelled  from  the  house 
on  the  ground  that  he  was  then  practising  polygamy.  He  was 
reelected  to  the  fifty-seventh  Congress  in  1900  by  a  plurality  of  seven 
thousand  seven  hundred  and  seventy-six  votes.  On  the  assembling 
of  congress  in  December,  1902,  he  was  prominently  named  as  an 
available  candidate  for  speaker  of  the  house,  at  the  time  of  the  va- 
cancy caused  by  the  withdrawal  of  Speaker  Henderson.  He  was 
appointed  in  his  second  Congress  by  Speaker  Henderson  a  member 
of  the  committee  on  Elections,  No.  2,  on  that  of  Merchant  Marine  and 
Fisheries,  and  was  continued  on  the  Judiciary  committee  on  which 
he  had  served  so  acceptably  during  the  fifty-sixth  Congress.  In  his 
first  term  he  made  a  speech  in  opposition  to  the  passage  of  the  Porto 
Rico  tariff  bill,  calling  out  favorable  comment  from  the  oppo- 
sition, and  adverse  criticism  from  his  own  party.  He  also  departed 
from  the  views  and  policy  of  his  party  in  the  discussion  of  Cuban 
reciprocity.  He  opposed  the  machine  methods  of  the  Repub- 
lican party  in  Maine.  He  was  reelected  in  1902  to  the  fifty-eighth 
Congress  and  was  continued  on  the  committee  on  the  Judiciary.  In 
April,  1904,  when  an  inquiry  as  to  what  action  had  been  taken  by 
the  Department  of  Justice  regarding  an  investigation  of  the  coal 
trust,  was  referred  to  the  committee,  Representative  Littlefield  was 
foremost  in  questioning  the  witnesses  and  was  chairman  of  a  sub- 
committee to  investigate  the  subject.  In  September,  1904,  Mr.  Lit- 
tlefield was  elected  to  the  fifty-ninth  Congress. 

He  was  married  on  February  18,  1879,  to  Clara  N.,  daughter  of 
General  William  and  Caroline  Ayer,  of  Montville,  Maine.  Mr.  Little-' I 
field  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Bates  college  in 
1902.  He  was  brought  up  a  strict  Free  Baptist  and  is  a  consistent 
temperance  man  neither  using  intoxicating  liquors  nor  tobacco.  He 
is  recognized  to  be  uncompromisingly  honest  and  straightforward, 
holding  to  the  highest  ideals,  self  confident,  authoritative  and  ag- 
gressive ;  having  superb  belief  in  himself  and  the  cause  he  advocates. 
His  eloquence  though  not  silver-tongued,  persuasive  or  alluring,  is 


CHARLES    EDGAR  LITTLEFIELD  117 

compelling,  convincing  and  at  times  intimidating.  In  his  home  life, 
in  his  independence,  in  his  church  going  propensity  and  in  his 
aggressiveness  and  strenuosity,  he  has  been  compared  with  President 
Roosevelt. 

Mr.  Littlefield's  opportunities  for  acquiring  a  place  among  the 
men  of  mark  of  the  nation,  were  not  superior  to  those  enjoyed  by 
hundreds  of  Maine  boys  of  his  time.     By  taking  advantage  of  his 
slender  opportunities,  and  making  good  use  of  a  mind  capable  of 
absorbing,  storing  and  using  the  information  that  constantly  came 
within  his  reach  during  his  youthful  days,  his  power  grew  with  his 
growth  and  strengthened  with  added  years.     His  ancestry  did  not 
differ  from  that  of  other  boys  of  his  state  and  his  time.     All  had 
■  sprung  from  Puritan  stock  who  had  sought  release  from  the  religious 
bigotry  of  England  in  the  freer  atmosphere  of  the  American  colonies. 
His  father  had  been  a  mechanic  and  by  the  exercise  of  the  talents  he 
possessed  had  become  a  preacher  of  the  Gospel.    His  own  education 
had  been  limited  to  the  training  received  at  the  district  school  and 
village  academy.     His  ambition  evidently  had  not  been  fired  in  his 
youth,  as  he  was  content  to  learn  the  trade  of  carpenter  and  to  work 
|  at  it  until  he  was  twenty-three  years  old.     Then  he  caught  sight  of 
the  possibilities  presented  even  to  one  of  his  rather  limited  attain- 
ments, and   began  the  study  of  law.     His   progress   was  rapid  and 
iin  two  years  he  was  admitted  to  practice.     While  his  success  at  the 
bar  was  beyond  his  most  sanguine  expectations,  he  allowed  none  of 
1  the  allurements  of  public  life  in  the  political  field  to  draw  him  for  a 
moment  from  the  duties  of  his  profession  until  he  had  given  the  law 
twelve  years  of  undivided  allegiance.    When  he  reached  the  mature 
age  of  thirty-seven  years,  he  accepted  the  nomination  of  the  Repub- 
lican party  for  the  office  of  representative  in  the  state  legislature; 
and  he  was  a  member  of  the  lower  house  for  two  terms,  during  the 
:  last  term  serving  as  speaker.     His  next  four  years  were  given  to  the 
state  as  attorney-general.     He  took  part  in  national  politics  as  chair- 
man of  the  Maine  delegation  in  the  Republican  national  conventions 
of  1892  and  1896;   and  in  1899  he  was  sent  from  his  congressional 
i  district  to  the  United  States  congress  as  representative.     His  course 
,  in  congress  was  marked  by  his  ability  and  his  willingness  to  rise  above 
party  and  to  make  principle  and  constitutional  law  his  guide.     His 
thorough  independence  and  his  careful  investigation  of  all  questions 
before  congress,  both  on  the  floor  of  the  house  and  in  the  committee 


118  CHARLES   EDGAR   LITTLEFIELD 

room,  made  him  a  national  figure.  The  rights  of  the  people  under 
the  constitution,  irrespective  of  the  behest  of  party,  found  in  him  a 
champion.  He  did  not  deem  it  necessary  to  step  outside  of  party 
lines  to  do  full  justice  to  the  cause  he  espoused,  and  his  conservatism 
made  him  friends  among  his  political  opponents,  while  his  own  party 
could  not  but  admire  his  dauntless  spirit  in  sounding  the  alarm  at 
what  he  feared  might  prove  to  be  harmful  legislation. 


HENRY  CABOT  LODGE 

LODGE,  HENRY  CABOT,  statesman,  orator,  historian,  author, 
and  editor;  was  born  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  May  12,  1850. 
His  father,  John  Ellerton  Lodge,  was  a  son  of  Giles  Lodge, 
who  was  a  native  of  England,  came  to  Massachusetts  colony  in  1792, 
and  married  Mary  Langdon.  His  mother,  Anna  Cabot  Lodge,  was 
the  daughter  of  Henry  and  Anna  Sophia  (Blake)  Cabot,  granddaugh- 
ter of  the  Honorable  George  Cabot  (1751-1823)  sea  captain,  member 
of  the  Provisional  congress  of  Massachusetts,  of  the  state  convention 
of  1788,  United  States  senator,  1791-96,  the  first  secretary  of  the  navy, 
1798,  and  president  of  the  Hartford  convention,  1814.  His  first  an- 
cestor in  America,  John  Cabot,  came  from  the  island  of  Jersey  to 
Massachusetts  Bay  colony  about  1675  and  settled  in  Salem. 

Henry  Cabot  Lodge  attended  the  best  schools  of  Boston,  in- 
cluding the  celebrated  Latin  schools  of  Thomas  Russell  Sullivan  and 
Epes  Sargent  Dixwell,  and  he  was  graduated  at  Harvard,  A.B.,  1871, 
LL.B.,  1874,  and  Ph.D.  (history)  1876.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
Suffolk  bar  in  1876,  but  did  not  practise  law,  deciding  to  devote 
himself  to  literature  and  to  the  public  service  as  a  legislator.  He 
was  elected  from  the  tenth  Essex  district  a  member  of  the  General 
Court  of  Massachusetts  in  1879-80,  and  was  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  Bills  in  the  Third  Reading  and  a  member  of  the  committee 
on  the  Judiciary  and  of  the  joint  special  committee  on  the  Public 
Service.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  national  convention 
which  met  at  Chicago,  June  2,  1880,  and  nominated  Garfield  and 
Arthur,  and  he  was  made  secretary  of  the  Massachusetts  delegation. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Republican  state  central  committee  from 
the  first  Essex  district,  and  served  as  chairman  of  the  Finance  com- 
mittee, 1880-81.  He  was  the  unsuccessful  Republican  candidate  for 
state  senator  in  1881,  receiving  one  hundred  and  fifty  votes  less  than 
his  Greenback-Democrat  opponent.  In  1882  he  failed  to  receive 
the  Republican  nomination  for  representative  from  the  sixth  Massa- 
chusetts district  to  the  forty-eighth  Congress,  after  a  caucus  that 
began  September  28.  On  the  first  ballot  of  the  convention  he  re- 
ceived thirty-eight  votes.     The  convention  sat   all    that    day   and 


120  HENRY   CABOT   LODGE 

night  taking  fifty-three  ballots  without  a  choice,  and  then  adjourned 
to  October  2,  when  the  convention  again  sat  all  day  and  night  and 
took  seventy-eight  more  ballots;  and  on  the  one  hundred  and  thirty- 
first  ballot  Elisha  W.  Converse  was  nominated,  and  in  the  election 
was  defeated  by  Henry  B.  Lovering,  Democrat,  by  eight  hundred 
and  fifty-nine  votes.  This  incident  is  given  a  place  to  show  the 
tenacity  that  has  made  Senator  Lodge  famous  in  the  political  field. 
In  1884  he  received  the  unanimous  vote  of  the  Republican  caucus  for 
representative  from  the  sixth  Massachusetts  district  to  the  forty- 
ninth  Congress;  but  in  the  election  he  was  defeated  by  Henry  B. 
Lovering,  the  Democratic  representative  in  the  forty-eighth  Congress. 
He  received  fourteen  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighty-one  votes 
to  fifteen  thousand  one  hundred  and  forty-six  for  Lovering  and  five 
hundred  and  thirty  for  Johnson,  Prohibitionist.  He  was  elected 
chairman  of  the  Republican  state  committee,  1883-84,  and  in  1884 
was  a  delegate-at-large  from  Massachusetts  to  the  Republican  na- 
tional convention  that  met  at  Chicago,  June  3,  and  nominated  Blaine 
and  Logan.  He  resigned  the  chairmanship  of  the  Republican  state 
committee  in  January,  1885;  and  in  September  of  the  same  year  he 
was  made  chairman  of  the  committee  on  resolutions  in  the  Repub- 
lican state  convention  which  met  at  Springfield.  In  the  Republican 
state  convention  of  1886  he  was  made  president  of  the  convention; 
and  the  same  year  he  was  nominated  for  representative  from  the 
sixth  Massachusetts  district  to  the  fiftieth  Congress  and  was 
elected  over  his  formerly  successful  Democratic  opponent,  Henry  B. 
Lovering,  receiving  thirteen  thousand  four  hundred  and  ninety-five 
votes  to  twelve  thousand  seven  hundred  and  fifty-seven  for  Lovering 
and  four  hundred  and  fifty-eight  for  Norcross,  Prohibitionist.  In  the 
fiftieth  Congress  he  served  on  the  committee  on  Elections.  He  was 
elected  in  1888  a  representative  to  the  fifty-first  Congress  receiving 
nineteen  thousand  five  hundred  and  ninety-eight  votes,  Roland  G. 
Usher  his  Democratic  opponent  receiving  fourteen  thousand  three 
hundred  and  four  votes  and  George  A.  Crossman  eight  hundred  and 
eighty-five  votes.  He  was  made  chairman  of  the  committee  on  Elec- 
tion of  President,  Vice-President  and  Representatives  in  Congress 
and  a  member  of  the  committee  on  Naval  Affairs.  In  November, 
1890,  he  was  elected  a  representative  to  the  fifty-second  Congress 
receiving  fourteen  thousand  five  hundred  and  seventy-nine  votes, 
William  Everett,  Democrat,  receiving  thirteen  thousand  five  hundred 


HENRY  CABOT  LODGE  121 

and  thirty-nine  votes  and  Charles  E.  Kimball,  one  thousand  and 
thirty-five  votes,  and  he  served  as  a  member  of  the  committee  on  Naval 
Affairs  and  on  Election  of  President,  Vice-President  and  Representa- 
tives in  Congress.  He  was  elected  as  a  representative  from  the 
seventh  district  of  Massachusetts  to  the  fifty-third  Congress  in  No- 
vember, 1892,  receiving  seventeen  thousand  and  two  votes,  William 
Everett,  Democrat,  receiving  fourteen  thousand  three  hundred  and 
ninety-one  votes  and  E.  P.  Greenwood,  Prohibitionist,  eight  hundred 
and  fifty-one.  This  election  made  the  fourth  in  consecutive  order 
in  which  he  had  been  chosen  by  the  voters  of  his  district  as  representa- 
tive in  congress,  and  the  fifth  in  which  his  party  had  honored  him 
with  the  nomination.  He  did  not  take  his  seat  as  representative  in 
the  fifty-third  Congress,  however,  as  the  Republicans  of  the  state,  at 
the  meeting  of  the  joint  houses  of  the  state  legislature,  January  17, 
1893,  named  him  as  their  choice  for  the  position  of  United  States  sen- 
ator to  succeed  Senator  Henry  L.  Dawes,  whose  term  would  expire 
March  3,  1893,  and  he  was  elected  for  the  term  expiring  March  3, 
1899.  On  taking  his  seat  he  was  given  a  place  in  the  committees  on 
Civil  Service  and  Retrenchment;  Education  and  Labor;  Immigra- 
tion; and  Organization,  Conduct  and  Expenditures  of  the  Executive 
Departments.  In  the  fifty-fifth  Congress  he  was  chairman  of  the 
senate  committee  on  Printing,  and  a  member  of  the  committees  on 
Civil  Service  and  Retrenchment  and  Foreign  Relations,  Immigra- 
tion and  Railroads.  He  was  reelected  to  the  United  States  senate 
in  January,  1899,  by  the  unanimous  vote  of  the  Republican  members 
of  the  state  legislature,  and  was  again  reelected  in  January,  1905. 
His  present  term  will  expire  March  4,  1911. 

In  the  fifty-sixth  Congress  he  was  made  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  the  Philippines  and  was  taken  from  the  committee  on 
Printing  and  placed  on  the  select  committee  on  Industrial  Expo- 
sitions. He  was  a  delegate-at-large  from  Massachusetts  to  the  Re- 
publican national  conventions  held  at  St.  Louis,  June  16,  1896;  at 
Philadelphia,  June  19, 1900,  where  he  was  made  the  permanent  chair- 
man; and  at  Chicago,  June  22, 1904,  where  he  was  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  Resolutions  and  wrote  the  Republican  platform  setting 
forth  the  claims  of  the  party  to  support.  In  the  senate,  as  chairman, 
and  later  a  member,  of  the  committee  on  Immigration,  he  strongly 
favored  the  restriction  of  immigration  by  requiring  an  educational 
qualification  as  a  measure  to  safeguard  the  elective  franchise.     He 


122  HENRY  CABOT  LODGE 


supported  the  administration  in  the  conduct  of  the  war  with  Spain, 
and  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  the  Philippines  he  largely 
counteracted  the  efforts  of  the  "Anti-Imperialists"  in  New  England 
who  sought  to  change  the  policy  of  the  administration  in  reference 
to  the  war  against  the  insurgents,  and  to  turn  over  the  government 
of  the  islands  to  the  Filipinos. 

He  was  married  June  29,  1871,  to  Anna  Cabot  Mills,  daughter 
of  Rear-Admiral  Charles  Henry  and  Harriette  Blake  (Mills)  Davis, 
residing  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  and  granddaughter  of  the 
Honorable  Elijah  Hunt  (1776-1829)  senator  from  Massachusetts,  and 
Harriette  (Blake)  Mills;  and  their  children  were  Constance  Davis 
Lodge,  born  April  6,  1872;  George  Cabot  Lodge,  born  October  10, 
1873,  and  John  Ellerton  Lodge,  born  August  1,  1876.  They  made 
their  home  at  Nahant,  Massachusetts,  and  their  son,  George  Cabot 
Lodge,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  A.B.,  1895,  and  is  the  author  of 
four  volumes  of  poems:  "The  Song  of  the  Wave"  (1899-1902); 
"Poems"  (1903);  "Cain,"  a  drama  (1904);  "The  Great  Adven- 
ture" (1905). 

Senator  Lodge  commenced  his  literary  career  as  assistant  editor 
of  the  "North  American  Review,"  1874-76.  His  essay,  "Land  Law 
of  the  Anglo-Saxons,"  formed  one  of  a  volume  of  essays  on  Anglo- 
Saxon  law,  and  for  the  essay  he  received  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from 
Harvard  in  June,  1876.  In  1877  he  published  "  Life  and  Letters  of 
George  Cabot,"  who  was  his  great  grandfather  and  the  first  secretary 
of  the  United  States  navy,  1798.  He  began  his  lectures  on  the  his- 
tory of  the  American  colonies  at  Harvard  university,  1875,  and  con- 
tinued them  for  two  years,  taking  as  his  subject  the  history  of  the 
United  States.  He  resigned  this  lectureship  in  May,  1879.  In  March, 
1879,  he  assumed  with  John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  the  editorship  of  the  "In- 
ternational Review,"  and  he  delivered  the  Fourth  of  July  oration 
before  the  city  government  of  Boston  that  year,  and  also  wrote  the 
article  "Albert  Gallatin"  for  the  Encyclopedia  Britannica.  In 
March,  1880,  he  delivered  a  course  of  six  lectures  on  the  "English 
Colonies  in  America"  before  the  Lowell  Institute,  Boston.  He  also 
wrote  for  the  New  York  "  Nation"  and  published  essays  and  reviews 
in  the  "Atlantic  Monthly,"  the  "International  Review,"  and  the 
"Magazine  of  American  History."  He  edited  two  series  of  Popular 
Tales  and  a  collection  of  Ballads  and  Lyrics  for  use  in  the  public 
schools  (1879-80).     In  1881  he  published  "A  Short  History  of  the 


HENRY   CABOT  LODGE  123 

American  Colonies  in  America."  In  1882  he  resigned  the  editorship 
of  the  "International  Review."  He  published  in  the  "American 
Statesmen  Series"  a  "Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton"  (1882);  and  on 
January  23,  1883,  he  delivered  an  address  on  "The  Colonial  Spirit  of 
the  History  of  the  United  States  "  before  the  Long  Island  Historical 
Society,  Brooklyn,  New  York.  His  "Life  of  Daniel  Webster"  ap- 
peared in  the  "American  Statesmen  Series"  in  1883,  and  in  1885  he 
began  to  edit  the  "  Works  of  Alexander  Hamilton,"  published  in  nine 
volumes  (1885  et  seq.).  In  1886  he  published  "Studies  in  History." 
He  served  as  president  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  "  Boston  Ad- 
vertiser," 1886,  resigning  from  the  board  in  1887.  His  "Life  of 
Washington"  in  two  volumes  appeared  in  the  "American  Statesmen 
Series"  in  1889,  and  his  "History  of  Boston"  in  the  "Series  of  His- 
toric Towns"  (1891).  His  "Historical  and  Political  Essays"  and  a 
volume  of  selections  from  his  speeches  appeared  in  1892.  He  pre- 
pared and  published  in  conjunction  with  Theodore  Roosevelt  "Hero 
Tales  from  American  History"  (1895).  His  next  books  were:  "Cer- 
tain Accepted  Heroes  and  other  Essays  in  Literature  and  Politics" 
(1897);  "Story  of  the  Revolution"  (2  vols.,  1898);  "The  War  with 
Spain"  (1900);  and  "A  Fighting  Frigate  and  other  Essays  and  Ad- 
dresses," which  work  includes:  " A  Fighting  Frigate" ;  "John  Mar- 
shall"; "Oliver  Ellsworth";  "Daniel  Webster:  His  Oratory  and 
His  Influence";  "The  Treaty-Making  Power  of  the  Senate";  "Three 
Governors  of  Massachusetts,  (1)  Frederic  T.  Greenhalge,  (2)  George 
D.  Robinson,  (3)  Roger  Wolcott";  "Some  Impressions  of  Russia"; 
and  "  Rochambeau,"  and  was  published  in  1902.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  December,  1876; 
of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  November,  1878; 
of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Boston  Atheneum,  January,  1879;  of 
the  American  Antiquarian  Society,  September,  1881;  and  overseer 
of  Harvard  university,  June,  1884;  regent  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution, December,  1889.  He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  Williams  college  on  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  found- 
ing of  that  institution.  His  eulogy  on  Roger  Wolcott,  delivered  in 
Symphony  Hall,  Boston,  ranks  with  the  few  great  eulogistic  orations 
delivered  in  our  national  history;  with  Blaine's  eulogy  on  Garfield, 
and  Hay's  eulogy  on  McKinley,  although  Senator  Lodge  had  not  the 
background  of  tragedy  which  drew  attention  to  the  eulogies  pro- 
nounced by  Mr.  Blaine  and  Mr.  Hay. 


JOHN  DAVIS  LONG 

LONG,  JOHN  DAVIS,  governor  of  Massachusetts,  secretary  of 
the  navy  of  the  United  States.  The  year  1898  was  a  revo- 
lutionary one  in  American  history.  The  events  of  that  year 
lifted  the  United  States  from  the  position  of  the  arbiter  in  American 
affairs,  with  minor  standing  abroad,  into  that  of  a  world-power; 
vastly  expanding  the  ideas  and  aims  of  its  statesmen  and  teaching 
the  powers  of  Europe  that  a  new  planet  had  drifted  into  the  field  of 
world  politics.  It  was  the  brief  war  with  Spain  that  made  this  vital 
change  in  the  situation;  and  the  events  of  this  war,  therefore,  bring 
into  special  prominence  all  who  were  immediately  concerned  in  its 
management.  This  may  be  especially  said  of  John  Davis  Long, 
secretary  of  the  navy  during  that  period,  in  view  of  the  leading  part 
which  the  navy  of  the  United  States  played  in  the  contest.  It  was 
the  thunder  of  the  guns  of  our  ironclads  that  made  the  radical  change 
in  the  situation;  and  this  fact  renders  a  sketch  of  the  career  of  the  man 
who  controlled  the  movements  of  the  American  navy  during  this  year 
of  political  evolution,  of  importance  and  interest.  While  he  did  not 
fight  the  battles  of  the  ships,  he  certainly  had  a  hand  in  preparing  for 
them. 

John  Davis  Long  comes  to  us  from  pioneer  American  stock, 
tracing  his  ancestry  back  to  James  Chilton,  of  the  Mayflower 
Pilgrims,  and  Thomas  Clark,  of  the  Ann.  His  maternal  ancestry 
goes  back  to  the  same  pioneer  period,  being  traceable  to  Dolor  Davis, 
who  came  to  New  England  in  1634.  Good  colonial  stock  it  was, 
vigorous  and  industrious,  and  among  other  members  of  marked  dis- 
tinction in  the  Davis  family  are  Governor  and  United  States  Senator 
John  Davis  and  Governor  George  D.  Robinson  both  of  Massachusetts. 
The  ability  of  John  Davis  Long  seems  to  have  been  in  a  considerable 
degree  hereditary,  his  father,  Zadoc  Long,  being  a  man  of  fine  intel- 
lectual powers,  a  diligent  and  discriminating  reader,  an  excellent 
conversationalist,  and  a  skilled  writer  in  prose  and  verse.  The  most 
cultivated  man  of  his  region,  it  was  his  life  habit  to  write  down  his 
daily  thoughts  and  reflections,  and  the  diary  which  he  kept  for  fifty 


JOHN    DAVIS    LONG  125 

years  is  pronounced  by  his  son  invaluable.  His  mother  was  of  a 
different  mold,  a  woman  of  gentle  and  saintlike  character,  and  these 
different  strains  of  influence  had  to  do  with  forming  the  character  of 
their  son,  who  was  born  October  27,  1838,  in  the  family  home  at 
Buckfield,  Oxford  county,  Maine. 

Zadoc  Long,  who  kept  the  village  store  at  Buckfield,  was  not 
lacking  in  local  distinction.  He  was  a  justice  of  the  peace,  and 
in  1838  was  the  Whig  candidate  for  congress.  Though  sharing  the 
defeat  of  his  party  in  the  election  contest,  he  was  chosen  as  one  of  the 
presidential  electors  in  the  Harrison  campaign  of  1840.  His  son 
proved  a  hearty  and  robust  youth,  fond  at  once  of  play  and  of  books, 
and  emulating  his  father  in  a  tendency  to  verse  writing  in  his  later 
boyhood.  The  use  of  his  father's  modest  library  and  the  inspiring 
influence  of  his  conversation  and  training  were  of  great  advantage  to 
the  growing  boy,  who  early  developed  studious  habits,  which  his 
father  made  every  effort  to  encourage.  From  the  village  school  the 
young  student  passed  to  Hebron  academy,  and  thence  to  Harvard 
university,  where  he  attained  distinction  in  his  class  and  was  gradu- 
ated with  honors  in  1857,  his  skill  in  versification  making  him  the 
author  of  the  class  ode  on  commencement  day.  His  graduation 
degree  of  A.B.  was  subsequently  added  to  by  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  Harvard,  while  a  similar  honorary  degree  was  later  conferred 
upon  him  by  Tufts  college.  As  yet  the  young  student,  not  yet  nine- 
teen years  of  age,  manifested  no  special  inclination  for  any  of  the 
professions,  law,  medicine  or  divinity,  to  which  his  college  training 
seemed  to  lead.  He  taught  for  a  couple  of  years  as  principal  of  the 
academy  at  Westford,  Massachusetts;  then  in  1859  decided  upon  the 
law,  and  reentered  the  Harvard  law  school  for  a  post-graduate  course 
of  legal  training.  He  was  graduated  there  and  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1861. 

So  far  Mr.  Long  had  manifested  no  predilection  for  any  special 
pursuit.  Though  successful  in  the  law,  he  had,  as  he  himself  says, 
drifted  into  it.  While  the  influence  of  his  home  associations  had 
been  very  wholesome  in  molding  his  character,  and  his  early  devotion 
to  the  reading  of  history  and  the  classic  English  novels  in  developing 
his  mind,  he  entered  and  left  college  at  too  youthful  an  age  to  form 
the  inspiring  associations  which  often  spring  from  college  life,  and 
with  no  marked  aspirations.  Several  years  passed,  indeed,  before 
he  entered  upon  his  true  vocation,  that  of  a  legislator  and  public 


126  JOHN    DAVIS    LONG 

official.  Opening  an  office  in  Buckfield,  Maine,  his  native  place,  in 
1861,  the  autumn  of  the  next  year  found  him  located  in  Boston  in  the 
office  of  Stillman  B.  Allen,  whose  partner  he  later  became.  He  is 
in  1906  senior  partner  in  the  firm  of  Long  &  Hemenway.  In  1869  he 
made  Hingham,  Massachusetts,  his  place  of  residence,  and  here  first 
began  to  take  an  active  part  in  politics,  beginning  his  official  career 
as  moderator  of  the  town  meeting  and  member  of  the  school  com- 
mittee of  Hingham.  In  1872  he  proved  that  he  was  controlled  by 
conviction  rather  than  by  party  subserviency,  making  Horace 
Greeley — the  candidate  of  the  Democracy  rather  than  the  Demo- 
cratic candidate — his  choice  for  president.  By  1875  Mr.  Long's 
evident  ability,  his  political  activity,  and  his  powers  of  oratory  had 
given  him  such  prominence  in  his  home  district,  that  he  was  chosen 
as  a  candidate  for  the  Massachusetts  house  of  representatives,  and 
duly  elected  to  that  body.  In  this  new  field  of  duty  he  quickly 
advanced  to  the  position  of  a  leader,  gaining  such  marked  prominence 
that  the  next  year  he  was  elected  speaker  of  the  house.  As  such  his 
judgment,  discrimination,  and  courtesy  won  him  the  general  approba- 
tion of  his  fellow  members,  and  in  the  following  year  he  was  unani- 
mously chosen  a  second  time  for  the  speakership.  In  the  1878  ses- 
sion he  was  reelected  with  only  six  adverse  votes.  The  Republicans 
of  Massachusetts  had  found  an  able  leader  in  Mr.  Long  and  seemed 
eager  to  honor  him.  In  1877  he  was  mentioned  for  governor,  but 
withdrew  his  name  in  favor  of  Alexander  H.  Rice.  In  the  following 
year  he  similarly  declined  in  favor  of  Governor  Talbot,  but  accepted 
the  nomination  for  lieutenant-governor,  to  which  office  he  was  elected. 
The  duties  of  this  position  were  filled  by  him  with  such  marked  ability 
that  in  1879  he  was  again  tendered  the  nomination  for  governor.  He 
now  accepted  and  was  elected.  He  filled  the  gubernatorial  chair  for 
three  years,  and  that  he  did  so  with  general  approbation  seems  shown 
by  the  fact  that  in  1880  he  was  reelected  with  a  plurality  of  52,000,  a 
notable  political  victory  even  for  Massachusetts.  Mr.  Long,  indeed, 
made  himself  highly  popular  as  governor  of  Massachusetts,  and  the 
close  of  this  era  in  his  career  was  followed  by  an  election  to  the 
national  house  of  representatives,  in  which  he  served  for  three  terms, 
1883-89.  During  these  six  years  of  congressional  service  the  house 
held  no  more  popular  member  than  John  D.  Long.  His  courtesy 
and  urbanity  won  him  friends,  while  he  gained  distinction  as  one  of 
the  most  polished  debaters  in  that  body  and  as  a  legislator  of  ad- 


h 


JOHN    DAVIS    LONG  127 

danced  views.  His  powers  as  an  orator  were  especially  honored  at 
:he  dedication  of  the  Washington  Monument  in  1885,  by  his  selection 
:o  read  the  oration  prepared  for  that  occasion  by  Robert  C.  Winthrop. 
rhis  duty  was  admirably  performed.  In  1884,  as  a  delegate  to  the 
Republican  national  convention,  he  had  nominated  George  F. 
Edmunds  for  the  presidency  and  supported  him  in  a  telling  speech. 

Mr.  Long  was  married  to  Mary  Woodward  Glover  on  September 
13,  1870;  and  some  years  after  her  death,  he  was  again  married  on 
May  22,  1886,  to  Miss  Agnes  Peirce.  His  family  embraced  four 
children,  three  by  the  first  wife  and  one  by  the  second.  He  left  con- 
gress at  the  close  of  the  session  of  1889,  and  returned  to  the  practice 
Df  law,  his  only  public  office  for  several  years  afterward  being  that 
3f  commissioner  of  construction  of  the  Massachusetts  statehouse. 
But  the  able  Massachusetts  statesman  was  not  forgotten,  and  in  1897, 
when  President  McKinley  sought  for  fitting  men  to  compose  his 
cabinet,  he  selected  John  Davis  Long,  known  to  him  for  his  brilliant 
administration  as  governor  and  his  superior  powers  as  congressman, 
as  secretary  of  the  navy.  Entering  upon  the  duties  of  this  office 
March  5,  1897,  Mr.  Long  served  in  it  for  over  five  years  under  the 
administrations  of  Presidents  McKinley  and  Roosevelt,  till  May  1, 
1902,  when  he  resigned  it.  His  career  as  secretary  was  one  of  very 
active  duties.  In  1898  came  the  Spanish  war,  memorable  for  the 
brilliant  exploits  of  the  navy,  and  calling  for  judgment,  discretion  and 
the  highest  ability  in  the  head  of  that  department  of  the  government. 
Then  followed  the  Philippine  troubles  and  the  Boxer  outbreak  in 
China,  in  both  of  which  the  services  of  the  navy  were  required; 
while  the  urgent  demand  for  an  augmented  and  powerful  navy  was 
actively  responded  to  so  far  as  it  lay  under  the  secretary's  control. 
When  Secretary  Long  retired  he  left  behind  him  the  reputation  of  a 
faithful  and  efficient  official  during  a  strenuous  period  of  national 
history. 

Mr.  Long's  life  career  yields  its  lessons  of  value.  In  offering  to 
others  suggestions  drawn  from  his  personal  experience,  he  believes 
that  a  young  man  who  seeks  success  in  life  should  endeavor  to  bring 
himself  into  relations  with  men  of  the  highest  standing.  He  should 
not  be  deterred  by  the  fear  that  such  men  will  be  beyond  his  reach, 
since  he  will  soon  learn  that  they  are  very  ready  to  appreciate  and 
respond  to  one  who  worthily,  but  not  aggressively,  seeks  them.  The 
failure  to  discover  this,  and  readiness  to  accept  a  lower  level  of  influ- 


12S  JOHN    DAVIS    LONG 

ence,  often  seriously  hinders  a  young  man's  progress  in  life.  Still 
more  important  requisites  to  honorable  advancement,  in  his  view,  are 
clean  hands,  a  pure  heart,  industry,  courtesy,  courage,  self-respect, 
elevated  ideals  and  good  associations  with  men  and  books. 

Since  his  retirement  from  the  cabinet,  Mr.  Long  has  been  engaged 
in  the  practice  of  the  law,  and  in  the  enjoyment  of  a  leisure  of  which 
he  has  long  been  deprived.  He  loves  to  return  to  his  boyhood  home 
at  Buckfield  and  there  renew  his  old  associations  and  indulge  in 
healthful  wanderings  in  the  Maine  woods.  He  has  sought  to  benefit 
this  place  and  honor  his  father's  love  of  books,  by  founding  there  the 
"Zadoc  Long  Free  Library."  Mr.  Long  has  been  to  some  extent  a 
maker  of  books  himself.  In  his  earlier  years  he  translated  the 
"uEneid"  of  Virgil,  publishing  his  version  in  1879.  His  second  book 
is  "After  Dinner  Came  Other  Speeches,"  issued  in  1895,  and  since  his 
withdrawal  from  the  cabinet  he  has  published  a  valuable  work 
entitled  "The  American  Navy"  (The  Outlook  Company,  1903.) 
Since  his  return  to  the  law  he  has  been  made  president  of  the  Over- 
seers of  Harvard  university,  and  in  1902-03  presided  over  the  Har- 
vard Alumni.  He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  the  Unitarian  Association,  the  Mayflower  Society,  and  a 
number  of  clubs;  and  he  is  president  of  the  Massachusetts  club. 


STEPHEN  BLEECKER  LUCE 

LUCE,  STEPHEN  BLEECKER,  rear-admiral  United  States 
navy,  founder  and  some  time  president  of  the  United  States 
Naval  war  college,  commissioner  general  to  the  Columbian 
Historical  exposition  at  Madrid,  and  author,  was  born  in  Albany, 
New  York,  March  25,  1827,  son  of  Vinal  Luce.  He  says  of  his 
mother,  Charlotte  Bleecker  Luce,  that  her  influence  over  him  has 
been  deep  and  lasting. 

Jan  Jansszen  Bleecker,  of  Albany,  New  York,  1658,  was  his 
earliest  known  ancestor  in  this  country  on  his  mother's  side;  Experi- 
ence Luce,  of  Tisbury,  Massachusetts,  1695-1779,  on  his  father's 
side.  Until  he  was  fourteen  his  life  was  spent  in  a  city;  after  that, 
at  sea.  He  was  appointed  a  midshipman  in  the  United  States  navy, 
October  19,  1841,  and  has  passed  through  all  grades  to  rear-admiral, 
having  been  in  the  naval  service  about  sixty-three  years.  From 
1845-48  under  Commodore  Biddle  he  circumnavigated  the  globe  in 
the  Columbus,  74.  During  the  Mexican  war  he  saw  service  on  the 
California  coast,  1846-47.  He  was  attached  to  the  United  States 
Coast  Survey,  1854-57;  was  assistant  instructor  at  the  United  States 
Naval  academy,  1860-61;  was  in  the  blockading  squadron  off  the 
coast  of  South  Carolina,  and  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Port  Royal, 
November  13,  1861.  He  was  commissioned  lieutenant-commander 
July  16, 1862;  he  had  command  of  the  monitor  Nantucket,  the  double- 
ender  Sonoma,  the  Canandaigua  and  the  Pontiac,  from  1863-65,  and 
by  direction  of  General  Sherman,  guarded  the  pontoon  bridge  at 
Sister's  Ferry,  over  the  Savannah  river,  while  General  Slocum's 
division  of  the  army  crossed  into  South  Carolina.  He  was  com- 
missioned as  commander,  July  25,  1866;  commanded  the  practice 
squadron  of  the  Naval  academy,  the  Mohongo  and  the  Juniata  from 
1866-72.  His  commission  as  captain  bears  date,  December  28,  1872. 
From  1872  to  1875,  he  was  equipment  officer  at  the  Boston  navy  yard; 
and  was  mainly  instrumental  in  the  adoption  of  the  system  of  train- 
ing naval  apprentices,  April  8,  1875;  and,  subsequently  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  headquarters  of  the  Naval  Training  Service  on  Coast- 


130  STEPHEN   BLEECKER   LUCE 

er's  Harbor  Island,  Rhode  Island,  December,  1880.  He  also  drafted 
the  original  bill  now  known  as  the  "Marine  School  Act,"  which  pro- 
vided for  transforming  into  floating  school-ships  to  be  used  by  the 
several  states,  certain  of  the  war  vessels  of  the  navy  of  obsolete  type. 
Youths  were  to  be  instructed  here  "in  navigation,  seamanship, 
marine  enginery,  etc.,"  under  naval  officers  detailed  to  act  as  super- 
intendents and  instructors.  He  commanded  the  Hartford,  flagship 
of  the  North  Atlantic  squadron  in  November,  1875;  was  inspector  of 
training  ships  1877-78;  was  in  command  of  the  Minnesota  and  of  the 
United  States  naval  training  squadron,  1878-84.  As  acting  rear- 
admiral  he  was  ordered  to  the  command  of  the  North  Atlantic 
squadron,  July  26,  1884;  and  he  was  made  president  of  the  United 
States  Naval  war  college,  of  which  he  was  the  originator  and  founder, 
Coaster's  Harbor  Island,  Rhode  Island,  September  20,  1884.  His 
promotion  to  rear-admiral  followed,  October  5,  1885;  he  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  naval  forces  of  the  North  Atlantic  station  up  to  the  time 
he  was  retired,  by  time  limit,  March  25,  1889.  He  was  appointed 
commissioner  general  to  the  Columbian  Historical  exposition  at 
Madrid  in  1892.  On  this  occasion  the  Queen  of  Spain  conferred  on 
him  the  Grand  Cross  of  the  Order  of  Naval  Merit. 

Rear-Admiral  Luce  is  a  member  of  the  Metropolitan  club, 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  and  of  the  Army  and  Navy  club, 
New  York.  His  service  has  been  rendered  to  "his  country  without 
regard  to  political  parties."  He  went  to  sea  from  preference,  and 
with  the  consent  of  his  parents.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  church 
is  the  church  of  his  choice.  His  publications  are:  "Seamanship" 
(1863),  which,  for  thirty  years,  was  used  as  a  text-book  at  the  United 
States  naval  academy;  "Naval  Songs"  (1902);  "The  Patriotic  and 
Naval  Songster."  He  was  naval  editor  of  the  Standard  Dictionary, 
and  associate  editor  of  Johnson's  Universal  Cyclopedia.  He  says  to 
young  Americans  that  "With,  or  without  the  advantages  of  school 
or  college  training,  it  is  only  by  self  culture  and  the  ever  present 
consciousness  of  the  Divinity  that  is  within  us,  that  it  is  possible  to 
attain  success  in  life." 

He  was  married  December  7,  1854,  to  Eliza,  daughter  of  Commo- 
dore John  Dandridge  Henley,  United  States  navy.  They  had  three 
children  living  in  1905. 


vCfto  /tyiUy  yfouj 


CHARLES  LYMAN 

LYMAN,  CHARLES,  United  States  civil  service  commissioner 
from  April,  1886  to  May,  1895,  and  president  of  the  com- 
mission from  May,  1889,  to  December,  1893;  chief  of  division 
of  appointments  of  the  United  States  treasury  department;  former 
president  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia,  and  president  of  the  Reform  Bureau  for  Pro- 
motion of  Christian  Reforms;  was  born  in  Bolton,  Connecticut,  April 
10, 1843.  His  father,  Jacob  Lyman,  was  a  farmer  by  occupation,  and 
he  held  the  offices  of  justice  of  the  peace,  selectman  and  captain  of 
militia.  He  was  a  man  of  "sound  judgment,  thorough  honesty  and 
a  strong  sense  of  justice  and  fairness."  His  mother's  maiden  name 
was  Dorcas  Chaffee  Chapman.  Her  son  says  of  her:  "She  was  kind, 
gentle  and  lovable.  She  loved  righteousness  and  hated  iniquity — a 
thoroughly  good  woman."  He  is  ninth  in  descent  from  Richard 
Lyman,  first  of  the  name  in  this  country,  who  came  in  1631  to  Charles- 
town,  Massachusetts,  and  was  one  of  the  early  colonists  of  Hartford, 
Connecticut,  in  1635. 

Charles  was  fond  of  reading  as  a  young  boy,  and  earnestly  desired 
a  good  education.  The  farm  work  which  fell  to  his  share  gave  him 
physical  strength;  and  the  fixed  habits  of  industry  and  self  reliance, 
and  of  exercising  his  own  judgment  formed  in  early  life,  have  proved 
a  great  benefit  to  him  as  a  man.  When  the  resources  of  the  local 
schools  were  exhausted,  he  pursued  further  study  at  Vernon  academy 
and  at  Rockville  high  school,  with  a  partial  business  course;  taught 
school  three  terms,  and  was  graduated  from  the  National  university 
law  school  in  1875,  receiving  the  degree  of  LL.B.  He  had  already 
served  in  the  Civil  war  in  the  14th  Connecticut  volunteers,  for  about 
a  year,  commanding  a  company  at  nineteen  years  of  age,  and  par- 
ticipating in  the  battles  of  Antietam,  Fredericksburg  and  Chan- 
cellorsville. 

He  began  the  active  work  of  life  in  1864,  by  entering  the  govern- 
ment service  in  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  as  a  clerk  in  the 
treasury  department.     He  passed  through  all  grades  of  clerkship 


l.iJ  CHARLES    LYMAN 

from  the  lowest  to  the  highest,  serving  till  1883,  during  five  years  as 
chief  clerk  of  the  United  States  treasury. 

In  1872  he  was  appointed  by  President  Grant  civil  service 
examiner  for  the  treasury  and  he  was  made  first  chief  examiner  by 
President  Arthur,  holding  that  office  until  1886.  President  Cleve- 
land then  appointed  him  civil  service  commissioner  and  in  1889  he 
became  president  of  this  commission,  an  office  which  he  resigned  in 
December,  1893,  and  the  commissionership  in  May,  1895.  He  was 
appointed  a  chief  of  division  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  the  treas- 
ury in  1897,  and  in  1898  was  made  chief  of  the  division  of  appoint- 
ments, in  that  office — a  most  difficult  and  responsible  position  which 
he  still  holds  in  1905. 

Mr.  Lyman's  most  important  public  service  was  rendered  while 
he  served  as  chief  examiner  and  member  of  the  United  States  Civil 
Service  Commission.  In  the  early  years,  the  organization  and 
prosecution  of  the  examination  work  of  the  commission  was  almost 
wholly  his  work,  and  under  his  hand  the  examinations  increased  from 
a  half  dozen  or  so  to  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  different  kinds 
and  grades,  covering  as  many  subjects,  practically  all  the  require- 
ments of  the  public  service.  The  earlier  extensions  of  classification 
covered  the  railway  mail  service  and  the  Indian  service.  The 
preparations  for  these  extensions,  including  the  necessary  rules  and 
regulations,  were  the  work  of  Commissioner  Lyman,  as  was  also  the 
extension  to  cover  all  free  delivery  post  offices.  He  was  a  member 
(and  most  of  the  time  president)  of  the  commission,  during  the  whole 
period  of  Mr.  Theodore  Roosevelt's  service  as  a  commissioner,  and 
while  Mr.  Roosevelt's  work  and  attention  were  largely  given  to  the 
investigation  of  abuses  and  violations  of  the  law  and  rules,  and  to  the 
education  of  public  opinion  in  favor  of  the  reform,  through  public 
addresses  and  the  press,  Mr.  Lyman's  work  was  almost  wholly  admin- 
istrative and  constructive,  his  purpose  and  effort  being  to  establish 
the  reform  on  a  sound  and  conservative  basis  and  to  develop  it  accord- 
ing to  the  more  obvious  and  pressing  needs  of  the  public  service.  His 
theory  of  expansion  was  that  the  different  branches  of  the  service 
should  be  brought  under  the  operation  of  the  law  and  the  rules  as  fast 
as  their  requirements  could  be  understood  and  provided  for,  and  no 
faster;  so  that  the  reform  might  be  carried  on  without  serious  opposi- 
tion or  friction  until  the  whole  available  service  should  be  covered  and 
the  system  received  as  an  accepted  and  permanent  part  of  our  govern- 


CHARLES     LYMAN  133 


mental  machinery.     And  for  the  success  of  this  important  reform, 
very  great  credit  belongs  to  Mr.  Lyman. 

He  has  compiled  "The  Laws  Relating  to  Loans,  Currency  and 
Coinage  from  the  Organization  of  the  Government  to  the  Year  1878," 
published  by  the  Treasury  department;  reports  of  the  Civil  Service 
Commission;  and  many  papers  connected  with  administrative  govern- 
ment, as  public  documents.  He  belongs  to  the  Loyal  Legion;  the 
Sons  of  the  American  Revolution;  the  Army  and  Navy  club  of  Con- 
necticut; the  Evangelical  Alliance;  the  Washington  City  Bible  Society, 
etc.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Republican  party.  He  names  as  the 
books  of  most  interest  and  value  to  him,  the   Bible,  Shakespeare, 

'  Webster's  Spelling  Book,  Blackstone's  and  Kent's  Commentaries, 
English  and  American  History,  with  general  literature  and   poetry. 

,  The  first  decisive  impulse  to  strive  for  excellence  came  from  a  "good 

J  woman,  his  school  teacher  in  early  boyhood."  "I  shall  never  cease 
to  be  thankful  for  the  helpful  influence  that  came  to  me  from  the 
Reverend  Charles  B.  Boynton,  D.D.,  who  was  for  many  years  my 
pastor,"  he  says.  "The  best  part  of  my  education  has  come  from 
private  study,  from  the  doing  of  important  tasks  thrust  upon  me 
without  special  preparation;  and  from  contact  with  men  and  affairs." 
Mr.  Lyman  has  been  an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  church  for 

'  nearly  thirty  years,  and  has  served  as  a  commissioner  in  four  general 
assemblies.  To  young  Americans  he  says:  "A  man  should  love  his 
God,  his  country  and  his  fellows;  love  and  practise  truth,  honesty 
and  virtue."  He  was  married  to  Amelia  Brown  Campbell  in  1865. 
They  have  two  children  living  in  1905. 


ARTHUR  MACARTHUR 

MACARTHUR,  ARTHUR,  major-general  in  the  United  States 
army,  was  born  in  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  June  1,  1845. 
His  father,  for  whom  he  was  named,  came  with  his  parents 
to  this  country  from  Scotland,  and  after  taking  a  preparatory  course 
of  study,  entered  Wesleyan  university.  Remaining  there  less  than 
a  year,  he  went  to  New  York  and  studied  law  for  about  four  years. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  in  1841  opened  a  law  office  in  Spring- 
field, Massachusetts.  In  1845  he  returned  to  New  York  city  and 
was  in  active  legal  practice  for  four  years.  In  1849  he  removed  to 
Milwaukee,  Wisconsin,  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  1850, 
and  continued  it  with  great  success  until  1867,  when  he  became 
United  States  Commissioner  to  the  Paris  exposition.  From  1870  to 
1887,  he  was  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  District 
of  Columbia. 

The  removal  of  the  family  in  1849  took  the  younger  MacArthur 
to  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin,  and  in  that  city  his  youth  was  passed.  He 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  and  in  1862  he  entered  the  army, 
in  which  he  has  found  the  work  of  his  life.  When  little  more  than  seven- 
teen he  was  appointed  by  the  governor,  on  August  4,  1862,  first  lieu- 
tenant and  adjutant  of  the  24th  Wisconsin  volunteer  infantry.  He 
took  part  in  the  battles  of  Perryville,  Kentucky,  October  1862,  and 
Stones  river,  Tennessee,  December  30-31,  1862.  In  the  last-named 
engagement  he  was  second  in  command  of  his  regiment,  and  in  the 
official  report  of  the  brigade  commander  he  was  commended  for 
bravery.  He  held  the  same  position  at  Chickamaugua,  where  he  ren- 
dered efficient  service;  and  at  Chattanooga,  where  he  served  as  first 
lieutenant  of  the  regiment  with  which  he  entered  the  army,  his 
bravery  in  battle  was  recognized  by  a  medal  of  honor  from  congress. 
On  January  25,  1864,  he  was  promoted  major.  The  regiment  of 
which  he  was  in  command  at  the  battles  of  Kenesaw  Mountain  and 
Franklin,  Tennessee,  did  valiant  service  and  was  highly  commended 
by  the  division  commander,  General  Stanley,  for  the  "large  part" 
it  had  taken  in  saving  the  Union  forces  from  defeat  in  the  last  named 


ARTHUR    MACARTHUR  135 

engagement.  In  March,  1865,  General  Mac  Arthur  was  bre  vetted 
lieutenant-colonel  and  colonel  of  volunteers  for  gallantry  in  various 
engagements  and  in  the  Atlanta  campaign.  On  May  18,  of  the  same 
year,  he  was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel  and  on  June  10  following 
he  was  mustered  out  of  the  service. 

He  entered  the  regular  army  February  23,  1866,  as  second  lieu- 
tenant of  the  17th  infantry,  and  was  promoted  first  lieutenant  on 
the  same  day.  He  was  promoted  captain  of  the  36th  infantry  July 
28,  1866,  major  and  assistant  adjutant-general  July  1,  1899;  and 
lieutenant-colonel  May  26,  1896.  On  the  opening  of  the  war  with 
Spain  he  again  entered  the  volunteer  service.  On  May  27,  1898,  he 
was  made  brigadier-general;  and  he  was  promoted  major-general 
August  13  of  the  same  year.  As  major-general  he  was  in  command 
of  the  2d  division,  8th  corps,  which  was  on  special  duty  in  Havana, 
Cuba.  He  was  promoted  brigadier-general  in  the  regular  army  Janu- 
ary 2,  1900;  and  major-general  February  5,  1901.  He  was  placed 
in  command  of  the  division  of  the  Philippines,  February  5,  1901; 
and  on  the  fifteenth  of  the  following  June  he  proclaimed  amnesty  to 
the  natives.  Returning  to  the  United  States  he  was  given  the  De- 
partment of  the  Lakes,  March  25,  1902.  He  was  transferred  to  the 
Pacific  Division,  of  which  he  assumed  command,  January  15,  1904. 

His  headquarters  are  at  San  Francisco,  California. 


JAMES  BENNETT  McCREARY 

McCREARY,  JAMES  BENNETT,  soldier,  congressman  and, 
from  1875-79  governor  of  Kentucky,  and  United  States 
senator,  has  taken  a  leading  part  in  the  politics  of  his  state 
for  nearly  forty  years;  and  his  reputation  for  ability,  honesty  and 
purity  has  been  made  under  the  severe  test  of  public  life  and  political 
action.  He  was  born  at  Richmond,  Kentucky,  July  8,  1838,  the  son 
of  E.  R.  and  Sabrina  Bennett  McCreary.  His  father  was  a  physician 
and  farmer,  an  honest,  intelligent,  energetic,  affable  and  brave  man. 
His  mother  exercised  a  very  strong  influence  for  good  upon  her  son's 
character.  James  McCreary  and  Thomas  Barr  were  the  first  known 
ancestors  of  the  family  in  America. 

Brought  up  in  the  country  he  was  a  healthy,  robust  boy,  studious 
and  ambitious.  He  had  no  unusual  difficulties  to  overcome  in  acquir- 
ing an  education;  but  as  a  boy  he  was  "  accustomed  to  help  in  all  kinds 
of  labor  on  his  father's  farm."  He  was  graduated  from  Centre  col- 
lege, Danville,  Kentucky,  in  1857,  and  took  a  course  at  the  law  school 
at  Lebanon,  Tennessee,  where  he  was  graduated  with  first  honors  in 
1859.  He  began  at  once  the  practice  of  law  at  Richmond,  Kentucky, 
but  had  hardly  become  established  as  an  attorney,  when,  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  war,  he  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  army;  and  as 
major,  and  later  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  11th  Kentucky  cavalry, 
he  served  under  Generals  Bragg  and  Morgan  in  the  army  of  the 
Tennessee,  and  under  General  Breckenridge  in  Virginia  until  the  close 
of  the  war. 

In  1868  he  was  nominated  as  presidential  elector;  but  since  he 
had  so  recently  served  in  the  Confederate  army,  he  felt  it  more  fitting 
to  decline.  July  4th  of  the  same  year,  he  was  elected  delegate  to  the 
Democratic  national  convention  in  New  York  city.  In  1869  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Kentucky  house  of  representatives,  and  in 
1871-72  and  in  1873-74  he  was  speaker  of  that  house.  It  is  said  that 
"no  appeal  was  ever  taken  from  his  decisions,  an  evidence  of  his 
fair-minded  impartiality  and  his  wise  tact."  In  1875,  he  was  the 
candidate  of  the  Democratic  party  for  governor  of  Kentucky,  opposed 


■ 

-"  _ 


S3.  &t 


JAMES    BENNETT    MCCREARY  137 

to  Honorable  John  M.  Harlan,  the  Republican  candidate,  who  had 
a  wide  reputation  as  a  stump  speaker  and  was  well  versed  in  public 
matters  and  ready  in  action.  Justice  Harlan  (now  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States)  said  that  of  all  the  men  he  had  ever  met 
on  the  stump,  Mr.  McCreary  was  the  most  formidable  and  forcible 
before  the  people.  While  governor,  he  brought  about  peace  among 
the  factions  warring  in  the  mountains.  He  was  a  strong  and  wise 
executive,  and  was  the  youngest  man  who  had  filled  this  position  in 
his  state. 

In  1885,  he  was  elected  to  congress  from  the  eighth  congressional 
district  of  Kentucky,  and  was  reelected  continually  until  1897. 
These  twelve  years  in  the  national  council  were  of  much  service  to  the 
country.  He  was  a  member  of  the  committee  on  Foreign  Affairs 
(and  was  twice  its  chairman);  of  the  committee  on  Coinage  and 
Weights  and  Measures;  of  the  committee  on  the  World's  Fair;  and  on 
Private  Land  Claims;  and  he  seems  always  to  have  been  appointed 
for  the  studious  and  painstaking  care  he  was  in  the  habit  of  giving  to 
the  important  questions  to  be  discussed  in  committee.  He  originated 
a  Land  Court  to  adjudicate  the  claims  growing  out  of  the  treaties 
between  the  United  States  and  Mexico,  known  as  the  "Gadsden 
Treaty  "  and  the  "  Gaudaloupe  Hidalgo  Treaty."  The  bills  providing 
for  this  court  he  helped  to  pass  through  congress,  and  they  "secured 
millions  of  acres  of  soil  from  the  grasp  of  land  pirates."  He  was  also 
the  author  of  the  bill  arranging  for  the  Pan-American  congress,  and 
a  "bill  providing  for  the  preliminary  survey  for  ascertaining  the 
advisability  of  railway  communication  between  North,  South  and 
Central  America."  He  introduced  the  bill  for  a  Department  of 
Agriculture  and  helped  to  forward  the  proposition  to  make  the  secre- 
tary of  agriculture  a  member  of  the  cabinet. 

His  speeches  on  agriculture,  free  coinage,  the  tariff,  reciprocity, 
election  bills,  foreign  relations,  and  other  important  subjects  have 
been  forceful  and  masterly.  One  of  his  most  notable  acts  was  in  pro- 
posing the  amendment  to  what  was  for  that  reason  called  the  "Mc- 
Creary Law,"  which  finally  settled  the  question  of  Chinese  exclusion 
from  the  United  States.  He  opposed  the  bill  for  the  annexation  of 
the  Hawaiian  Islands,  which  would  have  cost  the  country  three  and  a 
half  million  dollars.  He  also  helped  to  defeat  the  senate  amendment 
for  the  construction  of  a  sub-marine  cable  from  San  Francisco  to 
Honolulu,  which  was  to  cost  one  million  dollars.     In  1892  he  was 


138 


JAMES    BENNETT   MCCREARY 


appointed  one  of  the  five  commissioners  to  represent  the  United 
States  in  the  International  Monetary  conference  held  in  Brussels, 
Belgium,  in  which  the  representatives  of  twenty  countries  took  part 
and  in  which  Mr.  McCreary  espoused  the  cause  of  bi-metalism.  His 
friends  affirm  of  him  that  "he  has  been  a  constant  and  faithful 
Democrat,  always  loyal  to  the  constitution  and  all  those  provisions 
in  it  which  protect  the  masses  of  the  people  of  the  republic."  In 
1900  he  was  elected  a  delegate  at  large  from  the  State  of  Kentucky 
to  the  Democratic  national  convention  and  helped  to  nominate 
Bryan  and  Stevenson;  and  he  was  chairman  of  the  Democratic  state 
campaign  committee  in  that  year.  In  1879  he  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  Centre  college,  Danville,  Kentucky. 

He  was  married  June  12,  1867,  to  Kate,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Hughes  of  Fayette  county.     They  have  one  child. 

"Education,  integrity,  energy,  sobriety,  constant  effort,  and 
devotion  to  the  teachings  of  the  Bible,"  are  the  aims  which  he  thinks 
young  people  should  hold  steadily  before  them. 

In  1903,  he  was  elected  United  States  senator  from  Kentucky 
for  the  term  of  six  years.     His  address  is,  Richmond,  Kentucky. 


SAMUEL   DOUGLAS   McENERY 

McENERY,  SAMUEL  DOUGLAS,  United  States  senator,  was 
born  in  Monroe,  Louisianna,  May  28,  1837.  His  parents 
were  Henry  O'Neil  and  Caroline  H.  (Douglas)  McEnery. 
His  father  was  a  merchant  and  planter,  a  man  of  high  character 
and  strong  personality,  a  register  of  the  United  States  land  office. 

Until  he  was  fourteen  years  of  age  Samuel  Douglas  McEnery 
lived  in  the  small  town  in  which  he  was  born.  His  health  was  delicate, 
but  he  was  fond  of  out-of-door  sports — especially  of  hunting  and 
fishing.  He  was  not  obliged  to  perform  tasks  requiring  manual  labor 
and  there  were  no  especial  difficulties  in  the  way  of  his  obtaining  an 
education.  He  attended  Spring  Hill  college,  Mobile  Alabama;  the 
United  States  naval  academy;  and  the  University  of  Virginia.  He 
then  took  a  course  of  study  at  the  law  school  of  Poughkeepsie,  New 
York,  from  which  institution  he  was  graduated  in  1858.  After  com- 
pleting his  law  course  he  lived  for  a  year  in  Missouri,  and  then  com- 
menced the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Monroe,  Louisiana. 

At  the  opening  of  the  Civil  war  he  joined  the  Confederate  army, 
serving  in  a  volunteer  company  of  which  he  was  chosen  lieutenant. 
In  1862  he  was  commissioned  lieutenant  in  the  regular  Confederate 
army.  He  served  in  Virginia  under  General  Magruder,  and  later 
was  instructor  at  a  military  camp  in  Louisiana.  He  remained  in  the 
army  until  the  close  of  the  war  when  he  resumed  the  practice  of  law 
in  which  he  was  remarkably  successful. 

At  various  times  he  declined  judicial  and  political  honors,  but 
in  1879  he  became  a  candidate  for  lieutenant-governor.  He  was 
elected;  and  the  governor  (Louis  A.  Wiltz)  dying  before  the  term 
expired,  he  succeeded  to  the  governorship  in  October,  1881.  At  the 
election,  in  1884,  he  was  chosen  governor;  but  he  was  defeated  for 
the  same  office  four  years  later.  He  was  promptly  appointed  by 
his  successful  opponent  an  associate  justice  of  the  state  supreme  court 
for  twelve  years.  In  1892  he  was  again  defeated  for  the  governor- 
ship— the  opposition  securing  the  votes  of  many  persons  who  were 
opposed  to  the  lottery  system  then  tolerated  by  the  state  laws.     In 


140  SAMUEL   DOUGLAS    MCENERY 

1897  he  resigned  his  position  as  a  member  of  the  state  supreme  court 
to  enter  upon  the  duties  of  senator  in  congress,  to  which  office  he 
had  been  elected  by  the  Democrats  against  the  combined  opposition 
of  the  Republicans,  Populists  and  a  faction  of  his  own  party.  In 
1902  he  was  reelected.     His  present  term  will  expire  in  1909. 

He  was  married  to  Elizabeth  Phillips,  June  27,  1878.  Of  their 
four  children,  three  are  now  living.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Knights 
of  Pythias.  In  politics  he  has  always  been  a  Democrat,  but  since 
the  division  of  the  party  sentiment  on  the  money  question  he  has 
been  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  "free  silver"  wing.  His  personal 
preference  governed  in  the  choice  of  his  profession.  The  classes  of 
books  which  he  has  found  most  helpful  he  names  as  historical  and 
biographical. 

In  reviewing  his  life  he  finds  that  except  in  matters  of  finance 
he  has  secured  all  that  he  has  attempted  to  gain.  To  the  young  who 
wish  to  attain  real  success  he  recommends  as  among  the  most  im- 
portant means  thereto  "the  acquisition  of  useful  knowledge  and  the 
ability  to  use  it  whenever  it  is  needed;  sobriety,  and  energetic  and 
aggressive  spirit  which  will  overcome  all  opposition,  with  fidelity  to 
friends  who  are  helpful  in  the  work  which  one  is  endeavoring  to 
perform." 


HENRY  BROWN  FLOYD  MACFARLAND 

MACFARLAND,  HENRY  BROWN  FLOYD,  as  president  of 
the  board  of  commissioners  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
the  representative  of  the  executive  district  government, 
deals  primarily  with  its  largest  affairs,  and  is  its  spokesman  before 
congress.  He  also  represents  the  District,  as  its  orator,  on  important 
occasions,  and  especially  in  welcoming  conventions  and  other  visitors 
to  the  National  Capital.  All  official  communications  of  the  district 
government  with  the  national  executive  government,  with  congress, 
with  the  governments  of  the  states  and  territories  or  the  governments 
of  foreign  countries  or  their  representatives  at  Washington,  are  made 
by  him  as  the  president  of  the  Board.  With  one  exception,  that  of 
Governor  Shepherd,  no  one  who  has  held  the  office  of  executive  of  the 
District  has  had  the  opportunities  for  usefulness  that  have  come  to 
Mr.  Macfarland.  He  came  into  office  at  the  opening  of  the  period  of 
the  new  development  of  the  Capital.  The  large  projects  of  public 
improvement  with  the  questions  as  to  providing  the  District's  share 
of  their  cost,  involving  the  whole  question  of  the  District  finances, 
have  engaged  his  continual  attention.  The  development  of  the  park 
system  and  plans  for  the  beautification  of  the  Capital  date  from  the 
celebration  of  the  centennial  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  in  1900, 
under  the  direction  of  the  committee  of  which  Mr.  Macfarland  was 
chairman.  He  delivered  the  centennial  address  at  the  White  House, 
December  12,  1900.  He  delivered  the  principal  addresses  on  District 
of  Columbia  day  at  Buffalo,  September  3,  1901,  and  at  St.  Louis, 
October  19, 1904. 

He  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  February  11,  1861. 
His  father,  a  journalist,  was  endowed  with  the  characteristics  of 
fidelity,  loyalty,  courage,  persistence  and  tactfulness.  His  mother, 
Isabelle  Floyd  Macfarland,  was  a  woman  of  strong  intellectual  and 
spiritual  nature.  Books  and  sports  were  the  interests  of  his  child- 
hood and  youth.  His  parents  removed  to  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia,  at  the  close  of  the  Civil  war,  and  here  he  was  graduated 
from  Rittenhouse  academy,  studied  law  at  Columbian  university  law 


142  HENRY    BROWN    FLOYD    MACFARLAND 

school,  and  in  the  law  office  of  Honorable  W.  B.  Webb.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1879,  he  became  a  member  of  the  Washington  bureau  of  the 
Boston  "Herald,"  becoming  chief  of  the  bureau  in  1892.  He  also 
has  been  chief  representative  of  the  Philadelphia  "  Record."  He  has 
written  for  the  "Atlantic,"  the  "Forum,"  and  other  magazines  and 
periodicals.  For  years  he  has  taken  a  deep  interest  and  active  part 
in  the  civic  affairs  of  Washington.  He  was  appointed  commissioner 
of  the  District  by  President  McKinley,  entirely  on  Mr.  McKinley's 
own  motion,  May  2,  1900,  and  was  elected  president  of  the  board, 
May  9,  1900.  He  was  reappointed,  without  solicitation,  by  President 
Roosevelt,  two  months  before  his  term  expired.  He  is  also  president 
of  the  William  McKinley  Memorial  Arch  Association;  of  the  Rock 
Creek  Park  Board  of  Control;  of  the  Washington  Public  Library 
Commission.  He  presided  over  the  Jubilee  International  Conven- 
tion of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  May,  1904,  at  Buffalo, 
New  York. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Republican  party,  although  he  supported 
Cleveland  in  1884.  Change  of  work,  walking,  conversation,  he 
regards  as  his  best  modes  of  relaxation.  "It  was  my  desire  to  be 
self-sustaining  as  well  as  my  circumstances,  which  led  me  to  take  the 
first  profitable  opening;  and  the  strong  impelling  motive  of  my  work 
was  to  succeed  and  please,  and  to  help  my  family.  Home,  school, 
early  companionship,  private  study,  and  contact  with  men  in  active 
life,  have  each  had  their  influence  on  my  life  in  the  order  named." 
"If  there  has  been  any  failure  in  my  work,"  he  says,  "it  is  due  to 
myself,  rather  than  to  circumstances;  more  preparation,  more  pa- 
tience, more  persistence  was  needed."  He  is  a  member  and  an  elder 
of  the  Presbyterian  church.  The  principles  which  he  commends  to 
young  Americans  in  order  to  attain  true  success,  are  "those  of  the 
true  Christian."  He  is  a  vice-president  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  of  Washington;  and  a  member  of  the  International  Com- 
mittee of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association. 

In  drafting  legislation,  or  in  reporting  upon  bills  referred  to  the 
commissioners  by  congress,  in  addressing  the  committees  of  congress, 
as  well  as  in  all  his  public  addresses,  Mr.  Macfarland  has  maintained 
the  dignity  of  the  District,  and  in  response  to  the  proud  interest  of  the 
people  of  the  country,  has  claimed  for  the  National  Capital  the  great- 
est consideration  on  the  part  of  the  national  government.  He  holds 
that  the  present  form  of  the  District  government,  declared  "perma- 


HENRY   BROWN   FLOYD    MACFARLAND  143 

nent"  by  the  act  of  1878,  is  the  best  for  the  District,  and  says  that 
I  the  citizens  and  congress  intend  to  do  their  share  in  making  Wash- 
ington the  greatest  capital  on  earth."  In  all  that  he  does,  Commis- 
sioner Macfarland  takes  the  broadest  views  of  the  District,  and  of  its 
many  and  varied  interests,  among  which  he  seeks  to  promote  harmony. 
He  was  married  to  Mary  Lyon  Douglas,  daughter  of  Honorable 
John  W.  Douglas,  formerly  commissioner,  October  27,  1888.  His 
address  is  1816  F  street,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 


RANDOLPH  HARRISON  McKIM 


M 


cKIM,  RANDOLPH  HARRISON,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  clergyman 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church,  author,  soldier,  chap- 
lain in  the  Confederate  army,  and  founder  of  the  Church 
Temperance  Society,  New  York,  was  born  April  15,  1842,  in  Balti- 
more, Maryland.  His  father,  John  S.  McKim,  was  in  commercial  I 
life,  and  the  son  speaks  of  his  father's  "frankness,  decision,  courage, 
sympathy  and  warmth  of  affection."  His  mother's  influence  was 
paramount  over  her  son  morally  and  spiritually.  His  ancestry  is 
distinguished,  including  Benjamin  Harrison  of  James  River,  Vir- 
ginia, 1635,  progenitor  of  the  two  presidents  Harrison,  William 
Randolph,  the  founder  of  the  family  of  that  name,  and  Robert  Carter, 
known  in  Virginian  annals  as  "King  Carter."  His  youth  was  passed 
chiefly  in  Baltimore.  His  early  taste  was  for  classical  studies.  He 
was  drawn  to  Christian  Missionary  work  wishing  to  be  sent  to  China. 
He  studied  at  excellent  private  schools  in  Baltimore,  and  for  one  year 
at  Loyola  college.  After  two  years  at  the  university  of  Virginia,  he 
took  diplomas  of  graduation  in  the  schools  of  Latin  and  Greek  in 
1860,  and  in  French,  Moral  Philosophy  and  Mathematics  in  1861, 
taking  also  a  partial  post-graduate  course  in  Greek  the  same  year. 
In  July,  1861,  he  became  a  private  in  the  1st  Maryland  regiment  in 
the  Confederate  army  of  Northern  Virginia  and  served  under  Stone- 
wall Jackson.  Promoted  in  1862  to  be  first  lieutenant,  he  served  as 
aide-de-camp  to  General  G.  H.  Stuart  in  the  autumn  of  1863.  After  a 
winter  of  theological  study,  he  returned  to  active  service  as  chaplain 
of  the  2d  Virginia  cavalry  until  Lee's  surrender. 

After  the  war  he  was  appointed  assistant  minister  of  Emmanuel 
church,  Baltimore;  then  1866-67  he  was  rector  of  St.  John's  church, 
Portsmouth,  Virginia;  of  Christ's  church,  Alexandria,  Virginia, 
1867-75;  of  Holy  Trinity  church  (Harlem),  New  York,  1875-86;  of 
Trinity  church,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana,  1886-88;  and  of  Epiphany 
church,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  since  1889.  He  was 
deputy  to  the  general  convention  of  the  Episcopal  church,  from 
Maryland,  in  1892  and  in  1895,  and  from  Washington  in  1898,  1901 
and  1904.     He  was  chosen  president  of  the  house  of  deputies  of 


^^ 


RANDOLPH    HARRISON    MCKIM  145 

the  general  convention  at  Boston  in  1904.  He  is  chaplain  of  the  Con- 
federate Veterans  in  Washington,  and  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution, 
in  the  same  city.  He  was  largely  instrumental  in  organizing  the 
diocese  of  Washington  and  is  president  of  the  standing  committee  of 
that  diocese.  Doctor  McKim's  greatest  public  service  has  been  as  a 
preacher  of  the  Gospel,  and  in  the  estimation  of  those  who  hear  him 
preach,  he  has  that  intellectual  grasp  of  divine  truth  which  comes 
from  an  experience  of  it.  His  illustrations  are  striking  and  illuminat- 
ing. He  is  a  leader  in  his  own  denomination,  a  scholar  and  a  lover  of 
books. 

Doctor  McKim's  publications  are,  "  The  Nature  of  the  Christian 
Ministry";  "  A  Vindication  of  Protestant  Principles"  (1879);  "Ser- 
mons on  Future  Punishment"  (1883);  "Bread  in  the  Desert,  and 
Other  Sermons  "  (1887) ;  "  Christ  and  Modern  Unbelief  "  (1893) ;  "  Leo 
XIII.  at  the  Bar  of  History"  (1897);  "Present-Day  Problems  of 
Christian  Thought"  (1900);  "The  Gospel  in  the  Christian  Year" 
(1902);  " The  Confederate  Soldier:  His  Motives  and  Aims"  (1904). 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  college  fraternity;  the 
Cosmos  club;  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution  and  of  the  Confederate 
Veterans.  He  sympathizes  with  the  old  line  Democrats,  but  repudi- 
ated Bryanism  in  1896  and  1900.  He  mentions  among  the  books 
and  authors  most  useful  to  him,  the  Bible,  Shakespeare,  Butler's 
Analogy,  Bishop  Lightfoot's  Works,  Richard  Hooker,  Horace  Bush- 
nell's  "Nature  and  the  Supernatural"  and  "Vicarious  Sacrifice," 
and  Row's  Bampton  Lectures.  He  uses  the  gun  and  the  fishing  rod 
and  enjoys  horseback  exercise.  His  own  personal  conviction  inde- 
pendently formed  when  a  boy  of  fifteen,  determined  his  choice  of  life 
vocation.  He  counts  among  the  strong  influences  of  his  life  an  ideal 
Christian  home,  and  in  particular  the  experience  acquired  during 
his  service  in  the  army.  He  says,  "  the  pressure  of  active  parochial 
work  has  too  much  hindered  my  private  reading.  My  knowledge 
and  culture  are  far  below  what  they  should  have  been,  given  my 
opportunities  and  my  natural  gifts.  Failure  to  hold  rigidly  to 
certain  hours  for  study  has  been  a  great  fault.  The  best  recipe  for 
success  in  life  is  not  to  worship  at  the  altar  of  success.  Have  a 
spiritual  ideal.  Adhere  to  it,  though  it  entail  loss  and  failure.  Aim 
to  secure  the  approval  of  God  and  your  conscience.  While  valuing 
the  approval  of  good  men,  never  swerve  a  hair  from  duty  to  obtain  it. 
Be  true,  be  brave,  be  gentle." 


146  RANDOLPH    HARRISON   MCKIM 

He  was  married  in  1863  to  Miss  Agnes  Gray  Phillips,  and  in 
1890,  a  second  time,  to  Mrs.  Annie  Clymer  Brooke.  His  only  son, 
Doctor  J.  Duncan  McKim,  died  in  1892,  aged  29.  He  has  two 
daughters  living,  Mrs.  Henry  G.  Rathbone  and  Miss  Eleanor  P. 
McKim. 


&SZT/1 


william  Mckinley 

McKINLEY,  WILLIAM,  soldier,  lawyer,  statesman,  twenty- 
fifth  president  of  the  United  States,  was  born  at  Niles, 
Ohio,  on  January  29,  1843,  son  of  William  and  Nancy 
Campbell  (Allison)  McKinley.  He  was  the  seventh  of  a  family  of 
nine  children,  and  came  of  sturdy  Scotch-Irish  ancestors  who  origi- 
nally settled  in  Pennsylvania.  Of  their  descendants  several  including 
his  great-grandfather,  served  as  Revolutionary  soldiers.  His  father 
was  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  but  with  other  pioneers  removed  to 
Ohio,  where  he  became  a  well-known  ironmaster,  and  continued  to 
reside  until  his  death. 

The  education  of  the  future  president  was  begun  in  the  common 
schools,  continued  at  a  local  seminary,  and,  as  far  as  schools  shaped 
it,  was  finished  with  a  partial  course  in  Allegheny  college,  at  Mead- 
ville,  Pennsylvania.  A  short  experience  as  a  schoolmaster  followed, 
then  an  equally  short  experience  as  a  postoffice  clerk,  when,  as  a  boy 
of  eighteen,  he  entered  the  ranks  of  the  23d  Ohio  volunteer  regiment 
for  service  in  the  Civil  war,  of  which  another  future  president, 
Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  was  major.  From  that  day  until  his  regiment 
was  mustered  out,  a  period  of  more  than  four  years,  he  was  never 
absent  a  day  on  sick  leave,  and  only  once  on  a  short  furlough.  He 
took  part  in  every  engagement  in  which  the  regiment  participated, 
always  with  honor,  more  than  once  with  notable  gallantry,  and 
rose  by  steady  promotion  from  private  to  major. 

After  the  war  he  had  a  natural  inclination  to  remain  in  the  army, 
but  in  deference  to  the  wishes  of  his  father  and  others,  he  abandoned 
it  and  turned  to  the  study  of  law  in  Canton,  Ohio,  which  place  there- 
after became  his  home.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  in  1867,  and 
for  several  years  he  devoted  himself  to  that  profession  with  single- 
minded  energy.  From  the  time  of  his  boyhood,  however,  he  had 
been  an  ardent  Republican,  and  politics  soon  claimed  a  large  part 
of  his  life.     He  was  elected  (for  one  term)  prosecuting  attorney  in 


150  WILLIAM    MCKINLEY 

the  world ;  and  the  public  manifestations  of  grief  which  followed  his 
death  were  without  precedent  in  our  history,  save  only  at  the  time 
of  Lincoln's  assassination. 

These  facts  are  but  the  skeleton  outline  of  a  great  career,  full  of 
rare  activities.  Mr.  McKinley's  success  in  congress,  apart  from  his 
unique  personal  endowments  was  in  large  part  due  to  the  fact  that 
he  selected  the  subjects  to  which  his  interest  and  his  efforts  should 
be  devoted,  and  gave  to  them  his  undivided  attention.  His  ap- 
pointment to  succeed  Garfield  on  the  Ways  and  Means  committee 
gave  him  the  exact  position  from  which  he  afterward  controlled,  by 
force  of  his  superior  knowledge,  the  proceedings  of  congress  in  legis- 
lation upon  those  measures  of  practical  economy  which  underlie 
our  national  monetary  and  industrial  systems.  He  spoke  rather 
infrequently;  but  when  he  took  the  floor  on  his  chosen  theme,  he 
was  without  a  rival  in  accuracy  of  information,  diligence  of  prepara- 
tion and  skill  in  argument. 

When  he  became  leader  of  the  house,  in  1890,  after  his  defeat 
for  the  speakership,  he  proved  himself  to  be  gifted  in  debate,  patient 
in  temper  and  considerate  in  judgment.  His  ability  to  unite  and 
inspire  was  unfailing.  The  range  of  topics  he  discussed  covered  the 
whole  field  of  legislation;  and  in  him  the  house  found  a  master  who 
not  only  commanded  profound  respect,  but  captured  hearts  and 
gained  a  permanent  place  in  the  affections  of  his  fellow-members  of 
both  parties. 

His  administration  of  the  office  of  governor  of  Ohio,  though  not 
without  high  distinction,  added  little  to  his  prestige,  and  perhaps 
still  less  to  his  equipment  for  the  presidency.  Like  Blaine  and  Gar- 
field, his  preparation  for  practical  leadership  was  in  the  national 
legislative  tribunal,  to  which  he  had  brought  the  cumulative  experi- 
ence and  patriotic  virtues  of  a  singularly  sincere,  studious  and  un- 
selfish life. 

As  president,  he  was  thoroughly  conversant  with  the  duties  of 
his  office,  and  could  enter  into  its  most  minute  details.  He  knew 
the  American  people  through  and  through.  He  believed  in  and 
sympathized  with  that  theory  of  government,  preeminently  Ameri- 
can, which  defers  to  the  will  of  the  majority.  And  yet  he  knew  how 
to  persuade  men,  as  his  policy  of  protection  amply  proved.  He  was 
averse  to  the  war  with  Spain,  because  he  alone  among  the  public 
men  of  the  country  seemed  clearly  to  comprehend  in  advance  all 


WILLIAM    MCKINLEY  151 

that  was  involved  in  that  war.  He  was  incapable  of  using  himself, 
or  of  appealing  to  others  to  use,  such  cries  as  "  Remember  the  Maine." 
He  was  opposed  to  war;  and  he  listened  unmoved  by  the  impatient 
outcry  of  party  leaders  and  to  the  tumult  of  the  people,  until  all 
the  resources  of  diplomacy  were  exhausted  and  war  was  inevitable. 
When  it  became  evident  that  war  must  be  waged  he  insured  its 
vigorous  conduct,  by  unambiguous  language  and  by  prompt  action. 
He  was  not  only  in  name,  but  in  reality,  the  commander-in-chief  of 
the  military  and  naval  forces  of  the  United  States,  in  the  war  with 

Spain. 

It  was  under  his  direction  that  Admiral  Dewey  was  assigned  to 
the  command  of  the  Atlantic  squadron.  It  was  by  his  orders  that 
Dewey  pursued  the  Spanish  fleet  into  Manila  bay  and  destroyed  it 
there,  and  that  Sampson  blockaded  Cervera's  fleet  in  Santiago  harbor 
and  destroyed  it  when  it  attempted  flight.  It  was  he,  moreover, 
who  while  the  war  was  being  carried  on,  conducted  diplomatic  nego- 
tiations so  effectively  as  to  secure  the  moral  support  of  England, 
without  a  formal  alliance,  and  to  prevent  interference  by  France 
and  Germany,  from  both  of  whom,  at  one  time,  interference  was 
seriously  apprehended. 

The  war  over,  he  directed  the  general  course  of  negotiations 
which  ended  in  a  treaty  with  Spain  alike  chivalrous  toward  her  and 
honorable  to  the  United  States. 

In  the  subsequent  war  with  the  Philippines  his  orders  frustrated 
the  attempt  of  Aguinaldo  to  assume  the  sovereignty  in  an  island 
which  our  army  and  navy  had  set  free,  and  the  archipelago  was 
saved  from  an  anarchy  which  threatened  greater  disasters  than 
even  Spanish  despotism  had  inflicted  upon  it.  Civil  government 
was  organized  on  his  recommendation  before  the  insurrection  was 
fully  over,  and  the  Filipinos  were  assured  all  the  civil  and  religious 
rights  enjoyed  by  Americans  in  American  territories.  He  shaped 
the  American  policy  and  led  the  American  people. 

It  has  been  charged  that  Mr.  McKinley  was  without  a  definite 
policy  of  his  own,  and  that  he  followed  the  shifting  comments  of 
public  opinion — serving  his  country  only  by  faithfully  representing 
the  majority.  In  the  invidious  sense  intended  by  those  who  make 
this  charge,  it  is  by  no  means  true.  He  was  a  strong  leader,  yet 
what  he  accomplished  was  always  consonant  with  the  highest  form 
of  true  democracy.     He  did  not  always  go  with  the  majority.     He 


152  WILLIAM    MCKINLEY 


resisted  successfully  for  weeks  the  popular  demand  for  war  against 
Spain.  And  long  before  that  time  he  had  adhered  to  a  consistent 
polic}r  of  his  own,  and  had  won  many  to  its  support.  On  the  three 
great  questions  before  the  country — tariff,  finance,  and  expansion, 
he  brought  his  party  to  his  view.  He  was  a  bimetallist,  believing 
that  gold  and  silver  should  both  be  used  as  a  currency;  and  as  long 
as  there  was  any  hope  of  success  he  tried  to  bring  about  bimetallism 
by  international  action.  He  advocated  an  international  canal;  he 
maintained  the  Monroe  doctrine;  he  urged  the  peaceful  annexation 
of  Hawaii;  he  sought  by  diplomacy  to  emancipate  from  medieval 
misrule  neighboring  islands;  and  at  last,  when  war  came,  he  refused 
to  recall  our  troops  from  any  soil  where  the  American  flag  had  been 
raised,  until  the  principles  of  American  liberty  were  assured  under 
the  practical  protectorate  of  the  American  nation. 

For  these  reasons  President  McKinley  must  be  regarded  as  a 
great  statesman  of  the  pure  American  type  whose  excellences  were 
essential  while  his  defects  were  incidental.  He  readily  changed  his 
methods,  but  never  his  ends.  No  American  statesman  conformed 
his  public  life  to  a  higher  ethical  standard;  not  many  have  recognized 
an  ethical  standard  so  uniformly  high. 

As  an  executive,  his  administration  was  a  series  of  remarkable 
achievements.  It  was  attended  not  only  by  great  military  and  ad- 
ministrative success,  but  by  an  abounding  prosperity.  It  put  out 
the  last  embers  of  sectional  bitterness.  It  was  marked  by  appoint- 
ments of  high  character  and  of  especial  fitness,  to  places  of  great 
trust.  The  tone  of  the  public  official,  the  efficiency  of  the  civil 
service,  the  integrity  and  fidelity  of  all  departments  and  branches 
of  the  executive  government  were  never  higher  than  during  his 
administration. 

His  characteristic  virtues  were  courtesy  and  politeness,  patience 
and  forbearance,  and  masterful  self-control  under  very  trying  cir- 
cumstances. The  moral  side  of  his  character  was  very  pronounced. 
He  was  by  nature  a  rightminded  man.  There  was  no  guile  in  him. 
There  never  was  the  suggestion  of  an  inclination  to  accomplish  even 
a  good  result  by  improper  means.  His  inherent  impulse  was  to  do 
good  for  its  own  sake;  to  serve  his  country,  to  better  the  condition 
of  its  people,  to  help  those  who  labor,  to  lighten  toil,  to  promote 
human  happiness.  He  sympathized  with  the  burdens  of  his  fellow- 
men;   and  he  saw  alwavs  their  best  side.     When  unable  to  grant  a 


WILLIAM     MCKINLEY  153 

favor,  he  had  the  rare  and  happy  talent  of  refusing  without  offending. 
Probably  no  public  man  in  American  life  ever  had  fewer  personal 
enemies  or  submitted  to  fewer  bitter  personal  attacks. 

His  married  life  while  it  had  great  griefs  in  the  death  of  his  two 
children,  and  in  the  invalid  condition  of  his  wife,  was  beautiful  in 
tender  affection  and  strong  devotion. 

He  had  a  fine  sense  of  humor  and  was  fond  of  relating  stories  of 
the  war,  anecdotes  of  public  men,  or  humorous  incidents  of  his  rich 
campaigning  experience.  His  personal  habits  and  his  family  life 
were  most  simple  and  unassuming. 

As  an  orator  he  was  impressive  if  not  always  eloquent.  He 
indulged  in  no  glittering,  meretricious  phrases,  no  sentences  uttered 
for  empty  rhetorical  effect.  Every  sentence  rang  with  sincerity. 
Yet  he  had  the  gift  of  the  unforgettable  phrase,  which  carries  convic- 
tion and  becomes  current  on  the  lips  of  others  because  it  is  a  pictorial 
argument. 

President  McKinley  was  the  recipient  of  numerous  civic  and 
academic  honors.  He  was  an  active  member  of  the  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic,  the  Union  Veteran  Legion  and  several  other  military 
organizations;  and  by  virtue  of  public  service,  of  many  learned 
societies.  He  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Western  Reserve 
university,  1897;  McKendree  college,  1897;  University  of  Chicago, 
and  Yale  university,  1898;  Smith  college,  1899;  University  of 
California,  1901;  and  the  degree  of  D.C.L.  from  Mt.  Holyoke  college, 

1899. 

On  January  25,  1871,  he  married  Ida,  daughter  of  James  A.  and 
Catherine  (Dewalt)  Saxton  of  Canton,  Ohio,  who  survives  him. 

His  last  words  "It  is  God's  way;  His  will  be  done,  not  ours," 
indicate  the  spiritual  secret  of  a  Christian  life  which  throughout  had 
faith  in  God  for  its  inspiration,  and  the  doing  of  God's  will  as  its 
constant  aim  and  highest  end. 


JOHN  ROLL  McLEAN 

McLEAN,  JOHN  ROLL,  journalist,  capitalist,  owner  of  the 
Cincinnati  "Enquirer"  and  the  Washington  "Post,"  was 
born  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  September  17,  1848,  the  son  of 
Washington  and  Mary  L.  McLean.  His  father  was  of  Scotch  descent, 
a  large  manufacturer,  a  prominent  leader  in  Ohio  politics,  and  latterly 
&  successful  printer,  publisher  and  journalist.  From  1882  until  his 
death  on  December  8,  1890,  the  elder  McLean  was  a  resident  of 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  where  he  made  large  investments 
in  real  estate,  and  where  his  son,  John  Roll  McLean  also  took  up  his 
residence.  Washington  McLean  was  regarded  as  an  astute  and 
influential  politician,  and  earned  for  himself  the  title  of  the  "  War- 
wick of  the  Democracy." 

John  R.  McLean  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Cincinnati 
and  at  Harvard  university ;  and  subsequent  to  his  graduation  studied 
and  traveled  for  several  years  in  Germany,  France  and  other  Euro- 
pean countries.  While  at  college  he  developed  a  fondness  for  out- 
door sports  which  still  form  a  part  of  his  pleasures  and  pastimes. 
On  his  return  from  travel  he  entered  the  office  of  the  Cincinnati 
"Enquirer,"  at  the  bottom  of  the  ladder,  and  passed  by  gradations 
through  all  the  details  of  newspaper  management  until  he  reached 
the  post  of  editor.  In  1873,  he  acquired  his  father's  interest  in  the 
paper;  in  1877  assumed  its  editorial  control;  and  in  1881,  he  became 
sole  owner.  Immediately  after  taking  entire  charge  of  the  "En- 
quirer" he  began  to  take  a  prominent  part  in  the  politics  of  his 
native  state,  and  for  many  years  thereafter  wielded  a  dominant 
influence  in  party  councils.  He  was  delegate-at-large  from  Ohio  to 
the  Democratic  national  conventions  of  1884,  1888,  1892,  1896  and 
1900,  as  well  as  the  Ohio  member  of  the  Democratic  national  com- 
mittee. In  1885  his  party  made  him  its  candidate  for  United  States 
senator  from  Ohio,  and  in  1899  he  was  the  Democratic  candidate 
for  governor,  but  was  defeated  by  Judge  George  K.  Nash.  In  the 
Democratic  national  convention  of  1896,  he  was  supported  by  his 
state  for  the  presidential  nomination  and  received  fifty-four  votes  on 


JOHN    ROLL     MCLEAN  155 

the  first  ballot.  In  the  balloting  for  the  vice-presidential  nomina- 
tion, he  led  all  others  on  the  fourth  ballot,  and  the  impression  was 
widespread  at  the  time  that  he  could  have  had  the  nomination  had  he 
desired  it.  The  political,  journalistic  and  business  aspects  of  his 
career  have  been  characterized  by  energy,  enterprise  and  a  shrewd 
conservatism.  In  1905  he  obtained  a  controlling  interest  in  the 
Washington  "  Post,"  which  he  has  added  to  his  many  other  interests 
at  the  National  Capital. 


WAYNE  MACVEAGH. 

MACVEAGH,  WAYNE,  lawyer,  diplomat,  publicist,  was  bom 
near  Phoenixville,  Chester  county,  Pennsylvania,  April  19, 
1833.  When  sixteen  years  of  age,  he  entered  Yale  college 
from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1853  and  immediately  thereafter  he 
took  up  the  study  of  law.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania,  bar  in  1856,  and  began  to  practise  law  at  West 
Chester,  Pennsylvania. 

From  1859  to  1862,  he  served  as  district  attorney  for  Chester 
county;  the  year  following  he  was  made  chairman  of  the  Republican 
state  committee;  and  he  rose  rapidly  in  professional  and  public 
esteem.  The  threatened  invasion  of  Pennsylvania  by  Confederate 
troops  in  1863  impelled  him  to  volunteer  his  services  as  captain  of 
emergency  infantry,  and  he  subsequently  served  as  a  major  of  cavalry 
on  the  staff  of  General  Couch. 

President  Grant  appointed  him  United  States  minister  to  Turkey 
in  1870;  and  after  a  brief  diplomatic  career  at  the  Ottoman  court,  he 
returned  to  Pennsylvania,  and  resumed  his  professional  course.  In 
1872  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  the  constitutional  convention  of  his 
state;  and  he  took  an  important  part  in  the  work  of  that  body  during 
its  two  years  sitting.  President  Hayes,  in  April,  1877,  appointed 
him  head  of  the  committee  known  as  the  "MacVeagh  Committee," 
to  harmonize  certain  disputes  arising  from  conflicting  state  govern- 
ments in  the  state  of  Louisiana;  the  efforts  of  which  committee 
resulted  in  the  withdrawal  of  the  United  States  troops  from  New 
Orleans  and  a  final  amicable  adjustment. 

On  March  4,  1881,  Mr.  MacVeagh  was  made  attorney-general  of 
the  United  States  by  President  Garfield  and  he  continued  to  hold  that 
portfolio  until  September  9,  of  the  same  year,  when  he  resigned  and 
again  returned  to  the  practice  of  law  in  Philadelphia.  He  supported 
Grover  Cleveland  for  the  presidency  in  1892  and  after  the  election  of 
Mr.  Cleveland,  he  received  the  appointment  of  United  States  ambassa- 
dor to  Italy,  which  post  he  held  from  1893  to  1897.  Since  the  latter 
date  he  has  resided  in  Washington,  in  the  active  practice  of  the  law. 


WAYNE    MACVEAGH  157 

For  many  years  he  was  identified  with  various  political  and  civic 
reform  movements,  and  held  the  chairmanship  of  the  Civil  Service 
Reform  Association  of  Philadelphia,  and  of  the  Indian  Rights  Asso- 
ciation of  the  same  city.  He  has  been  awarded  the  honorary  degree 
of  LL.D.  by  Amherst  college  (1881),  by  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania (1877),  and  by  Harvard  university  (1901). 

Mr.  MacVeagh  married  a  daughter  of  the  late  General  Simon 
Cameron  for  many  years  United  States  senator  from  Pennsylvania. 
He  is  a  man  of  great  industry  and  unusual  power  of  application,  keen 
intellect,  satirical  at  will,  quick  at  repartee  with  an  immense  fund  of 
legal  knowledge  and  great  general  versatility.  He  has  been  a 
frequent  contributor  to  the  magazines,  among  his  most  notable 
articles,  being, "  Ethical  Ideals  in  American  Politics,"  to  the  "  Arena  " ; 
"  Happy  Augury  of  Peace,"  "  International  Arbitration  Made  Attract- 
ive," and  "Value  of  the  Venezuelan  Arbitration,"  to  the  "North 
American  Review";  and  the  "Venezuela  Award,"  to  the  "Independ- 
ent." 


ALFRED  THAYER  MAHAN 

MAHAN,  ALFRED  THAYER,  captain  in  the  United  States 
navy,  expert  naval  strategist  and  scholar,  author  of  a 
brilliant  series  of  books  upon  the  influence  of  navies  on  the 
history  of  nations,  and  representative  from  the  United  States  to  the 
Peace  Conference  at  the  Hague,  in  1899,  is  a  striking  example  of  the 
application  of  mental  ability  to  intricate  and  far-reaching  problems 
of  world-politics  and  history,  and  of  the  ability  to  bring  the  results 
of  such  study  to  bear  upon  the  world's  life  at  the  present  time.  His 
mastery  of  his  subject  is  in  part  the  result  of  his  long  and  arduous 
training  in  so  many  grades  of  naval  service,  in  its  theoretic  studies  and 
practical  duties;  but  still  more  is  it  owing  to  a  natural  penetration 
and  comprehensiveness  of  mind,  which  grasps  a  subject  in  its  large 
scope  and  at  the  same  time  sees  details  as  by  intuition. 

His  most  important  life-work,  for  which  his  training  so  well 
equipped  him,  is  the  series  of  books  on  Sea- Power,  which  have  been 
translated  into  French,  German,  Russian  and  Japanese.  These 
works  are  a  real  and  a  notable  addition  to  the  knowledge  and  the 
science  of  the  world.  Americans  had  reason  to  feel  that  this  repre- 
sentative of  theirs  at  the  Hague,  at  the  late  Peace  Conference,  was 
unusually  qualified  for  membership  in  this  unique  congress,  the  first 
authoritative  gathering  of  representatives  of  the  Great  Powers  to 
consider  the  question  of  international  arbitration.  His  breadth  of 
knowledge,  his  technical  education,  and  his  reputation  as  the  most 
eminent  living  expert  in  naval  strategy,  made  his  designation  for  this 
work  in  the  interest  of  peace,  exceptionally  appropriate.  He  had 
always  been  an  advocate  of  well-equipped  navies,  and  of  a  state  of 
preparation  for  war,  for  the  sake  of  averting  war  and  maintaining 
peace.  He  was  an  "ideal  representative"  at  the  Hague,  by  reason 
of  the  scope  of  his  knowledge,  and  of  his  unusual  ability  to  grasp 
quickly  and  accurately  the  factors  in  the  far-reaching  and  intricate 
problems  which  came  before  the  congress.  His  whole  record  of  work 
is  one  which  proves  how  strong  is  the  combination  of  natural  power 
of  mind  with  assiduous  industry  and  practical  disciplinary  drill. 


ALFRED    THAYER    MAHAN  159 

Without  native  insight,  study  is  wasted.  Without  serious  and  strenu- 
ous application,  natural  endowments  are  ineffective  in  the  face  of 
problems  whose  solution  demands  laborious  days  and  sleepless  nights. 

He  was  born  September  27,  1840,  at  West  Point,  New  York. 
His  father,  Dennis  Hart  Mahan,  was  a  professor  of  military  engineer- 
ing in  the  United  States  military  academy.  His  mother's  maiden 
name  was  Mary  Helena  OKill.  The  earliest  known  ancestor  on  his 
father's  side  in  America  was  John  Mahan.  His  early  years  were 
spent  in  the  country;  and  his  first  remembered  predilection  was  for 
the  navy.  He  took  preliminary  courses  at  St.  James  school,  Hagers- 
town,  Maryland,  and  at  Columbia  college,  New  York;  and  was 
graduated  (with  the  rank  of  midshipman)  from  the  United  States 
naval  academy,  June  9,  1859.  His  earliest  service  was  in  Brazilian 
waters,  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war;  and  with  the  South  Atlan- 
tic squadron,  steamship  Pocahontas,  in  1861  and  1862.  He  was  com- 
missioned lieutenant,  August  31,  1862,  and  was  detailed  to  service  in 
the  naval  academy  until  1863.  He  was  attached  to  the  steam  sloop, 
Seminole,  Western  Gulf  squadron,  1863-64;  and  to  the  steamship 
James  Adger,  South  Atlantic  squadron,  1864-65.  He  was  com- 
missioned lieutenant-commander,  June  7,  1865;  did  duty  on  the 
steamship  Muscoota,  Gulf  squadron;  on  the  steamship  Iroquois, 
Asiatic  squadron;  commanded  steamship  Aroostook  of  the  Asiatic 
fleet;  was  on  duty  at  the  New  York  navy  yard,  and  on  the  receiving 
ship  at  New  York;  was  commissioned  commander,  November  20, 
1872;  was  in  command  of  the  Wasp;  and  was  on  duty  at  the  Boston 
navy  yard,  1875  to  1876.  He  was  assigned  to  duty  at  the  naval 
academy,  1877-80;  was  again  at  the  New  York  navy  yard,  1880-83; 
and  was  in  command  of  the  Wachusett,  1883-85. 

On  September  23,  1885,  he  was  commissioned  captain,  and  was 
assigned  to  the  Naval  war  college  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island.  In 
1886  he  was  made  president  of  that  institution,  which  office  he  held 
until  1889.  He  was  again  president  of  the  college  from  July,  1892, 
to  May,  1893,  after  acting  as  president  of  a  commission  to  select  a 
site  for  a  navy  yard  on  our  northwest  coast,  and  serving  on  the  Bureau 
of  Navigation,  doing  special  duty,  from  1889-92.  He  commanded 
the  Chicago  for  two  years.  When  he  was  ordered  to  the  Chicago,  in 
1893,  he  had  already  formed  the  plan  of  writing  a  "Life  of  Nelson"; 
and  he  had  a  number  of  books  of  reference  sent  on  board  the  steamer, 
with  this  in  view.     But  he  found,  on  attempting  the  combination  of 


160  ALFRED  THAYER    MAHAN 

literary  work  and  regular  naval  duties,  that  the  task  was  imprac- 
ticable; and  the  writing  of  his  book  was  delayed  for  two  years.  He 
was  retired  at  his  own  request,  November  17,  1896,  having  com- 
pleted forty  years  of  service.  By  the  terms  of  his  retirement,  he 
was  subject  to  recall  in  case  war  should  arise;  and  in  May,  1898,  he 
was  recalled,  was  assigned  to  the  Board  of  Naval  Strategy,  and  was 
on  duty  throughout  the  Spanish  war. 

It  is  interesting  to  know  how  he  was  led  into  writing  "The 
Influence  of  Sea-Power  Upon  History."  As  he  was  reading  Momm- 
sen,  in  the  reading  room  at  Lima,  South  America,  he  was  impressed 
with  the  author's  failure  to  mark  the  inevitable  effect  of  sea-power 
on  Hannibal's  career.  This  criticism  became  at  once  the  germinal 
idea  of  his  epoch-marking  work.  He  outlined  the  whole  book,  and 
discussed  it  thoroughly  with  Admiral  Luce;  and  at  once  he  began 
writing  it,  with  serious  effort  and  determined  assiduity.  He  selected 
the  title  "Sea-Power"  thoughtfully,  and  with  the  desire  to  challenge 
attention.  "Purists  may  criticize  me  for  marrying  a  Teutonic  word 
to  one  of  Latin  origin,  but  I  deliberately  discarded  the  adjective 
'  maritime,''  as  being  too  smooth  to  arrest  men's  attention  or  to  stick 
in  their  minds."  "Sea- Power"  is  now  a  term  of  significance,  and  it 
will  not  be  easy  to  find  another  which  will  carry  greater  significance. 
There  was  some  difficulty  at  first  in  finding  a  publisher;  but  the 
firm  of  Little,  Brown  &  Company  had  the  foresight  to  perceive  that 
the  work  would  be  a  success,  and  "The  Influence  of  Sea- Power  Upon 
History,"  came  out  in  1890,  and  was  recognized  at  once  as  a  most 
masterly  production.  Its  success  was  immediate.  In  two  years' 
time  "The  Influence  of  Sea- Power  Upon  the  French  Revolution  and 
Empire,"  and  the  "Life  of  Admiral  Farragut"  (1892),  appeared. 
"The  Life  of  Nelson,  The  Embodiment  of  the  Sea- Power  of  Great 
Britain"  came  soon  after,  in  1897;  and  in  the  same  year,  "The  Inter- 
est of  America  in  Sea- Power  Present  and  Future."  It  is  said  that 
on  the  day  before  "The  Life  of  Nelson"  was  given  to  the  public  in 
London,  the  reviewers  of  the  London  dailies  sat  up  all  night  with  the 
advance  copies  of  the  work,  and  had  ready  for  print  the  next  morn- 
ing exceedingly  eulogistic  reviews.  The  London  "Times"  said: 
"Captain  Mahan's  book  will  become  one  of  the  greatest  of  English 
classics."  English  publishers  were  repeatedly  obliged  to  cable  for' 
fresh  supplies  of  the  book.  In  America  the  sale  was  very  large. 
"Lessons  of  the  Spanish  War,"  was  published  in  1899,  "The  War  in 


ALFRED    THAYER    MAHAN  161 

South  Africa,"  and  "The  Problem  of  Asia,"  in  1900.  Beside  these, 
he  had  published  two  or  three  earlier  books;  and  he  has  written  numer- 
ous magazine  and  newspaper  articles. 

On  June  20,  1894,  Oxford  university  conferred  on  him  the  honor- 
ary degree  of  D.C.L.  On  June  18  of  the  same  year,  Cambridge  uni- 
versity, England,  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  Professor  J.  E. 
Sandys,  the  orator  of  the  occasion,  in  his  address  of  welcome,  pro- 
nounced in  Latin,  said  in  part:  "We  greet  a  citizen  of  a  very  great 
Republic,  a  man  deeply  versed  in  the  science  and  history  of  naval 
warfare,  who  by  a  series  of  literary  works  of  a  high  order  has  well 
shown  how  great  an  influence  the  control  of  the  sea  has  exerted  in  the 
history  of  great  nations.  While  we  read  the  writings  of  such  a  man, 
adorned  with  a  lucid  style,  the  image  of  our  own  naval  glory  rises  in 
splendor  before  our  eyes,  as  if  from  the  waves  themselves,  and  we 
gladly  reach  our  hands  across  the  ocean,  no  longer  a  dividing  barrier, 
in  friendship  which  we  hope  will  last  forever.  We  present  to  you  a 
man  endeared  to  Britons  by  close  ties,  an  ornament  to  the  American 
navy,  Captain  A.  T.  Mahan." 

But  grateful  as  is  this  recognition  by  England  of  the  work  of 
Captain  Mahan,  it  is  on  our  own  American  national  life  that  his  books 
have  made  the  most  profound  practical  impression.  No  one  can 
doubt  that  the  readiness  with  which  congress  has  voted  and  the 
people  have  approved  large  and  increasing  appropriations  for  our 
navy,  is  in  large  part  due  to  the  effect,  upon  thoughtful  Americans, 
of  the  masterly  books  of  Captain  Mahan,  upon  "Sea-Power"  for 
peace  and  progress.  The  author  of  these  books  has  won  for  himself 
a  high  place  in  the  esteem  and  love  of  his  fellow-countrymen,  as  well 
as  in  the  admiration  of  the  civilized  world. 

He  has  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Harvard,  1895; 
Yale,  1897;  McGill  university,  Canada,  1900,  and  Columbia  univer- 
sity, 1900. 

Captain  Mahan  says  his  first  impulse  to  write  came  to  him 
"through  a  request  to  prepare  a  course  of  lectures  on  naval  history 
for  the  United  States  Naval  War  college."  And,  he  adds:  "Among 
human  instrumentalities,  I  presume  early  home  life  has  been  the 
most  powerful  influence  on  my  life."  His  own  choice  led  him  into 
the  navy.  He  is  a  communicant  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church. 
He  belongs  to  the  Century  Association,  and  to  the  University  club 
and  the  Church  club  of  New  York  city. 


162 


ALFRED    THAYER    MAHAN 


He  was  married  June  11, 1872,  to  Ellen  Lyle  Evans  They  have 
had  three  children,  all  living  in  1905.  His  address  is  160  West  86th 
street,  New  York  city. 


GEORGE   WALLACE  MELVILLE 

MELVILLE,  GEORGE  WALLACE.  Rear-Admiral  George 
Wallace  Melville  is  descended  from  a  distinguished  line  of 
sterling  Scotchmen,  noted  as  soldiers,  scholars  and  reform- 
ers, among  them  brave  defenders  of  human  rights  against  oppressive 
rulers,  martyrs  to  their  faith,  of  sturdy  stock  and  extraordinary 
stature;  a  descendant  of  James  Melville,  the  Protestant  champion, 
slayer  of  the  Archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  1546,  and  Andrew  Melville 
(1545-1622)  scholar  and  Protestant  reformer,  who  bid  defiance  to 
James  L,  both  companions  of  John  Knox;  Sir  John  Melville  who  died 
for  his  faith  on  the  scaffold  in  1549;  and  Sir  James  Melville  first  lord 
of  the  British  admiralty  whose  name  was  given  to  Arctic  lands  in 
Baffin's  Bay.  From  such  stock  comes  the  hero  of  the  Jeannette 
tragedy  in  the  Lena  Delta,  a  skilled  engineer  and  a  man  of  note  in 
American  history. 

He  was  born  in  New  York  city,  January  10,  1841.  His  father 
Alexander  Melville,  son  of  James  Melville  of  Sterling,  Scotland,  who 
came  to  America  in  1804  and  settled  in  New  York  city,  was  the  father 
of  a  large  family  of  stalwart  sons;  James,  Andrew,  George  and  Alex- 
ander. Alexander,  or  "Big  Sandy,"  when  sixteen  years  old,  was 
sent  to  the  University  of  St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  where  so  many  of 
his  ancestors  had  been  trained,  and  returning  to  New  York  he  became 
a  dyer,  having  made  a  special  study  of  chemistry  as  applied  to  that 
occupation.  He  married  Sarah  Dauther  Wallace  of  New  York  city 
and  three  of  their  sons  were  soldiers  in  the  Civil  war  of  1861-65,  while 
the  father  raised  and  equipped  a  company  of  volunteers  for  the  war. 
It  is  on  record  that  the  father  was  six  feet  six  inches  tall,  and  each  of 
the  sons  measured  up  to  and  over  six  feet.  George  Wallace  Melville 
was  a  pupil  in  public  grammar  school  No.  3  of  New  York  city,  the 
school  of  the  Christian  Brothers,  Brooklyn,  New  York,  the  Brooklyn 
Polytechnic  institute,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1860,  and  was 
under  a  private  tutor  who  instructed  him  in  mathematics  and  me- 
chanical drawing,  1859-60.  He  says  of  himself  that  he  was  a  slow 
scholar,  and  that  as  a  boy  he  was  made  to  earn  by  hard  work  every 


164  GEORGE  WALLACE  MELVILLE 

coin  he  ever  received  from  his  parents.  His  tastes  as  a  boy  were  for 
juvenile  books  and  the  study  of  engineering.  His  parents  were 
strictly  moral  but  not  religious.  He  was  an  apprentice  in  the  j 
engineering  works  of  James  Binns  in  Brooklyn  for  a  short  time;  but  j 
on  July  29,  1861,  when  less  than  twenty-one  years  old  he  entered  the 
United  States  naval  service  as  naval  and  marine  engineer;  and  he 
served  from  third  assistant  engineer  to  engineer-in-chief  with  the 
rank  of  rear-admiral.  His  service  during  the  Civil  war  was  chiefly 
on  the  West  India,  Brazil  and  China  stations;  and  he  reached  the 
rank  of  first  assistant  engineer,  January  30,  1865. 

His  service  as  an  explorer  of  the  Arctic  seas  began  in  1873  when 
he  was  made  chief  engineer  of  the  Tigress  sent  in  search  of  the 
wrecked  Polaris.  He  was  chief  engineer  of  the  Jeannette  which  left 
San  Francisco,  California,  July  8,  1879,  in  the  expedition  commanded 
by  Lieutenant  George  W.  DeLong,  fitted  out  by  James  Gordon  \ 
Bennett  for  polar  exploration.  When  the  Jeannette  was  crushed 
in  the  ice,  June  13,  1881,  the  officers  and  crew  were  obliged  to  take  to 
their  sledges  and  move  their  provisions  and  three  boats  to  the  open 
sea.  They  were  five  hundred  miles  from  the  delta  of  the  Lena  river, 
and  this  appeared  to  be  their  only  haven  of  safety.  They  traveled 
over  the  ice  to  what  they  named  Bennett  Island,  after  a  journey  that 
had  consumed  forty-one  days,  and  they  were  within  three  hundred 
and  fifty  miles  of  their  destination.  They  had  cut  roads,  built 
bridges  and  rafted  across  open  water  where  a  bridge  was  impossible. 
The  force  was  so  small,  decimated  as  it  was  by  sickness  and  accidents, 
that  they  could  move  but  one  sledge  at  a  time;  and  this  necessitated 
repeating  the  trip  to  and  fro  thirteen  times.  Melville  remained 
strong  and  well,  and  on  him  fell  the  burden  of  the  work.  After 
resting  at  Bennett  Island  for  nine  days,  recuperating  the  exhausted 
men,  they  started  southward  by  boat,  there  being  considerable 
water  leads  in  sight.  De  Long  commanded  one  boat  with  Doctor 
Ambler  as  his  chief  companion;  Lieutenant  Chipp  the  second,  and 
Melville  the  third,  which  was  a  whale  boat.  The  way  was  constantly 
blocked  by  floating  ice  and  progress  was  slow  as  the  boats  had  to  be 
hauled  up,  pulled  over  the  ice,  and  relaunched.  After  five  weeks  of 
this  progress,  they  reached  an  open  sea  on  September  11,  and  the 
Delta  was  but  ninety  miles  away.  They  set  all  sail  and  keeping  close 
together  forged  ahead  before  an  increasing  gale.  The  whale  boat 
being  the  better  sailer  gained  on  the  slower  crafts  and  De  Long 


GEORGE  WALLACE  MELVILLE  165 

signaled  for  Melville  to  go  ahead.  Looking  back  he  saw  Lieutenant 
Chipp's  boat  founder  and  go  down,  but  caught  no  sight  of  De  Long's 
craft.  Melville  kept  his  boat  head  to  the  wind  until  the  next  afternoon, 
but  could  get  no  sight  of  his  commander;  and  they  got  under  way  and 
after  many  privations  reached  their  haven,  the  Russian  village  of 
Geeomovialocke.  In  one  hundred  and  ten  days  with  two  hundred 
and  ninety  pounds  of  freight  per  man  they  had  retreated  over  two 
thousand  two  hundred  miles  of  ice  and  open  sea.  The  survivors 
were  feeble,  ragged  and  starving.  For  fifteen  days  Melville  was 
unable  to  stand  on  his  frozen  limbs.  The  village  could  furnish  them 
as  food  only  a  limited  quantity  of  geese  and  fish,  and  these  badly 
decayed.  It  took  five  weeks  to  get  supplies  from  Bulun,  the  nearest 
official  Russian  settlement;  and  with  the  provisions  came  a  dispatch 
from  two  of  De  Long's  seamen.  Their  boat  had  landed  September 
17,  and  these  two  men  had  been  sent  out  for  food  and  relief.  Mel- 
ville set  out  alone  for  Bulun  and  there  met  the  two  seamen  and 
calculating  the  time  and  distance  they  determined  that  the  De  Long 
party  could  not  be  rescued  alive.  Nevertheless  he  considered  it  his 
duty  to  find  the  men  dead  or  alive,  and  so  he  set  out  with  two  natives, 
two  dog-teams  and  five  days'  food  and  the  party  traveled  over  one 
thousand  miles  in  twenty-three  days  in  the  deadly  cold  of  the  Arctic 
winter  with  but  two  hours  of  daylight  in  the  twenty-four.  In  the 
face  of  mutiny  he  pressed  on  although  scarcely  able  to  move  a  limb, 
and  never  losing  control  over  the  men  almost  as  helpless  physically 
as  himself,  he  at  last  reached  the  Arctic  ocean  and  there  found  the 
instruments  and  records  left  by  De  Long  and  following  the  tracks 
made  by  the  brave  commander  in  his  retreat  inland  he  was  misled 
by  the  chart  and  lost  his  trail,  and  sick,  worn  to  a  shadow  and  dying 
of  slow  starvation,  he  returned  to  Bulun.  In  the  spring  he  led  a 
well-equipped  party  back  to  the  cache  where  he  had  found  the  rec- 
ords and  instruments  and  again  getting  on  the  trail  on  March  23, 
1882,  he  found  his  dead  shipmates.  He  discovered  a  perpendicular 
rock  facing  the  frozen  polar  sea  in  the  foot  hills  miles  from  where  the 
bodies  were  found;  and  on  its  summit  Melville  built  a  tomb  of  heavy 
timber  capped  with  a  massive  cross,  then  turning  tenderly  the  dead 
faces  "toward  the  East  and  the  rising  sun,"  as  he  writes,  "ift  sight 
of  the  spot  where  they  fell,  the  scene  of  their  suffering  and  heroic 
endeavor  where  the  everlasting  snows  will  be  their  winding  sheet  and 
the  fierce  polar  blasts  will  wail  their  wild  dirge  through  all  time — 


166  GEORGE  WALLACE  MELVILLE 

there  we  buried  them;  and  surely  heroes  never  found  a  fitter  resting 
place." 

Melville  had  been  the  singer  of  the  Jeannette;  and  now,  physi- 
cally worn,  brain  weary,  and  heart  sick,  he  leaned  his  head  upon  the 
tomb,  and  half  unconsciously  and  yet  with  noble  pathos  there  came 
from  him  his  last  song  of  the  dead,  three  stanzas  of  Wolfe's  monody 
on  "The  Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore."  Before  leaving  for  home,  the 
faithful  companion  and  friend  outlined  the  entire  coast  of  the  Delta 
and  entered  the  mouths  of  all  its  streams  in  his  last  search  for  the 
remains  of  the  party  in  command  of  Lieutenant  Chipp,  whose  boat 
he  saw  go  down,  vainly  hoping  to  be  able  to  give  Christian  burial  to 
their  bodies  cast  upon  the  shore. 

He  received  tardy  promotion  in  the  United  States  navy  by  special 
act  of  the  fifty-first  Congress,  September,  1890,  by  being  advanced 
fifteen  numbers,  and  he  was  given  a  gold  medal,  eight  years  after 
the  promotion  was  earned.  He  reached  home  September  13,  1882, 
just  one  year  after  the  parting  of  the  boats  in  the  gale. 

He  volunteered  as  chief  engineer  of  the  Thetis,  flagship  of  the 
Greely  relief  expedition  under  Commander  W.  S.  Schley,  United 
States  navy;  and  on  June  23,  1884,  the  remnant  of  the  Greely  party 
were  rescued  at  the  verge  of  death.  The  navy  department  had  by 
letter  dated  September  14,  1883,  received  an  offer  from  Melville,  that 
if  they  would  land  him  at  Cape  York,  he  would  lead  a  party  to  Little- 
ton Island  to  communicate  with  Greely,  and  if  the  party  were  suffi- 
ciently strong  (as  they  were  at  that  time)  to  lead  them  back  to 
the  base  of  supplies  at  Cape  York;  but  the  naval  board  rejected  the 
proposal  as  impractical.  This  closed  his  service  afloat  in  the  United 
States  navy. 

He  was  made  chief  of  the  bureau  of  steam  engineering  with  the 
relative  rank  of  commodore,  August  8,  1887,  and  was  advanced  to 
engineer-in-chief  of  the  navy,  January  16,  1888,  being  given  the  rank 
of  captain,  March  3,  1899,  his  position  as  engineer-in-chief  giving  him 
the  relative  rank  of  rear-admiral  while  holding  the  office,  and  his 
term  of  service  expired  by  age  limit,  January  10,  1903.  He  was 
retired  with  the  rank  of  rear-admiral  senior  grade.  He  was  honored 
on  his  return  from  the  Delta  by  the  Czar  and  Czarina  of  Russia  who 
gave  him  a  private  audience  at  the  palace  of  Peterhoff;  the  mayor 
and  common  council  gave  him  the  freedom  of  the  City  of  New  York, 
and  a  public  reception  was  tendered  him  in  the  Governor's  room  of 


GEORGE  WALLACE  MELVILLE  167 

the  City  Hall  and  a  public  dinner  at  Delmonico's.  The  city  of 
Philadelphia  gave  him  a  public  reception,  and  the  city  of  Washington 
a  military  escort  and  a  public  reception.  He  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  National  Geographic  Society  of  the  United  States;  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Royal  Swedish  Society  of  Anthropology  and  Geog- 
raphy, and  a  member  of  the  Geographic  Society  of  Philadelphia. 
The  Institution  of  Naval  Architects  of  Great  Britain  made  him  an 
honorary  member — a  rare  distinction — and  in  1896  Stevens  Institute 
of  Technology  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Engineering. 
He  became  a  comrade  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  a  member 
of  the  Naval  Order  of  the  United  States,  and  a  companion  of  the 
Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United  States;  and  the 
Pennsylvania  Commandery  of  that  order  caused  a  bust  in  bronze  to 
be  placed  in  the  War  Museum  at  Philadelphia,  and  a  replica  of  this 
bust  was  presented  to  grammar  school  No.  3  of  New  York  city  in 
which  forty  years  before  he  was  a  pupil.  He  was  given  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  by  Georgetown  university,  that  of  Master  of  Science 
by  Columbia  university,  New  York,  in  1899,  and  that  of  Sc.D.  by  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1901.  He  was  also  made  an  honorary 
member  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers  and  of  the  Frank- 
lin Institute  of  Philadelphia,  and  he  closed  his  term  as  president  of 
the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers  in  1899.  He  also 
served  as  vice-president  of  the  Society  of  Naval  Architects  and  En- 
gineers of  the  United  States. 

He  invented  a  torpedo  and  he  designed  the  triple  screw  used  in 
the  Columbia  and  Minneapolis.  In  1899-1901  he  caused  to  be  set 
adrift  from  the  United  States  revenue  cutter  Bear  in  the  Arctic 
ocean  a  number  of  casks  marked  in  five  languages  hoping  to  deter- 
mine the  direction  of  the  polar  currents.  One  of  these  casks  placed 
on  ice-drift  at  Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  latitude  71°  53'  north  and 
longitude  164°  50'  west,  September  13,  1899,  drifted  over  4,000 
miles,  probably  passing  very  near  the  north  pole,  and  was  recovered 
on  [the  northeast  coast  of  Iceland,  June  7, 1905.  He  is  the  author  of: 
"In  the  Lena  Delta,"  a  story  of  the  voyage  of  the  Jeannette  to  the 
Arctic  ocean  (1885) ,  and  of  over  one  hundred  pamphlets  and  speeches. 

Rear- Admiral  Melville  was  married,  December  15,  1864,  to 
Henrietta  B.  Waldron.  At  her  death  she  left  four  children,  two  of 
whom  are  living  in  1906.  He  never  identified  himself  with  any  polit- 
ical party  or  with   any  religious  denomination,  ethical   society,  or 


168  GEORGE  WALLACE  MELVILLE 

philosophical  movement.  The  books  most  helpful  to  him  in  his  life 
work  were  those  upon  mathematics,  physics  and  political  economy. 
He  adopted  the  profession  of  engineer  from  personal  preference  and 
love  of  work;  and  a  "desire  to  win"  prompted  him  to  strive  for 
excellence  in  his  profession.  His  home  life,  the  precepts  and  example 
of  his  father  and  mother  and  the  frugal  and  careful  life  that  is 
characteristic  of  the  Scotch,  impelled  him  to  such  success  in  life  as  he 
has  won.  His  "only  regret  is  that  life  is  so  short — there  being  so 
much  hard  work  to  do  and  so  little  done."  To  young  men  he  would 
say:  "  Be  studious,  frugal,  limit  all  wants  to  necessities,  work,  work, 
work !  Do  not  marry  young — that  to  my  mind  was  my  only  mistake 
in  life." 


CLINTON  HART  MERRIAM 

MERRIAM,  CLINTON  HART,  chief  of  the  United  States 
Biological  Survey  since  1885,  author,  authority  on  ornith- 
ology, mammalogy  and  the  geographic  distribution  of 
animals  and  plants  in  North  America,  with  an  especial  line  of  research 
on  the  subject  of  Indian  basketry,  is  a  scientist  whose  native  bent 
was  strong.  He  says  of  himself,  "  I  always  wanted  and  meant  to  be  a 
naturalist,  and  my  parents  helped  me  in  every  way."  His  especial 
taste  and  desire  in  childhood  and  youth  was  in  the  direction  of 
natural  history,  and  his  career  is  an  instance  of  what  a  man  can  accom- 
plish by  following  the  strong  inclination  of  his  temperament,  when 
he  devotes  himself  to  thorough  study  and  investigation,  and  of 
how  largely  he  can  add  to  the  stores  of  scientific  knowledge  in  his 
chosen  department  by  individual  insight  and  industry. 

He  was  born,  December  5,  1855,  in  New  York  city.  His  father, 
a  man  of  integrity  and  industry,  was  a  banker  and  commission 
broker,  and  later  in  life  retired  from  business.  He  was  a  member  of 
congress  for  a  time.  Of  his  mother,  whose  maiden  name  was  Caro- 
line Hart,  Mr.  Merriam  says:  "My  mother  was  an  exceptionally 
superior  woman,  and  her  influence  had  much  to  do  in  shaping  my 
early  life."  Strong  and  healthy  as  a  boy,  he  lived  at  his  father's 
home  at  Locust  Grove,  Lewis  county,  in  Northern  New  York,  near 
the  Adirondacks.  Here  he  did  all  kinds  of  farm  work.  It  was  the 
wish  of  his  parents  that  he  have  a  college  education  and  accordingly 
he  went  to  Easthampton,  Massachusetts,  there  to  prepare  for  the, 
Sheffield  scientific  school  of  Yale  college.  At  the  Sheffield  he  special- 
ized in  zoology.  He  studied  medicine  at  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  in  New  York,  graduating  in  1879.  At  once  he  took  up 
the  practice  of  medicine  and  surgery  at  Locust  Grove,  New  York, 
and  was  so  engaged  until  1885.  Previously  to  these  years  he  had 
accompanied  Hayden's  Survey  as  naturalist  in  1872,  and  had  been 
assistant  on  the  United  States  Fish  Commission  in  1875.  In  1885 
he  became  chief  of  the  division  of  Ornithology  and  Mammalogy  (now 


170  CLINTON    HART   MERRIAM 

the  United  States  Biological  Survey),  which  position  he  held  in 
1905. 

As  surgeon  of  the  steamship  Proteus,  he  sailed  from  Newfound- 
land to  the  Arctic  seal  fisheries,  1883.  In  1891  he  was  appointed  by- 
President  Harrison  on  the  Bering  Sea  Commission  and  visited 
Alaska  to  investigate  the  condition  of  the  fur  seal  fishery  on  the 
Pribilof  Islands.  In  1889  he  made  a  biological  survey  of  the  San 
Francisco  mountain  region  and  painted  desert  of  Arizona,  and  he  has 
from  time  to  time  made  exploring  expeditions  in  the  far  West.  He 
went  to  Alaska  in  1899,  as  secretary  of  the  Harriman  Alaska  expe- 
dition. 

He  has  described  about  five  hundred  new  species  of  North 
American  mammals,  and  has  written  several  hundred  papers  on 
biologic  subjects.  He  says  of  his  medical  career  that  it  might  almost 
be  called  an  accident,  as  the  real  endeavor  of  his  life,  its  definite  aim, 
has  been  fixed  on  themes  of  a  biological  nature.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Republican  party.  Huxley,  Darwin  and  Wallace  have  formed 
his  favorite  reading.  He  says  that  school  and  its  companionships 
were  comparatively  trivial  in  their  influence  over  him.  His  father, 
his  mother,  and  Professor  Spencer  F.  Baird  have  been  the  personali- 
ties most  deeply  affecting  his  character. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Ornithologists'  Union;  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Sciences;  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
and  of  the  Zoological  Society  of  London,  England.  He  is  the 
author  of  "The  Birds  of  Connecticut"  (1877);  "Mammals  of  the 
Adirondacks"  (1882-84);  "Results  of  a  Biological  Survey  of  San 
Francisco  Mountain  Region  and  Desert  of  Little  Colorado  in  Arizona  " 
(1890);  "Biological  Reconnoissance  of  Idaho"  (1891);  "Geographic 
Distribution  of  Life  in  North  America"  (1892);  "Trees,  Shrubs, 
Cactuses  and  Yuccas  of  the  Death  Valley  Expedition"  (1893); 
"Laws  of  Temperature — Control  of  the  Geographic  Distribution  of 
Terrestrial  Animals  and  Plants"  (1894);  "Monographic  Revision  of 
the  Pocket  Gophers"  (Geomyrdse)  (1895);  "Biological  Survey  of 
Mount  Shasta,  California"  (1899);  and  "Life  Zones  and  Crop  Zones 
of  the  United  States"  (1898). 

He  was  married  October  15,  1886,  to  Virginia  Elizabeth  Gosnel. 
Their  two  children  are  living  in  1906. 


GEORGE  PERKINS  MERRILL 

MERRILL,  GEORGE  PERKINS,  Ph.D.,  geologist  and 
mineralogist,  was  born  in  Auburn,  Maine,  May  31,  1854. 
His  parents  were  Lucius  and  Anne  E.  (Jones)  Merrill. 
His  father  was  a  carpenter  and  builder  and  noted  for  his  simple 
tastes,  upright  character,  and  unswerving  devotion  to  duty. 

The  early  life  of  Doctor  Merrill  was  passed  in  a  manufacturing 
town  with  the  exception  of  the  summer  season  which  was  usually 
spent  in  the  country.  As  a  boy  he  had  good  health.  His  tastes 
were  for  fishing,  gunning,  and  the  collection  of  natural  history 
specimens;  but  his  time  for  such  recreations  was  limited  by  the 
necessity  of  contributing  to  the  support  of  the  family.  His  tasks 
involved  manual  labor  of  various  kinds;  and  as  he  was  obliged  to 
depend  entirely  upon  his  own  earnings  for  the  means  to  pursue  his 
studies,  he  had  serious  difficulties  in  obtaining  an  education.  After 
studying  in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  place,  he  entered  the 
University  of  Maine  from  which  institution  he  was  graduated  in  1879. 
He  took  post-graduate  courses  of  study  at  Wesleyan  university, 
Connecticut,  and  at  Johns  Hopkins  university.  In  1880  he  was 
appointed  an  assistant  in  the  fisheries  division  of  the  United  States 
census;  in  the  following  year  he  became  connected  with  the  National 
Museum  at  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia,  and  in  1897  was  advanced  to  his  present  position  of  head 
curator  of  its  geological  department.  Since  1893  he  has  been  pro- 
fessor of  geology  and  mineralogy  in  the  Corcoran  scientific  school  of 
Columbian  (now  George  Washington)  university. 

In  1883  Doctor  Merrill  was  married  to  Sarah  P.  Farrington,  who 
died  in  1894.  In  1900  he  married  Katherine  L.  Yancey.  Of  his 
five  children  all  are  now  living.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Geological 
Society  of  America,  of  the  Geological  Society  of  Washington,  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  and  of  the  Cosmos  club  of 
Washington,  and  a  corresponding  member  of  the  American  Institute 
of  Architects.  He  has  received  the  degrees  of  M.S.,  and  Ph.D.  His 
books  are,  "Stones  for  Building  and  Decoration";  "Rocks,  Rock- 


172  GEORGE    PERKINS    MERRILL 

Weathering  and  Soils";  and  "The  Non-Metallic  Minerals"  (published 
1904).  He  has  no  political  connections  but  his  sympathies  at 
present  are  with  the  Republican  party.  He  finds  his  principal  relaxa- 
tion in  fishing.  His  choice  of  a  profession  was  determined  in  part 
by  his  own  inclination,  but  circumstances  which  were  beyond  his 
control  also  exerted  a  marked  influence.  Efforts  that  were  necessary 
to  overcome  unfavorable  conditions  in  his  childhood  and  youth, 
made  "  the  struggle  for  success  in  mature  years  almost  second  nature." 
The  relative  strength  of  determining  influences  upon  his  success  in 
life  he  estimates  in  the  following  order:  Contact  with  men  in  active 
life;  private  study;  home;  school,  and  early  companionships.  The 
influence  of  his  mother  was  strong  and  beneficent. 

To  the  young  he  says:  "Persistent  hard  work,  sound  morals, 
judicious  reading,  and  independent  thought  and  action"  are  among 
the  most  efficient  means  for  the  attainment  of  true  success  in  life. 


WESLEY  MERRITT 

MERRITT,  WESLEY,  soldier,  brought  up  on  a  farm,  edu- 
cated at  McKendree  college  and  at  the  United  States 
military  academy,  entered  the  dragoons  at  twenty-four, 
reached  the  rank  of  captain  of  cavalry  at  twenty-six,  was  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers  at  twenty-seven,  major-general  of  volunteers 
at  twenty-eight,  brigadier-general  United  States  army  at  fifty-one, 
major-general  United  States  army  at  fifty-nine,  and  was  retired  by 
operation  of  law  at  sixty-four.  He  was  born  in  New  York  city, 
June  16,  1836,  where  his  father,  John  Willis  Merritt,  was  a  lawyer. 
His  father  removed  to  Illinois  in  1840  and  engaged  in  farming.  His 
mother,  Julia  Ann  DeForest,  was  a  woman  of  fine  character,  the 
mother  of  a  family  of  ten  children,  seven  boys  and  three  girls,  nine 
of  whom  grew  to  maturity.  His  earliest  paternal  ancestor  in  America 
was  an  early  settler  in  New  Amsterdam,  (New  York)  1620.  Wesley 
worked  on  his  father's  farm  as  a  boy  and  for  two  years  after  he  was 
able  to  do  a  man's  work.  He  attended  the  Belleville  school  and 
McKendree  college,  Lebanon,  Illinois;  was  appointed  a  cadet  at 
West  Point  in  1855,  and  was  graduated  in  1860.  He  was  assigned 
to  the  2d  United  States  dragoons;  was  promoted  second  lieutenant, 
January  28,  1861;  first  lieutenant,  May  13,  1861;  his  regiment  became 
the  2d  United  States  cavalry,  August  3,  1861;  and  he  was  appointed 
adjutant  of  the  regiment  while  in  Utah  and  when  ordered  to  Wash- 
ington, District  of  Columbia,  served  as  adjutant,  1861-62.  He  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  captain  United  States  army,  April  5,  1862; 
was  aide-de-camp  to  Philip  St.  George  Cooke,  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
1862-63,  and  to  General  George  Stoneman,  1863;  was  appointed 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  June  29, 1863;  commanded  the  reserve 
brigade,  1st  division,  Pleasanton's  cavalry  corps,  in  the  battle  of 
Gettysburg,  and  was  brevetted  major,  United  States  army,  July  1, 
1863,  for  gallant  and  meritorious  services  at  Gettysburg,  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  commanded  the  reserve  brigade,  Torbert's  division, 
Sheridan's  cavalry  corps  at  Cold  Harbor,  and  in  the  other  engage- 
ments of  Sheridan  in  Virginia,  1863-64,  including  the  Richmond 


174  WESLEY   MERRITT 

raid  and  the  Trevilian  raid.  He  was  bre vetted  lieutenant-colonel, 
United  States  army,  May  11,  1864,  for  gallant  and  meritorious  con- 
duct in  the  battle  of  Yellow  Tavern,  Virginia,  and  colonel,  United 
States  army,  May  26,  1864,  for  Hawes  Shop,  Virginia.  He  com- 
manded the  1st  division,  Torbert's  cavalry,  Army  of  the  Shenandoah, 
at  Winchester,  September  19,  1864,  at  Fisher's  Hill,  September  22, 
1864,  and  at  Cedar  Creek,  Virginia,  October  16,  1864,  and  was  bre- 
vetted  major-general,  United  States  volunteers,  October  19,  1864, 
for  Winchester  and  Fisher's  Hill,  Virginia. 

He  commanded  the  Army  of  the  Shenandoah  in  the  Appomattox 
campaign  and  was  prominent  in  the  battle  of  Five  Forks,  Virginia, 
April  1, 1865,  where  he  "  led  his  cavalry  in  a  final  dash  over  the  breast- 
works with  a  hurrah,  captured  a  battery  of  artillery  and  scattered 
everything  in  front  of  him."  At  Sailors  Creek,  he  flanked  the 
extreme  right  of  the  enemy's  position;  and  when  the  Federal  centre 
was  broken  and  forced  to  fall  back,  he  attacked  the  left  wing  of  the 
Confederates  now  pressing  forward  confident  of  victory,  and  in  a 
gallant  charge  Merritt  overthrew  all  in  front  of  him  on  the  right  and 
rear  and  although  the  Confederate  officers  gallantly  struggled  to  avert 
disaster  and  bravely  tried  to  form  lines  to  the  right  and  left  to  repel 
the  flank  attack,  it  was  too  late,  and  they  were  obliged  to  throw  down 
their  arms  and  become  captives.  He  was  present  at  the  surrender 
of  General  Lee  at  Appomattox  Court  House.  For  his  last  services 
in  the  Civil  war  he  was  bre  vetted  brigadier-general,  United  States 
army,  for  Five  Forks,  Virginia;  major-general,  United  States  army, 
for  services  during  the  campaign  ending  with  the  surrender  of  the 
Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  and  was  commissioned  major-general 
of  volunteers,  April  1,  1865,  "for  gallant  services." 

After  the  close  of  the  war  he  served  with  the  military  division 
of  the  Southwest  as  chief  of  cavalry,  June-July,  1865;  in  command 
of  the  cavalry  in  the  Department  of  Texas,  July-November,  1865; 
and  in  the  military  division  of  the  Gulf,  November,  1865,  to  February, 
1866.  He  was  mustered  out  of  the  volunteer  service,  February  6, 
1866;  was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel,  United  States  army,  and 
assigned  to  the  9th  United  States  cavalry,  July  28,  1866;  was  on 
frontier  duty  in  Texas,  Dakota  and  Wyoming,  1866-82,  meantime 
serving  as  inspector  of  cavalry,  Division  of  the  Missouri,  1875-76. 
He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  colonel,  United  States  army,  and 
transferred  to  the  5th  United  States  cavalry,  July  1,  1876.     He  was 


WESLEY    MERRITT  175 

superintendent  of  the  United  States  military  academy,   1882-87 
was  promoted  brigadier-general,  United  States  army,  April  16,  1887 
commanded  the  Department  of  the  Missouri,  1887-91,  and  1895-97 
commanded  the  Department  of  Dakota,   1891-95;  was  promoted 
major-general,  United  States  army,  April  25,  1895,  and  commanded 
the  Department  of  the  East  with  headquarters  at  Governors  Island, 
New  York,  1897-98. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Spanish-American  war  he  assisted  in 
preparations  for  defense  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  he  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  United  States  forces  in  the  Philippines  as 
military  governor  in  May,  1898.  When  the  armies  of  Spain  surren- 
dered, he  was  summoned  to  Paris  to  assist  the  American  Peace  Com- 
missioners assembled  there  October,  1898.  He  was  retired  by  age 
limit,  June  16,  1900.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Union  and  New 
York  clubs,  New  York  city,  and  of  the  Metropolitan,  Chevy  Chase 
and  Country  clubs,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia.  He  never 
voted.  He  was  married  in  1900  to  Laura,  daughter  of  Norman  and 
Caroline  (Caton)  Williams  of  Chicago.  His  parents  were  Methodists 
and  he  became  a  member  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church.  He 
finds  amusement  and  relaxation  in  farming,  and  in  playing  bridge 
whist  and  golf.  His  message  to  American  youth  who  wish  to 
succeed  is  "  to  do  one's  duty  all  the  time."  He  is  the  author  of 
"Sheridan  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley/'  in  Battles  and  Leaders  of  the 
Civil  War,  vol.  iv,  pp.  500,  521. 


NELSON  APPLETON  MILES 

MILES,  NELSON  APPLETON,  son  of  a  Massachusetts 
farmer;  merchant's  clerk;  soldier  in  the  United  States 
volunteer  army,  1861-65,  from  lieutenant  to  major- 
general  of  volunteers,  and  in  the  United  States  regular  army,  1865- 
1903,  from  colonel  to  lieutenant-general;  was  born  in  Westminster, 
Worcester  county,  Massachusetts,  August  8,  1839.  His  father, 
Daniel  Miles,  was  a  farmer  and  lumber  merchant,  selectman  of  the 
town  of  Westminster,  an  earnest,  patriotic  citizen  and  a  conscientious 
man  of  high  character  and  marked  integrity.  His  mother,  Mary 
(Curtis)  Miles,  was  a  daughter  of  Francis  and  Lidia  Curtis,  descendant 
of  William  Curtis  who  arrived  on  the  ship  Lion,  September  16,  1632, 
and  settled  in  Roxbury,  Massachusetts.  His  grandfather,  Joab 
Miles,  was  the  grandson  of  the  Reverend  Samuel  Miles  (1664-1728) 
rector  of  King's  Chapel,  Boston,  whose  father,  the  Reverend  John 
Miles,  a  Baptist  minister,  came  from  Swansea,  Wales,  to  the  Plymouth 
colony  in  1663,  landed  at  Weymouth,  settled  at  Rehoboth,  Massa- 
chusetts, where  he  was  pastor,  married  Ann  Humfrey,  was  a  soldier 
in  the  King  Philip  war,  established  the  first  Latin  and  grammar 
school  in  Boston,  and  died  February  3,  1683. 

Nelson  Appleton  Miles  was  brought  up  on  his  father's  farm, 
worked  in  the  fields  and  forests  in  the  summer  and  attended  the 
district  school  in  the  winter  months.  He  was  fond  of  out-of-door 
sports  and  had  a  special  interest  in  nature  and  animal  life. 

He  attended  the  Westminster  academy  for  a  short  time  and  when 
sixteen  years  old  went  to  Boston  to  take  a  place  in  the  china  and 
crockery  store  of  John  Collamore  &  Company.  There  he  attended 
a  night  school,  and  a  military  school  conducted  by  Colonel  M.  Salig- 
nac,  where  he  acquired  his  first  knowledge  of  military  tactics.  He 
also  attended  Comer's  commercial  college.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  war  in  1861,  he  recruited  a  company  of  volunteers  which  was 
assigned  to  the  22d  Massachusetts  regiment,  commanded  by  Colonel 
Henry  Wilson;  and  when  the  regiment  was  mustered  into  service, 
September  9,  1861,  young  Miles  was  mustered  in  as  captain.     He 


NELSON    APPLETON    MILES  177 

soon  after  accepted  a  position  on  the  staff  of  General  Silas  Casey  who 
was  engaged  in  organizing  troops  in  Washington,  District  of  Colum- 
bia. On  November  9,  1861,  he  was  assigned  to  the  staff  of  General 
Oliver  0.  Howard  and  served  that  officer,  who  commanded  the  first 
brigade  in  Richardson's  division,  Sumner's  corps,  at  Seven  Points 
(Fair  Oaks),  May  31-June  1,  1862.  In  this  engagement  General 
Howard,  finding  the  81st  Pennsylvania  volunteers  in  pressing  need 
of  reinforcement,  ordered  Captain  Miles  to  lead  a  detachment  to 
his  support,  under  a  heavy  fire  from  the  Confederates.  Colonel 
Barlow,  61st  New  York  volunteers,  in  his  report  mentioned  the 
exploit  of  Captain  Miles  in  the  engagement,  and  this  resulted  in  his 
promotion  to  lieutenant-colonel  of  61st  New  York  volunteers  in  place 
of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Massett,  killed  in  action,  and  to  an  assignment 
to  Colonel  Barlow's  regiment,  his  commission  to  date  from  May  31st, 
1862.  The  61st  New  York  was  with  the  64th  New  York  commanded 
by  Colonel  Barlow  in  Caldwell's  brigade,  in  the  Maryland  campaign, 
and  when  Colonel  Barlow  was  wounded  at  Antietam  the  command 
of  both  regiments  devolved  on  Lieutenant-Colonel  Miles  and  the 
desperate  fighting  of  the  brigade  is  shown  in  the  official  report 
of  forty-four  killed  and  two  hundred  and  sixty-eight  wounded  in  that 
engagement.  He  succeeded  to  the  command  of  the  61st  New  York 
on  the  promotion  of  Colonel  Barlow  to  be  brigadier-general,  his 
commission  as  colonel  dating  from  September  30,  1862.  At  Fred- 
ericksburg and  Chancellorsville  he  commanded  the  consolidated  61st 
and  64th  New  York  regiments  in  Caldwell's  brigade,  Hancock's 
division,  Couch's  corps,  Sumner's  grand  division,  and  was  slightly 
wounded  at  Fredericksburg,  where  the  brigade  loss  was  one  hundred 
and  eight  killed,  seven  hundred  and  twenty-nine  wounded  and  one 
hundred  and  fifteen  missing.  At  Chancellorsville,  May  31,  1863, 
he  was  shot  from  his  horse  and  the  wound  was  pronounced  fatal; 
he  was  sent  to  his  home  where  he  was  carefully  nursed  but  did  not 
recover  until  after  the  battle  of  Gettysburg  had  been  fought.  When 
he  returned  to  the  army,  he  was  still  on  crutches.  He  was  promoted 
brigadier-general  May  12,  1864;  and  in  the  Union  army  as  organized 
by  General  Grant  for  his  campaign  against  Richmond,  he  was  placed 
in  command  of  the  first  brigade,  Barlow's  division,  Hancock's  corps, 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  under  Meade,  his  old  regiment  being  in  his 
brigade.  He  fought  under  General  Grant  from  the  Wilderness  to  the 
surrender  of  Lee.     In  the  Petersburg  campaign  he  commanded  the 


178  NELSON   APPLETON    MILES 

first  division,  Humphrey's  second  corps;  and  at  Reams  Station  he 
repulsed  two  direct  attacks  of  a  large  Confederate  force  directed 
against  his  division.  He  was  wounded,  for  the  fourth  time,  in  the 
attack  on  Petersburg.  He  reinforced  Warren  at  Five  Forks;  and  in 
February,  1865,  when  but  twenty-five  years  old,  he  was  temporarily 
in  command  of  the  2d  army  corps  of  twenty-six  thousand  men. 
He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major-general  of  volunteers  October 
21,  1865,  and  was  honorably  mustered  out  of  the  volunteer  service 
September  1,  1866.  His  brevets  were  as  follows:  major-general  of 
volunteers,  August  25, 1864  for  "  highly  meritorious  and  distinguished 
conduct  throughout  the  campaign  and  particularly  for  gallantry  and 
valuable  services  in  the  battle  of  Reams  Station,  Virginia";  briga- 
dier-general in  the  regular  service  March  2,  1867,  for  Chancellorsville, 
and  major-general  for  Spottsylvania.  He  received  a  medal  of  honor 
as  provided  under  act  of  congress  approved  March  3,  1863,  "for  dis- 
tinguished gallantry  in  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville,  Virginia,  May 
3,  1863,  while  holding  with  his  command  a  line  of  abattis  and  rifle 
pits  against  a  strong  force  of  the  enemy  until  severely  wounded; 
while  colonel  of  the  61st  New  York  volunteers,  commanding  a  line  of 
skirmishers  in  front  of  the  first  division,  second  army  corps." 

On  July  28,  1866,  he  was  commissioned  colonel,  United  States 
army,  and  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  40th  United  States  infan- 
try, and  he  accepted  the  assignment  September  6,  1866.  His  chief 
service  was  against  the  Indians  on  the  frontier.  In  conducting  his 
campaigns  wherever  possible  he  avoided  presenting  large  bodies  of 
troops  to  view  and  made  such  disposition  of  his  troops  as  to  enable 
him  to  destroy  or  capture  the  foe.  He  was  transferred  to  the  5th 
United  States  infantry  March  15,  1869,  and  promoted  brigadier- 
general,  United  States  army,  December  15,  1880,  and  major-general 
United  States  army,  April  5,  1890.  His  achievements  in  Indian 
fighting  were:  The  defeat  of  the  Cheyenne,  Kiowa  and  Comanche 
tribes  on  the  borders  of  the  Staked  Plains,  Texas,  in  1875;  the  sub- 
jugation of  the  Sioux  and  Nez  Perces  tribes  in  Montana  in  1876;  a 
successful  campaign  against  the  Apaches  in  which  their  chiefs 
Geronimo  and  Natchez  were  compelled  to  surrender  in  1888.  With 
Sitting  Bull  driven  from  the  United  States,  with  Chief  Joseph  and 
the  Nez  Perces  in  captivity  and  Geronimo  and  Natchez  safe  from 
doing  further  harm,  the  settlers  of  Kansas,  Montana,  North  Dakota, 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona  acknowledged  their  indebtedness  to  General 


NELSON   APPLETON    MILES  179 

Miles,  their  several  legislatures  passing  unanimous  votes  of  thanks 
for  his  services.  His  last  campaign  against  the  Indians  was  in  South 
Dakota  in  1890-91,  after  which  time  trouble  with  warlike  Indians 
ceased. 

On  the  retirement  of  General  John  M.  Schofield,  September  29, 
1895,  General  Miles  became  commanding  general  of  the  Army  of  the 
United  States  by  virtue  of  his  seniority  in  rank.  He  commanded  the 
army  sent  to  Chicago  to  suppress  the  Chicago  rioters  in  1894,  and  in 
1897  visited  the  scenes  of  the  Greco-Turkish  war.  He  also  repre- 
sented the  United  States  at  the  jubilee  of  Queen  Victoria  the  same 
year.  In  the  Spanish-American  war  he  mobilized  the  regular  army 
of  twenty-five  thousand  men  and  formed  out  of  over  two  hundred 
thousand  volunteers  the  United  States  volunteer  army  which  in  less 
than  three  months  with  the  aid  of  the  navy  conquered  a  peace  with 
Spain,  secured  independence  for  Cuba  and  added  to  the  domain  of  the 
United  States  the  Philippine  Islands  and  Porto  Rico.  He  took 
command  of  the  United  States  army  at  Santiago,  July  11,  1898,  and 
arranged  the  terms  of  capitulation,  but  left  the  formality  of  the 
surrender  to  the  general  in  the  field.  He  directed  in  person  the 
capture  and  occupation  of  Porto  Rico.  In  conducting  the  Spanish- 
American  war  he  sought  to  protect  the  soldiers  against  the  imposition 
of  contractors  who  furnished  to  the  army  unwholesome  food,  by 
instituting  a  searching  investigation  of  the  conduct  of  the  commissary 
department,  and  thus  stopping  further  issue  of  worthless  meat.  He 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general  in  February,  1901,  in 
pursuance  of  an  act  of  congress  passed  June  6,  1900.  In  1902-03 
he  made  a  tour  of  inspection  in  the  Philippine  Islands.  He  was 
retired  August  8,  1903,  by  age  limit. 

He  was  married  June  30,  1868,  to  Mary,  daughter  of  Charles  and 
Eliza  Sherman,  and  two  children  were  born  of  this  marriage.  Mrs. 
Miles  died  August  1,  1904. 

He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Harvard  univer- 
sity in  1896  and  from  Brown  university,  Providence,  Rhode  Island, 
in  1901,  and  Wayne  college,  Pennsylvania,  1904.  He  became  a 
32d  degree  Mason,  an  honorary  member  of  the  Union  League  and 
St.  Nicholas  clubs  of  New  York  city;  the  Union  League,  Illinois, 
Athletic,  Iroquois,  and  Union  clubs  of  Chicago;  the  Pacific  Union 
club  of  San  Francisco,  California;  and  a  member  of  the  Metropolitan, 
Army  and  Navy,  and  Chevy  Chase  clubs  of  Washington,  District  of 


180  NELSON    APPLETON    MILES 

Columbia;  and  a  companion  of  the  first  class  and  vice-commander 
in  the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United  States;  a 
companion  and  department  commander  of  the  Military  Order  of  the 
Loyal  Legion  of  California.  In  politics  a  Democrat,  he  was  made 
president  of  the  Jefferson  Memorial  Association  in  1903,  and  was  fre- 
quently mentioned  in  Democratic  conventions  as  an  available  candi- 
date for  president  of  the  United  States.  He  introduced  the  practic- 
of  athletics  in  the  United  States  army.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Per- 
sonal Recollections;  or,  from  New  England  to  the  Golden  Gate" 
(1897);  "Military  Europe"  (1898);  "Observations  Abroad;  or, 
Report  of  Major-General  Nelson  A.  Miles,  Commanding  United 
States  Army,  of  his  Tour  of  Observatin  in  Europe"  (1899);  army 
reports,  and  contributions  to  magazines. 

In  January,  1905,  he  was  detailed  lieutenant-general  United 
States  army  to  represent  the  war  department  at  the  capital  of  his 
native  state,  Massachusets,  on  special  request  of  the  governor,  to 
become  his  military  adviser  with  the  general  supervison  of  the 
military  of  the  state. 


KELLY  MILLER 

MILLER,  KELLY.  Americans  believing  in  the  intrinsic 
worth  and  possible  nobility  of  every  man,  regard  with 
particular  pride  and  appreciation  those  who  in  early  life 
have  overcome  peculiar  limitations.  The  more  limited  the  outlook 
in  childhood,  the  more  creditable  to  the  man  who  attains  it  is  the 
expansion  of  view  which  comes  with  education.  We  are  gratified 
when  one  whose  natural  ability  lies  in  any  definite  direction,  discovers 
his  own  latent  power,  and  devotes  himself  to  the  development  and 
to  the  practical  use  of  that  faculty  for  the  general  good;  since  extraor- 
dinary faculties  of  mind  do  not  always  find  the  means  of  cultivation, 
or  attain  to  adequate  expression.  It  is  impossible  that  Americans 
should  not  feel  still  greater  pride  when  one  of  a  race  whose  circum- 
stances have  shut  them  out  so  largely  from  sources  of  knowledge  and 
culture,  rises  to  eminence  in  a  difficult  department  of  science,  through 
his  own  self-denying  and  strenuous  exertions.  When  the  general 
level  among  one's  own  race  and  people  is  comparatively  low  in  matters 
of  education,  it  means  much  when  an  individual  transcends  this 
restriction  and  contributes  notably  not  only  to  the  uplift  of  his  own 
race,  but  to  advanced  research  and  scholarly  investigation  in  tech- 
nical science. 

Such  a  man  is  Kelly  Miller,  lecturer,  mathematician  and  since 
1890  professor  at  Howard  university,  Washington,  District  of  Colum- 
bia. He  was  born  in  Winnsboro,  South  Carolina,  July  23, 1863,  son 
of  Kelly  and  Elizabeth  Miller.  His  father  was  an  industrious  farmer 
and  her  son  says  of  his  mother  that  she  exercised  "  a  strong  influence 
on  his  moral  nature."  His  uncle,  Isaac  Miller,  was  a  member  of  the 
South  Carolina  legislature.  Young  Kelly  worked  upon  the  farm 
with  wholesome  effect  upon  his  health;  and  while  poverty  and  poor 
school  facilities  were  drawbacks  to  his  progress,  his  perseverance 
and  the  remarkable  power  of  mind  shown  even  in  early  childhood, 
enabled  him,  when  seventeen,  to  join  the  junior  class  of  the  prepara- 
tory department  of  Howard  university  at  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia.     It  is  said  of  him  as  a  boy  that  while  his  grasp  of  nearly 


182  KELLY   MILLER 

every  subject  that  came  under  his  notice  was  unusual,  his  fondness 
for  mathematics  was  pronounced;  and  at  fourteen  he  was  easily  the 
leading  mathematician  in  his  county.  His  keen  and  accurate  meth- 
ods of  analysis,  and  the  skill  and  swiftness  of  his  computations  in 
mathematical  processes,  were  extraordinary  for  his  age.  Completing 
in  two  years  the  three  years  course  at  the  preparatory  school,  he 
was  graduated  at  the  head  of  his  class.  During  the  first  two  years  at 
Howard  university,  he  held  before  himself  the  highest  ideals  of 
scholarship  and  character.  On  the  completion  of  his  second  year  at 
college,  he  took  the  civil  service  examination,  and,  having  the  highest 
record,  was  appointed  a  clerk  in  the  pension  office.  Although  it  was 
a  temptation  to  turn  aside  entirely  from  the  hardships  of  a  self- 
supported  course  in  college,  to  an  assured  salary,  he  was  by  the  faculty 
allowed  to  continue  his  college  studies  while  he  worked  as  clerk.  He 
was  graduated  in  1886.  In  the  autumn  of  1887,  resigning  his  work 
at  the  pension  bureau,  he  entered  Johns  Hopkins  university  as  a 
student  in  mathematics  and  astronomy.  After  pursuing  these 
studies  for  two  years,  he  accepted  the  position  of  instructor  in  mathe- 
matics at  the  Washington  high  school.  But  a  higher  call  came  in 
six  months  time  to  the  mathematical  chair  in  Howard  university 
which  he  still  fills  in  1906. 

While  holding  this  professorship  successfully  and  adding  to  its 
routine  work  his  own  research  in  his  favorite  science,  he  has  given 
time  and  energy  to  subjects  which  tend  to  ameliorate  the  condition 
of  his  race.  In  his  especial  line  of  study,  he  is  the  author  of  a  treatise 
on  "Plane  and  Solid  Geometry."  His  published  articles  are  numer- 
ous and  are  educational,  sociological,  political,  and  miscellaneous 
in  character.  They  treat  largely  of  the  problems  of  race  and  color 
in  our  country.  His  interest,  devotion  and  enthusiasm  in  matters 
pertaining  to  his  race,  is  absorbing.  He  not  only  loves  his  people 
but  he  has  ability  to  study  thoroughly  and  to  write  entertainingly 
upon  questions  pertaining  to  their  progress  and  welfare.  The  titles 
alone  of  the  themes  of  which  he  writes,  give  one  an  idea  of  his  range 
of  thought  and  study,  and  of  the  mental  energy  he  has  put  into  his 
work  as  a  writer  of  occasional  articles:  "Education  of  the  Negro"; 
published  by  the  Board  of  Education.  "The  Function  of  the  Negro 
College";  "What  Knowledge  is  of  Most  Worth  to  the  Negro";  "The 
Primary  Needs  of  the  Negro  Race";  "The  City  Negro";  "The  Negro 
as  a  Political  Factor  " ;  "  Review  of  Bryce's  '  Backward  and  Advancing 


KELLY    MILLER  183 

"Races ' ";  and  very  many  other  articles.  These  papers  were  published 
in  various  magazines  and  weeklies;  and  Professor  Kelly  Miller's  clear 
thought  and  vigorous  and  admirable  English  style  make  his  articles 
welcome  contributions  to  the  leading  reviews  and  magazines. 

His  literary  taste  is  cultivated;  he  has  studied  the  English  mas- 
ters of  style  and  thought.  Among  the  books  he  has  found  most 
helpful  are,  Macaulay's  Essays,  and  Spencer's  Synthetic  Philosophy. 
As  a  relaxation  he  enjoys  gardening.  His  own  study  has  mainly 
shaped  his  career;  and  he  feels  that  "  it  is  the  divine  right  of  every  one 
to  better  his  condition."  He  is  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Political 
and  Social  Science;  of  the  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Sci- 
ence, and  is  vice-president  of  the  American  Negro  academy.  He  has 
discussed  public  policies  from  a  non-political  standpoint.  He 
advises  young  Americans  of  all  classes  to  have  "courage,  sustained 
effort,  confidence  in  self,  and  faith  in  God." 

He  married  Annie  May  Butler,  July  18,  1894.  They  have  four 
children  living  in  1906. 


ALBERT  LEOPOLD  MILLS 

MILLS,  ALBERT  LEOPOLD,  soldier  and  superintendent 
United  States  military  academy;  was  born  in  New  York 
city,  May  7,  1854.  His  parents  were  Abiel  Buckman  and 
Anne  (Warford)  Mills.  His  earliest  American  ancestors  on  the  pa- 
ternal side  settled  in  New  England.  His  mother's  family  have  had 
homes  on  Long  Island,  for  several  generations. 

After  studying  in  the  public  schools  Albert  Mills  entered  the 
United  States  military  academy,  from  which  institution  he  was 
graduated  June  12,  1879.  On  the  day  following  his  graduation  he 
received  a  commission  as  second  lieutenant  in  the  1st  United  States 
cavalry.  He  served  at  West  Point  in  the  department  of  tactics,  was 
professor  of  military  science  and  tactics  at  the  South  Carolina  military 
academy  in  1886,  and  instructor  in  the  United  States  infantry  and 
cavalry  school  at  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  1894-98.  At  various 
times,  1879-90,  he  was  engaged  in  frontier  duty,  participating  in  the 
wars  with  the  Crow  Indians,  1887,  and  the  Sioux,  1890.  He  was 
promoted  first  lieutenant,  1889,  and  served  as  adjutant,  1890-94. 

At  the  opening  of  the  war  with  Spain  he  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  captain  and  assistant  adjutant-general  of  volunteers.  He 
served  in  the  2d  brigade,  cavalry  division,  of  the  5th  army  corps 
and  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Las  Guasimas  and  Santiago  de  Cuba. 
For  brilliant  service  he  was  made  brevet  major  and  lieutenant-colonel, 
and  "  for  most  distinguished  gallantry  "  in  action  at  Santiago  de  Cuba, 
where  he  remained  on  the  field  and  encouraged  his  men  after  receiv- 
ing a  wound  which  for  the  time  entirely  deprived  him  of  sight,  he 
was  awarded  a  medal  of  honor.  He  was  appointed  superintendent 
of  the  United  States  military  academy,  August  22,  1898,  and  was 
honorably  discharged  from  the  volunteer  service  September  24  of 
the  same  year.  On  October  24,  1898,  he  was  made  captain  of  the 
6th  cavalry  in  the  regular  army;  and  on  May  7,  1904,  he  reached 
the  rank  of  brigadier-general. 

On  November  15,  1883,  General  Mills  was  married  to  Alada 
Thurston  Paddock,  daughter  of  Right  Reverend    John  Adams  Pad- 


ALBERT   LEOPOLD    MILLS  185 

dock,  D.D.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Union  League  club  of  New 
York  and  of  the  Army  and  Navy  club  of  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia. 


ANSON  MILLS 

MILLS,  ANSON,  son  of  a  farmer  of  Quaker  stock,  pupil  at  an 
academy  for  two  years,  cadet  at  the  United  States  military 
academy  less  than  two  years;  school  teacher  and  surveyor 
in  Texas;  soldier  from  first  lieutenant  United  States  army  to  briga- 
dier-general retired;  member  Mexican  boundary  commission;  inven- 
tor; was  born  on  a  farm  near  Thorntown,  Boone  county,  Indiana, 
August  31,  1834.  His  father,  James  P.  Mills  was  a  man  of  strong 
sense  of  right  and  wrong,  although  without  religious  profession  or 
conviction,  a  toiler  who  took  life  seriously  and  insisted  on  as  hard 
tasks  for  others  as  he  assumed  himself,  a  large  producer  and  small 
consumer.  His  first  known  American  ancestor  was  Amos  Mills,  a 
Quaker,  born  about  1700.  His  mother,  Sarah  (Kenworthy)  Mills 
died  when  he  was  fourteen  years  old.  She  was  like  her  husband, 
strong  and  determined,  with  possibly  more  consideration  for  the 
failure  of  her  children  when  they  did  not  fully  perform  the  hard  tasks 
set  them  to  do  in  the  house  or  on  the  farm.  After  his  mother's  death 
his  leading  motive  in  life  as  the  eldest  of  nine  children  was  to  gain  a 
competence  in  order  to  provide  for  his  motherless  brothers  and 
sisters,  so  as  to  keep  the  family  together  in  the  old  home  and  relieve 
his  father  of  accumulating  burdens.  He  had  early  been  his 
father's  helper  on  the  farm,  and  he  continued  to  help  until  he  was 
eighteen  years  old.  The  demands  of  the  large  family  and  the  require- 
ments of  the  farm  life  left  him  but  little  time  for  study,  save  the  few 
short  days  spent  at  the  district  school  in  mid-winter.  This  life  had 
its  effect  in  promoting  excellent  habits  of  industry  and  willingness  to 
serve.  He  spent  two  years  at  Charlottesville  academy;  and  in  1855 
he  was  appointed  a  cadet  at  the  United  States  military  academy. 

He  left  West  Point,  February  18,  1857,  and  went  to  Texas,  where 
he  taught  school  and  engaged  in  engineering  and  land  surveying. 
He  laid  out  the  first  plan  of  the  city  of  El  Paso  and  was  surveyor  to 
the  Texas  boundary  commission  appointed  to  determine  the  boundary 
between  that  state  and  New  Mexico  and  the  Indian  Territory,  in 
1859-60.  In  1861,  when  the  question  of  secession  was  submitted  to 
the  popular  vote  his  was  one  of  two  votes  cast  in  El  Paso  county 


ANSON    MILLS  187 

against  the  measure,  while  the  party  for  secession  polled  nine  hundred 
and  eighty-five  votes.  In  March,  1861,  he  left  Texas  and  journeyed 
to  Washington,  where  he  joined  the  "Clay  Batallion"  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  National  Capital.  On  May  14,  1861,  he  was  appointed 
first  lieutenant  in  the  18th  United  States  infantry,  on  recommendation 
of  the  class  succeeding  the  one  he  entered  at  West  Point,  and  the 
records  during  the  four  years  of  the  Civil  war,  gave  Company  H, 
first  batallion,  18th  infantry  (in  which  he  served),  as  suffering  a 
greater  loss  in  killed  and  mortally  wounded  than  any  other  company 
in  the  regiment,  while  the  loss  in  the  regiment  was  greater  than  in 
any  other  regiment  in  the  regular  army.  His  personal  record  was 
that  he  was  never  absent  on  leave  or  sickness  and  took  part  in  all  the 
engagements  of  his  regiment  which  included  Corinth,  Perry ville, 
Murfreesboro  (where  he  was  brevetted  captain,  December  31,  1862), 
Hoover's  Gap,  Chickamauga,  Chattanooga,  Missionary  Ridge, 
Tunnel  Hill,  Buzzard's  Roost,  the  Atlanta  campaign  (for  which  he 
was  brevetted  major,  September  1,  1864),  including  Resaca,  Dallas, 
New  Hope  Church,  Kenesaw  Mountain,  Peach  Tree  Creek  (where 
he  was  slightly  wounded),  and  Jonesboro.  He  also  distinguished 
himself  at  Nashville,  for  which  battle  he  was  brevetted  lieutenant- 
colonel,  December  16,  1864.  He  was  made  captain,  April  27,  1863, 
served  in  his  regiment  after  the  war,  in  Kansas,  Wyoming,  Colorado, 
and  in  South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  He  was  transferred  to  the  3d 
United  States  cavalry,  January  1,  1871.  He  commanded  the  Big 
Horn  expedition,  and  was  in  action  against  the  Indians  at  Little 
Powder  river,  Tongue  river,  Rose  Bud  river,  Montana,  command- 
ing squadron,  and  at  Slim  Buttes,  Dakota,  where  he  was  in  command. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  board  of  visitors  to  the  United  States  mili- 
tary academy,  1866,  and  military  attache  to  the  Paris  exposition, 
1878.  He  joined  the  10th  United  States  cavalry  as  major,  April  4, 
1878;  was  brevetted  colonel  February  17,  1890,  for  gallantry  at  Slim 
Buttes,  and  was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel,  March  25,  1890.  He 
joined  the  4th  United  States  cavalry,  July  13,  1890,  and  commanded 
the  regiment  at  Fort  Walla  Walla.  He  was  advanced  to  colonel 
August  16,  1892;  joined  the  3rd  United  States  cavalry  February  28, 
1893,  serving  in  Texas  and  Oklahoma;  and  was  detached  and  ap- 
pointed on  October  26,  1893,  boundary  commissioner  on  the  part  of 
the  United  States  in  the  International  Boundary  commission  of  the 
United  States  and  Mexico,  of  which  he  is  still  a  member. 


188  ANSON    MILLS 

He  was  appointed  brigadier-general,  June  16,  1897,  and  was 
retired  by  operation  of  law,  June  22,  1897.  He  invented  the  woven 
cartridge  belt  and  the  loom  for  its  manufacture,  in  1880.  This  belt 
came  into  universal  use  in  the  United  States  army  and  navy,  and  also 
in  the  British  army. 

He  was  married  October  13,  1868,  to  Hannah  Martin  Cassell; 
and  of  the  three  children  born  to  them,  one,  a  daughter,  Constance, 
the  wife  of  Captain  Winfield  S.  Overton,  United  States  army,  was 
living  in  1905. 

General  Mills  has  been  elected  a  companion  of  the  Military  Order 
of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United  States,  a  member  of  the  Order  of 
the  Indian  Wars,  of  the  Metropolitan,  Army  and  Navy,  and  Chevy 
Chase  clubs  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  and  of  the  National 
Geographic  society. 

General  Mills  suggests  as  the  elements  in  a  young  man's  life 
likely  to  lead  to  success:  "Physical,  mental  and  moral  strength; 
sufficient  poverty  in  early  manhood  to  create  incentive  and  impel 
serious  and  unremitting  exertion;  and  an  abounding  desire  to  better 
the  fortunes  of  his  kind  by  making  more  abundant  and  easier  of 
procurement  food,  shelter,  raiment  and  other  necessaries  of  life." 


[  JOHN  AUSTIN  MOON 

MOON,  JOHN  AUSTIN,  member  of  the  United  States  house 
of  representatives,  was  born  in  Albemarle  county,  Vir- 
ginia, April  22,  1855.  His  parents  were  William  Franklin 
and  Marietta  (Appling)  Moon.     His  father  was  a  merchant. 

When  he  was  two  years  of  age  his  parents  removed  to  Bristol, 
Virginia,  where  they  remained  until  1870  when  they  removed  to 
Chattanooga,  Tennessee.  His  early  life  was  passed  in  a  village. 
His  health  was  good;  his  family  circumstances  were  such  that  he  had 
no  tasks  to  perform  which  required  manual  labor;  and  there  were 
no  unusual  difficulties  to  be  overcome  by  him  in  entering  a  college 
course.  He  studied  at  an  academy  in  Virginia,  and  entered  King 
college,  Bristol,  Tennessee,  but  did  not  complete  the  course. 

He  studied  law,  and  in  March,  1874,  commenced  the  practice  of 
his  profession  in  Chattanooga.  In  1878  he  was  admitted  to  practice 
in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  Two  years  later  he  was 
an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  general  assembly.  In  1881-82 
he  was  city  attorney  of  Chattanooga,  and  in  1888  he  was  a  member  of 
the  state  Democratic  executive  committee.  In  May,  1889,  at  the 
unanimous  request  of  the  members  of  the  bar  in  that  circuit,  he  was 
commissioned  by  the  governor  a  special  circuit  judge  of  the  fourth 
judicial  district  of  Tennessee,  which  office  he  held  by  successive 
reappointments  until  January  1891,  when  he  was  appointed  the  regu- 
lar judge  for  the  same  circuit.  He  served  under  this  appointment 
until  August,  1892,  when  he  was  elected  circuit  judge  for  two  years, 
and  at  the  expiration  of  the  term  he  was  reelected  for  eight  years. 
On  the  twelfth  of  August  1896,  he  received  the  Democratic  nomina- 
tion for  representative  to  the  fifty-fifth  Congress  and  on  the  following 
day  he  was  nominated  for  the  same  office  by  the  Populists.  He  was 
successful  at  the  polls  and  by  successive  reflections  he  has  been  con- 
tinued as  a  member  of  the  house.  His  present  term  expires  in  1907. 
He  was  a  delegate  from  the  state-at-large  to  the  Democratic  national 
convention  at  Kansas  City  in  1900  and  was  a  member  of  the  platform 
and  resolutions  committee  in  that  body. 


190 


JOHN    AUSTIN    MOON 


He  was  married  to  Addie  McDowell  Deaderick,  October  8,  1884. 
They  have  had  two  children,  both  now  living.  He  has  always  been 
identified  with  the  Democratic  party.  His  own  inclination  governed 
in  the  choice  of  his  profession.  Of  his  various  lines  of  reading  he 
names  works  on  law,  history  and  the  classics,  as  the  most  helpful  in 
fitting  him  for,  and  enabling  him  to  carry  on,  his  work. 


JOHN  TYLER  MORGAN 

ORGAN,  JOHN  TYLER,  son  of  a  merchant  and  farmer  in 
Athens,  Tennessee,  and  in  Calhoun  county,  Alabama, 
acquired  a  partial  education  under  the  direction  of  his 
mother  in  Forest  Hill  academy  before  he  was  nine  years  old;  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845;  was  a  soldier  in  the  Confederate  States 
army,  1861-65,  passing  through  the  various  grades  from  private  to 
brigadier-general;  was  a  presidential  elector  in  1860;  member  of  the 
Alabama  secession  convention  of  1861;  again  a  presidential  elector, 
1876;  United  States  senator  for  Alabama  from  March  5,  1877; 
arbitrator  on  Bering  Sea  fisheries,  1892;  and  commissioner  to  organize 
a  territorial  government  in  Hawaii,  1898.  He  was  born  in  Athens, 
McMinn  county,  Tennessee,  June  20,  1824.  His  father,  George 
Morgan,  son  of  Gideon  Morgan,  merchant,  was  a  merchant  in  Athens, 
Tennessee,  and  married  Frances  Irby,  a  relative  of  Chancellor  Samuel 
Tyler  (1766-1812)  of  Virginia,  a  nephew  of  Judge  John  Tyler,  father 
of  President  Tyler.  He  removed  to  Calhoun  county,  Alabama,  in 
1833,  where  he  was  a  merchant  and  farmer,  and  there  his  son  worked 
on  the  farm  until  he  was  sixteen  years  old,  when  he  began  the  study 
of  law  in  the  office  of  his  brother-in-law,  the  Honorable  William 
Parish  Chilton,  at  Mardisville,  Talladega  county,  Alabama.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845.  He  was  married,  February  11, 
1846,  to  Miss  Cornelia  G.  Willis,  of  Talladega  county,  Alabama.  He 
practised  law  in  Talladega  county  for  ten  years  and  then  removed 
to  Dallas  county,  with  an  office  first  at  Selma  and  subsequently  at 
Cahaba.  He  was  a  presidential  elector-at-large  from  the  state  of 
Alabama  on  the  Breckinridge  and  Lane  ticket  in  1860,  and  a  delegate 
from  Dallas  county  to  the  Alabama  state  convention  which  passed 
the  ordinance  of  secession,  January  11,  1861.  He  joined  the  Cahaba 
Rifles  as  private  and  when  the  Rifles  were  assigned  to  the  5th  Ala- 
bama infantry,  Colonel  R.  E.  Rhodes,  in  April,  1861,  he  was  com- 
missioned major  of  the  regiment.  The  regiment  was  ordered  to 
Virginia,  became  part  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  under  General 
Beauregard,  and  was  present  but  not  actively  engaged  in  the  battle 


192  JOHN   TYLER   MORGAN 

of  Manassas,  July  21,  1861.  Major  Morgan  was  advanced  to  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  the  regiment.  He  was  made  colonel  in  April,  1862, 
and  returned  to  Alabama,  where  he  recruited  the  51st  Alabama 
cavalry,  which  he  liberally  aided  in  equipping.  He  reentered  the 
army  at  the  head  of  this  regiment  in  the  fall  of  1862  and  served  in 
the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  General  Braxton  Bragg,  and  was  in 
Wheeler's  cavalry  brigade  and  division  in  the  battle  of  Stones  river, 
December  31-January  3,  1862-63.  Soon  after  this  battle  he  was 
given  charge  of  a  conscription  bureau  in  Alabama;  and  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Webb  succeeded  to  the  command  of  the  51st  Alabama 
cavalry.  After  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville,  May  1-4,  1863,  he 
was  commissioned  brigadier-general  and  at  the  request  of  General 
Robert  E.  Rhodes  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  Rhodes'  brigade 
in  Hill's  division,  Jackson's  second  army  corps,  Rhodes  having 
assumed  command,  first  of  the  division  and  then  of  the  corps  after 
the  death  of  "Stonewall"  Jackson.  On  reaching  Richmond  to  take 
command  of  the  brigade,  he  learned  of  the  death  of  Colonel  Webb, 
of  the  51st  Alabama,  resigned  his  commission  and  returned  to  the 
command  of  his  old  regiment  in  the  1st  brigade,  Martin's  division, 
Wheeler's  cavalry,  and  at  the  battle  of  Chickamauga,  September 
19-20,  1863,  he  commanded  the  1st  brigade.  He  was  again  promoted 
to  brigadier-general  in  November,  1863,  and  placed  in  command  of  a 
brigade  of  Alabama  cavalry;  and  after  the  siege  of  Knoxville,  Novem- 
ber 17-December  4,  1863,  he  commanded  Martin's  division  in 
Wheeler's  cavalry  corps.  He  continued  to  serve  in  command  of  his 
brigade  in  Wheeler's  cavalry  corps  in  the  Atlanta  campaign  and  on 
detached  service  defending  the  flank  of  the  Confederate  army. 

General  Morgan  resumed  the  practice  of  law  in  Selma,  Alabama, 
in  1865;  was  a  presidential  elector  on  the  Tilden  and  Hendricks 
ticket  in  1876,  and  the  same  year  was  elected  United  States  senator 
from  Alabama  to  succeed  Senator  George  Goldwaite,  and  took  his 
seat  March  5,  1877.  He  has  been  reelected  continuously,  his  election 
in  1900  to  his  fifth  term  carrying  his  senatorial  service  to  March  3, 
1907.  In  the  United  States  senate  he  was  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittee on  Foreign  Relations,  and  chairman  in  two  congresses;  of 
the  committee  on  Public  Lands,  a  member  in  nine  congresses;  of 
the  committee  on  Indian  Affairs,  a  member  in  ten  congresses;  on 
Claims  Against  Nicaragua,  chairman  in  six  congresses;  on  Pacific 
Railroads,  a  member  in  eight  congresses;  on  Forest  Reservations,  a 


JOHN    TYLER    MORGAN  193 

member  in  five  congresses;  on  Fisheries,  a  member  in  two  congresses; 
on  Inter-Oceanic  Canals,  chairman  in  three  congresses;  and  on  Coast 
and  Insular  Survey,  a  member  in  three  congresses.  He  was  appointed 
by  President  Harrison  an  arbitrator  on  the  Bering  Sea  fisheries  con- 
tention in  1892,  and  was  named  by  President  McKinley,  after  the 
passage  of  the  Hawaiian  annexation  bill,  a  commissioner  with  Shelby 
M.  Cullom,  Robert  R.  Hitt,  Sanford  B.  Dole,  and  Walter  F.  Frear,  to 
organize  a  territorial  government  in  the  new  possession,  the  com- 
mission reporting  to  congress  early  in  1899,  and  the  territorial 
government  as  recommended  becoming  operative  soon  after. 

He  was  a  worker  in  politics  from  youth  and  an  acceptable 
political  orator  in  the  successive  presidential  campaigns.  When  he 
came  to  the  United  States  senate  his  leadership  asserted  itself,  and 
the  Democratic  party  looked  to  him  as  a  champion  of  its  party  issues. 
He  was  prominent  in  the  committee  on  Foreign  Relations,  maintain- 
ing the  Democratic  contention  as  voiced  in  the  Monroe  Doctrine, 
and  he  was  a  vigorous  and  persistent  champion  of  the  interocean 
canal  across  the  isthmus  by  the  Nicaragua  route,  and  fought  the 
advocates  of  the  Panama  route  until  overpowered  by  numbers,  aided 
by  an  approving  administration.  Senator  Morgan  inherited  from 
his  father  his  characteristics  of  honesty,  industry,  piety,  integrity  and 
cheerfulness.  His  mother  was  his  mentor,  instructor  and  guide  in 
all  things,  her  first  lessons  affecting  his  intellectual,  moral  and 
spiritual  life.  He  was  lame  from  his  birth,  and  his  physical  strength 
was  impaired  by  sickness  in  early  childhood.  In  his  country  home  he 
studied  nature,  cultivated  his  intellect  through  reading  good  literature 
under  direction  of  his  mother,  and  became  fond  of  music  and  art.  He 
devotedly  cherishes  the  memory  of  his  mother,  and  of  one  teacher, 
Mr.  Charles  G.  Samuel,  who  became  his  tutor  when  six  years  old  and 
carried  him  through  the  then  full  academic  course  in  Latin;  and  to  the 
care  of  Mr.  Samuel,  with  the  help  of  his  mother,  he  credits  the  mental 
training  that  proved  of  invaluable  advantage  in  after  life,  as  he  was 
deprived  of  the  training  of  a  college  course. 

He  became  a  Knight  Templar  in  the  Masonic  order,  but  held  no 
official  position  in  the  fraternity.  He  was  always  a  Democrat  and 
never  changed  his  party  allegiance  or  his  political  faith.  He  became 
a  member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church,  South,  and  his  mother 
was  desirous  that  he  should  be  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  but  he  "was 
afraid  that  he  could  scarcely  be  good  enough,"  and  became  a  lawyer. 


194  JOHN    TYLER   MORGAN 

The  reading  that  has  proved  helpful  to  him  in  later  life  includes  the 
Bible,  Paley's  Moral  Philosophy,  biography,  works  on  scientific 
subjects,  Blackstone's  and  Kent's  Commentaries,  Burns'  poems  and 
Pope's  essays.  He  found  pleasure  and  comfort  in  rest  under  nature's 
forest  trees,  listening  to  the  song-birds,  and  in  luxuriating  in  the  baths 
at  Warm  Springs,  Virginia;  and  real  happiness  in  his  home  in  Ala- 
bama. He  has  been  debarred  from  engaging  in  athletics  by  a  physi- 
cal disability,  which  also  rendered  difficult  his  military  service.  His 
first  strong  impulse  to  strive  for  success  in  life  was  felt  when  he  was  a 
lad  of  twelve  years;  but  it  was  an  impulse  of  duty,  not  the  desire  that 
is  called  ambition.  The  strongest  influence  in  awakening  this  desire 
was  his  early  home  life  and  his  mother's  influence;  and  he  writes: 
"These  alone  should  have  made  me  a  better  man  than  I  can  justly 
claim  to  be";  and  he  adds,  "I  have  had  better  success,  personally, 
than  any  one,  I  think,  expected  me  to  attain,  and  have  not  been 
disappointed  in  the  sense  of  having  failed  to  gain  any  special  object. 
A  sense  of  duty  has  been  my  chief  incentive,  and  I  have  kept  on 
fairly  agreeable  terms  with  the  world,  if  not  with  an  exacting  con- 
science, in  an  honest  effort  to  do  my  duty.  So  I  would  recommend 
such  a  course  to  younger  persons.  Obey  the  laws  of  God  and  the 
country  and  follow  the  guidance  of  an  honest  conscience." 


CHARLES  EDWARD  MUNROE 

MUNROE,  CHARLES  EDWARD,  professor  of  chemistry, 
assay  commissioner,  inventor  of  "  navy  smokeless  powder," 
and  dean  of  the  Corcoran  scientific  school,  Washington, 
and  of  the  School  of  Graduate  Studies,  Columbian  (now  George 
Washington)  university,  was  born  in  Cambridge,  Massachusetts, 
May  24,  1849.  He  is  descended  from  old  colonial  stock.  William 
Munroe,  his  earliest  known  ancestor  on  this  side  of  the  water,  settled 
in  Lexington,  Massachusetts,  in  1652;  and  no  less  than  twenty  of  his 
ancestral  connections  were  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Lexington,  April 
19,  1775,  in  front  of  the  house  of  one  of  his  forefathers.  His  father, 
Enoch  Munroe,  a  carriage  builder,  was  an  upright,  capable  but 
retiring  man,  and  though  repeatedly  nominated  for  office  could  never 
be  prevailed  upon  to  accept  public  service.  Of  his  mother,  her  son 
says:  "Asa  lad  I  regarded  her  as  the  best  balanced  and  truest  being 
that  I  knew,  and  I  still  so  believe." 

At  fourteen  he  had  chosen  his  profession  of  chemistry  and  was 
studying  it.  No  regular  tasks  involving  manual  labor  were  imposed 
upon  him,  but  from  preference  he  found  them  and  carried  them  on 
diligently.  Concerning  his  collegiate  course  he  says,  "  I  believe  my 
parents  could  not  have  furnished  me  a  college  education  if  I  had  not, 
while  in  the  primary  school,  become  to  a  large  degree  self-supporting." 
The  Cambridge  public  and  high  schools  gave  him  his  preparatory 
course,  and  he  was  graduated  from  the  Lawrence  scientific  school  of 
Harvard  university  in  1871,  with  the  degree  of  B.S.,  summa  cum 
laude. 

He  pursued  a  course  of  post-graduate  study  at  Harvard,  for  the 
degree  of  Sc.D.,  which  was  interrupted  by  his  removal  to  the  naval 
academy.  He  received  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from  the  Columbian 
university  in  1894.  He  began  his  active  labor  in  his  chosen  depart- 
ment in  Harvard  university  as  a  private  assistant  to  Professor  Gibbs. 
He  was  assistant  in  chemistry  in  Harvard  college,  teaching  quantita- 
tive analysis  and  chemical  technology  to  seniors  in  the  college,  and 
wet  assaying  in  the  Lawrence  scientific  school,  1871-74,  as  well  as  all 


196  CHARLES   EDWARD   MUNROE 

branches  of  chemistry  and  mineralogy  in  the  Summer  school,  this 
being  the  pioneer  school  of  its  kind. 

He  held  the  professorship  of  chemistry  in  the  United  States 
naval  academy,  Annapolis,  Maryland,  1874-86,  lecturing  at  St.  John's 
college  in  the  same  town;  and  he  was  chemist  of  the  United  States 
torpedo  station  and  War  college,  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  from 
1886-92.  He  was  inducted  into  the  chair  of  chemistry,  at  Colum- 
bian university,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  in  1892,  which 
professorship  he  still  holds.  He  has  delivered  courses  of  lectures 
before  the  Lowell  institute  of  Boston,  and  the  Peabody  institute  of 
Baltimore,  and  many  special  addresses  elsewhere.  He  was  dean  of 
the  Corcoran  scientific  school,  1892-98,  and  dean  of  the  school  of 
Graduate  Studies  of  Columbian  university,  1890-1902,  and  is  now 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  Higher  Degrees  of  the  George  Wash- 
ington university.  He  has  been  secretary  of  the  United  States 
Naval  institute;  president  of  the  Washington  Chemical  Society; 
president  of  the  American  Chemical  Society;  vice-president  of  the 
Chemical  section  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science,  and  fellow  of  the  London  and  Berlin  Chemical  Societies. 
He  rendered  a  notable  public  service  as  assay  commissioner  under 
Presidents  Arthur,  Cleveland  and  Harrison,  and  as  expert  special 
agent  of  the  United  States  Census  in  charge  of  chemical  industries, 
in  1900;  and  in  1898  acted  as  vice-president  on  the  Board  of  Visitors 
of  the  United  States  naval  academy  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  where 
he  organized  a  mineral  cabinet.  He  introduced  into  the  naval 
service  scientific  methods  of  inspection  of  supplies,  especially  of  the 
steel  for  guns  and  ships.  Another  plan  suggested  by  Professor 
Munroe  which  proved  very  useful,  was  the  establishment  of  a  post- 
graduate course  of  study  for  naval  officers  at  the  Smithsonian 
Institution. 

He  took  out  in  1890  a  patent  on  smokeless  powder,  presenting 
the  use  of  this  invention  to  the  United  States  government;  and  he 
organized  at  Newport  the  first  government  powder  factory.  His 
works  show  him  to  be  an  expert  on  the  subject  of  explosives.  His 
books  on  this  theme  are:  "Chemistry  and  Explosives"  (1888);  "Aij 
Catechism  of  Explosives"  (1888);  and  numerous  articles  on  this 
topic  in  the  encyclopedias.  He  has  published  many  notes  and  papers 
on  different  subjects  in  chemistry. 

Professor  Munroe  was  made  a  Commandant  of  the  Order  of  j 


CHARLES    EDWARD    MUNROE  197 

Medjidje,  a  decoration  conferred  by  the  Sultan  of  Turkey,  in  1901. 
He  belongs  to  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution;  the  Cosmos,  Metropolitan 
and  University  clubs  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia;  to  the 
Stroller's  and  the  Chemists'  club,  New  York  city;  and  to  the  Papyrus 
club,  Boston,  Massachusetts.  His  favorite  modes  of  recreation  are 
walking,  horseback  riding  and  fishing.  His  desire  to  pursue  chemis- 
try as  his  vocation  arose  from  reading  Liebig's  "Familiar  Letters," 
when  a  child.  He  says:  "I  have  never  striven  for  prizes  or  places, 
and  am  opposed  to  striving."  Personal  preference  alone  decided  his 
choice  of  a  career,  and  he  names  as  the  strongest  influences  of  his 
early  life,  "home  and  companionship"  and  "teachers  who  loved 
their  calling."  His  specialty  is  teaching.  He  organized  graduate 
research  work  in  Washington  in  1892,  and  has  since  been  in  charge 
of  this  work. 

He  was  married  June  20,  1883,  to  Mary  Louise  Barker.     They 
have  five  children  living  in  1906. 


CHARLES  WILLIS  NEEDHAM  j 

NEEDHAM,  CHARLES  WILLIS,  lawyer,  educator,  dean  of 
the  School  of  Comparative  Jurisprudence  and  Diplomacy, 
Columbian  university,  and  president  of  the  George  Wash- 
ington  university    (formerly   Columbian   university),    Washington, 
District  of  Columbia,  was  born  in  Castile,  New  York,  September  30, 
1848.     His  father,  Charles  Rollin  Needham,  was  a  farmer,  a  man  of 
"great   steadiness   in   the   performance   of   all   personal,   civil   and: 
religious  duties."     To  his  mother,  Arvilla  Reed  Needham,  her  son 
ascribes  a  strong  influence  both  on  his  intellectual  life  and  on  his 
aspirations,  morally  and  spiritually.      His  earliest  known  ancestor 
in  America,  Anthony  Needham,  landed  at  Salem,  Massachusetts, 
1652.     Two  of  his  progenitors  took  part  in  our  early  wars — Joseph 
Needham,  who  was  a  soldier  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  on  the 
"Lexington  Alarm,"  1775;  and  Calvin  Needham,  who  served  in  the 
War  of  1812. 

The  usual  work  of  the  farm  occupied  him  as  a  boy,  and  he  speaks 
of  his  "love  of  nature  and  of  meditation."  After  preparation  in  the 
private  and  public  schools  of  Castile,  he  was  graduated  from  the 
Albany  law  school,  1869.  He  began  the  practice  of  law  in  Castile, 
New  York,  but  removed  to  Morris,  Illinois,  and  practising  there  until 
1876,  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  remained  until  1890,  since  which 
year  he  has  made  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  his  home.  He 
assisted  in  organizing  the  Chicago  university,  and  was  a  member  of 
its  first  board  of  trustees.  He  was  a  trustee  of  the  Morgan  Park 
theological  seminary,  and  a  member  of  the  Union  League  club. 
President  McKinley,  in  1900,  appointed  him  a  delegate  to  the  Con- 
grSs  International  de  Droit  Compare,  also  a  delegate  to  the  Congres 
International  des  Chemins  de  Fer,  while  the  commissioners  of  the 
District  of  Columbia  appointed  him  a  delegate  to  the  Congres  Inter- 
national D' Assistance  Publique  et  de  Bienfaisance  Privee;  all  of 
which  congresses  met  in  Paris. 

During  his  residence  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  he 
was  elected  dean  of  the  Schools  of  Law  of  Columbian  university  and 


E^W^O  &C^z^  «^« 


CHARLES   WILLIS   NEEDHAM  199 

professor  of  law  at  the  same  university  in  1897.  The  School  of  Com- 
parative Jurisprudence  and  Diplomacy  was  organized  by  him,  and  in 
1897  he  was  chosen  its  dean  and  professor  of  common  law,  trans- 
portation and  interstate  commerce.  He  was  elected  president  of 
Columbian  university,  in  1902.  Reorganizing  the  university,  he 
secured  a  change  in  the  charter  by  congress,  making  the  university 
non-denominational  and  changing  its  name  to  "The  George  Wash- 
ington university." 

President  Needham  belongs  to  the  Cosmos  club  and  University 
club  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia;  the  City  club  of  New  York 
and  is  also  a  member  of  several  scientific  societies  in  Washington. 

He  is  a  Republican  in  politics.  "To  home  influence,  personal 
study  and  contact  with  men,"  he  feels  greatly  indebted  for  strong 
influences  for  good  in  his  life — but  principally  he  owes  gratitude  "to 
an  internal  spiritual  influence,  not  my  own,  which  has  impelled  and 
guided  me."  He  is  a  member  of  the  Baptist  church.  He  says,  "very 
few  of  the  important  things  in  my  life  have  been  expected.  The 
results  have  been  better  than  I  planned."  To  young  Americans  his 
words  are,  "  Be  sound  and  sweet  in  your  mind.  Cultivate  a  knowl- 
edge and  love  for  the  excellent  in  art,  in  literature,  in  religion;  and  in 
association.  Above  all,  be  true  to  yourself;  do  not  imitate;  bear 
your  own  flower  and  fruit." 

He  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  from  the  University 
of  Rochester,  New  York,  in  1901,  and  from  Georgetown  college,  Ken- 
tucky. 

He  was  married  November  2,  1870,  to  Caroline  Mary  Beach, 
and  in  1905  they  had  four  children  living. 


KNUTE  NELSON 

NELSON,  KNUTE,  soldier,  ex-governor  of  Minnesota,  United 
States  senator,  was  born  near  Bergen,  Norway,  February 
2,  1843.  Three  years  later  his  father  died;  and  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1849  the  mother  and  son  came  to  the  United  States.  After 
passing  a  little  more  than  a  year  in  Chicago,  they  removed  to  Wis- 
consin, where  the  boy  grew  to  young  manhood. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  he  was  a  student  in  Albion 
academy,  but  at  the  call  of  his  adopted  country  he  left  his  books  to 
become  a  soldier.  In  May,  1861,  he  enlisted  in  the  4th  Wisconsin, 
United  States  infantry  volunteers,  in  which  he  served  throughout 
the  war  as  a  private  and  non-commissioned  officer,  and  with  which 
he  participated  in  many  engagements.  On  June  14,  1863,  at  the 
siege  of  Port  Hudson,  Louisiana,  and  while  near  the  breastworks  of 
the  enemy,  he  was  entirely  disabled  by  a  wound ;  and  in  the  evening 
of  that  day  he  was  carried  inside  the  fort  by  a  Confederate  picket. 
He  was  at  once  placed  in  the  hospital,  where  he  remained  until  the 
surrender  of  the  fortification,  July  8,  1863.  On  account  of  the 
exhaustion  of  supplies,  in  common  with  others  he  suffered  greatly 
for  want  of  suitable  food  during  the  last  ten  days  of  the  siege. 

At  the  close  of  his  army  service,  Knute  Nelson  returned  to  Albion 
academy.  After  completing  the  prescribed  course  at  this  institution, 
he  studied  law;  and  in  1867  was  admitted  to  the  Wisconsin  bar. 
Taking  an  active  interest  in  political  affairs  he  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  state  legislature  in  1868-69. 

In  1871  he  removed  to  Alexandria,  Douglas  county,  Minnesota, 
where  he  has  continued  to  reside.  He  served  as  attorney  for  Douglas 
county,  1872-74;  was  state  senator,  1875-78;  and  in  1880  he  was 
chosen  by  the  Republicans  a  presidential  elector.  For  nearly  eleven 
years,  from  February  1882,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Regents 
of  the  State  university;  and  though  on  the  tariff  question  he  differed 
from  most  of  the  leaders  of  that  party,  he  was  a  Republican  repre- 
sentative in  congress  1883-89.  In  1889  he  resumed  the  practice  of 
law  in  which  he  has  been  very  successful.     His  services  were  soon 


KNUTE    NELSON  201 

demanded  by  the  leaders  of  his  political  party;  and  in  the  state 
Republican  convention  of  1892  he  was  nominated  by  acclamation 
for  governor,  and  was  elected  by  a  handsome  majority.  Two  years 
later  he  was  reelected  governor  by  a  plurality  more  than  four  times 
greater  than  that  received  at  his  first  election.  He  soon  afterward, 
resigned  the  governorship,  to  take  a  seat  in  the  United  States  senate, 
to  which  he  was  elected  on  January  23,  1895,  for  the  term  commenc- 
ing March  4  of  the  same  year.  In  1901  he  was  reelected.  His  present 
term  will  expire  March  4,  1907. 


SIMON  NEWCOMB 

NEWCOMB,  SIMON,  scientist  and  author,  recognized  through- 
out the  world  as  one  of  the  greatest  astronomers  of  the  age, 
was  born  in  Wallace,  Nova  Scotia,  March  12,  1835.  His 
father,  John  Burton  Newcomb,  conducted  a  school  in  Wallace  and 
was  the  early  instructor  of  his  gifted  son.  His  mother,  Emily  (Prince) 
Newcomb,  was  a  descendant  of  Elder  Brewster  of  the  Mayflower  and 
of  Elder  John  Prince  of  Hull,  who  came  to  Massachusetts  Bay  colony 
in  1633. 

Simon  Newcomb  came  to  the  United  States  when  he  was  eighteen 
years  of  age  (1853).  After  teaching  in  Maryland  he  removed  to 
Cambridge,  Massachusetts  and  entered  the  Lawrence  scientific  school, 
Harvard  University,  from  which  he  was  graduated  with  the  degree 
of  B.S.,  1858.  For  the  next  three  years  he  was  a  graduate  student 
at  this  institution.  While  at  Cambridge,  1857-61,  he  was  computer 
on  the  "American  Ephemeris  and  Nautical  Almanac."  In  1861 
he  was  commissioned  by  President  Lincoln  as  professor  of  mathe- 
matics in  the  United  States  navy  and  ordered  to  duty  at  the  govern- 
ment naval  observatory,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  where 
he  served  from  1861  to  1877.  For  the  next  twenty  years,  as  senior 
professor,  he  was  superintendent  of  the  "American  Ephemeris  and 
Nautical  Almanac"  office.  On  reaching  the  age  limit  of  service,  he 
was  placed  on  the  retired  list  of  the  navy,  March  12,  1897. 

He  made  the  contract  with  Alvan  Clark  and  Sons  at  Cambridge- 
port,  Massachusetts,  to  build  the  twenty-six  inch  telescope  for  the 
United  States  naval  observatory  at  Washington,  District  of  Colum- 
bia, and  he  supervised  its  construction  and  planned  the  dome  in  which 
it  was  mounted  in  1873.  He  served  as  secretary  of  the  United  States 
Transit  of  Venus  commission,  1871-84;  observed  eclipses  of  the  sun 
at  Saskatchewan  in  1860  and  at  Gibraltar  in  1870,  and  had  charge 
of  the  expedition  that  visited  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  1882  to 
observe  the  transit  of  Venus.  He  was  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Johns    Hopkins    university,    1894-1901;     and    continues    emeritus 


■ 


XyWltVK  ^w^^^fe^/ 


SIMON    NEWCOMB  203 

professor.     He  also,   1884-94,   edited    the    "American    Journal   of 
Mathematics,"  published  by  Johns  Hopkins  university. 

He  was  married  August  4,  1863,  to  Mary  Caroline,  daughter  of 
Doctor  Charles  Augustus  and  Anna  J.  (Nourse)  Hassler  and  grand- 
daughter of  Ferdinand  Rudolph  and  Marianne  (Gaillard)  Hassler. 
Her  grandfather  was  organizer  and  first  superintendent  of  the  United 
States  coast  survey,  and  her  father  surgeon  in  the  United  States 
navy.  Professor  Newcomb's  eldest  daughter  is  Doctor  Anita  New- 
comb  McGee,  formerly  acting  assistant  surgeon,  United  States  army, 
in  charge  army  nurse  corps,  and  in  1904  supervisor  of  nurses  in  the 
Japanese  army.  Professor  Newcomb  has  received  the  following 
honorary  degrees:  LL.D.  from  Columbian  (now  George  Washington) 
university,  District  of  Columbia,  1874;  Yale,  1875;  Harvard,  1884; 
Columbia,  1887;  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  1891;  Glasgow,  Scotland, 
1896;  Princeton,  1896;  Cracow,  Austria,  1900;  Johns  Hopkins,  1902; 
Toronto,  1905;  Matt.M.  and  Ph.Nat.D.,  Leyden,  1875;  Sc.D.  Heidel- 
berg, 1886;  Padua,  1892;  Dublin,  1892,  and  Cambridge,  England, 
1896;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1899,  and  Math.D.,  Christiana,  Norway,  1902. 
He  has  been  elected  to  membership  in  all  of  the  more  important 
scientific  societies  of  the  Old  World  as  well  as  of  America.  He  was 
the  first  native  American  after  Franklin  to  be  honored  by  being  made 
one  of  the  eight  foreign  Associates  of  the  Institute  of  France.  He 
was  made  an  officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  of  France  in  1896.  His 
membership  in  scientific  societies  also  includes;  member  from  1869, 
vice-president,  1883-89,  and  foreign  secretary  since  1903,  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Sciences;  president  of  the  Society  of  Psychical 
Research,  1885-86;  president  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science,  1877;  president  of  the  Political  Economy 
club,  1887;  president  of  the  American  Mathematical  Society,  1897- 
98;  president  of  the  Astronomical  and  Astrophysical  Society  of 
America  since  its  foundation  in  1899;  president  of  the  International 
Congress  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  1904.  He  is  hon- 
orary or  corresponding  member  of  the  Royal  Society,  the  Royal  In- 
stitution and  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  of  Great  Britain  and 
of  the  Royal  Academies  of  Ireland,  New  South  Wales  (Australia), 
Bavaria,  Prussia,  Sweden,  Upsala  and  Lund  (in  Sweden),  Belgium, 
Holland,  Haarlem,  Rome  and  Lombardy;  of  the  Sociedad  Astro- 
nomic de  Mexico;  of  the  Konigliche  Gesellschaft  der  Wissenschaften 
Zu  Gottingen;  of  the  Russian  Astronomical  Society;  associate  fellow 


204  SIMON    NEWCOMB 

American  Academy  of  Art  and  Sciences;  honorary  member  of  the 
Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences  of  St.  Petersburg;  of  the  Cambridge 
(England)  Philosophical  Society;  of  the  Philosophical  Society  of 
Philadelphia;  of  the  Imperial  Geographic  Society  of  Russia,  the 
Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  Arts,  Manufacture  and  Commerce 
of  London;  the  Bureau  of  Longitudes  of  Paris;  the  Manchester 
(England)  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society;  the  Heidelberg  Liter- 
ary university;  the  Colonial  Society  of  Massachusetts.  He  received 
the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  gold  medal  from  England  in  1874; 
the  Huygens  gold  medal  from  Holland  in  1878;  the  Royal  Society  gold 
medal  from  England  in  1890;  the  Bruce  medal  of  the  Astronomical 
Society  of  the  Pacific  in  1898;  the  Schubert  prize  from  Russia;  and 
the  Sylvester  medallion  from  the  Johns  Hopkins  university.  In  1906 
the  Emperor  of  Germany  conferred  on  him  the  Order  of  Merit  for 
Sciences  and  Arts,  "Pour  le  Merite,"  "Fur  Wissenschaften  und 
Kiinste."  In  1887  the  Russian  government  ordered  his  portrait  for 
the  Imperial  observatory  of  Pulkowa,  and  1896  another  portrait 
was  ordered  for  the  Johns  Hopkins  university.  In  1888  the 
Imperial  university  of  Tokio,  Japan,  officially  presented  him  with 
a  fine  pair  of  bronze  vases.  He  assisted  in  drawing  up  the  contract 
for  the  great  thirty  inch  telescope  for  the  Pulkowa  observatory, 
Russia,  and  for  this  service  to  science  received  in  1888  a  magnifi- 
cent vase  of  jasper  mounted  on  a  marble  pedestal,  in  the  name  of 
the  Czar.  He  also  assisted  Alvan  G.  Clark  in  planning  and  testing 
the  thirty-six  inch  telescope  placed  in  the  Lick  observatory. 

He  has  lectured  at  Harvard  university,  Cambridge;  at  the  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology,  Boston,  and  before  other  univer- 
sities and  educational  bodies,  on  finance  and  political  economy  as 
well  as  on  astronomy;  and  he  delivered  the  opening  addresses  at  the 
Dedications  of  the  Flower  and  the  Yerkes  Astronomical  observatories 
and  at  other  observatories. 

The  principal  work  of  Professor  Newcomb  has  been  in  the  various 
departments  of  mathematical  astronomy,  especially  the  theories  of 
the  motions  of  the  moon  and  planets,  and  the  construction  of  tables 
by  which  eclipses  and  other  celestial  phenomena  may  be  predicted. 
The  question  of  the  moon's  motion  has  received  his  especial  attention 
because  it  offers  a  problem  which  has  not  yet  been  completely  solved 
on  account  of  its  almost  insuperable  difficulties.  This  problem  grows 
out  of  small  discrepancies  between  the  motion  of  the  moon  through 


SIMON   NEWCOMB  205 

long  intervals  of  time,  as  calculated  from  the  tables,  and  the  motion 
as  actually  observed.  In  1871,  during  the  reign  of  the  Commune,  he 
spent  more  than  a  month  at  the  Paris  observatory,  investigating  old 
unpublished  records.  A  great  number  of  valuable  observations,  to 
which  even  those  who  made  them  did  not  attribute  sufficient  im- 
portance to  have  them  published,  were  thus  brought  to  light  and 
when  reduced  were  found  to  carry  a  knowledge  of  the  exact  motion 
of  the  moon  back  to  1670,  when  it  had  always  before  been  supposed 
to  begin  at  1750,  with  the  observations  of  Bradley  at  Greenwich. 
During  his  superintendency  of  the  "Nautical  Almanac"  office,  from 
1877  to  1897,  he  prepared  tables  of  the  motions  of  the  principal 
planets,  which  are  now  used  in  all  the  astronomical  and  nautical 
ephemerides  of  the  world,  those  of  France  alone  excepted. 

In  connection  with  his  purely  scientific  work  he  has  published 
more  than  a  hundred  papers  in  various  scientific  journals;  has  written 
important  books  "On  the  Secular  Variations  and  Mutual  Relations 
of  the  Orbits  of  the  Asteroids"  (1860);  "An  Investigation  of  the 
Orbit  of  Neptune  "  (1874) ;  "  Researches  on  the  Motion  of  the  Moon  " 
(1876);  "Theory  of  the  Inequalities  in  the  Motion  of  the  Moon" 
(1894) ;  "  Tables  of  Uranus :  Measure  of  the  Velocity  of  Light "  (1884) ; 
"Uranian  and  Neptune  System";  "Astronomical  Constants"; 
"Eclipse  and  Sun  Tables."  His  tables  of  the  motion  of  the  planets 
and  of  the  moon  are  used  by  astronomers  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 

Among  his  more  universally  read  books  are:  "  Popular  Astrono- 
my," " School  Astronomy,"  "  Elements  of  Astronomy  "  (1900) ;  "The 
Stars"  (1901);  "Astronomy  for  Everybody"  (1903);  while  his  series 
of  mathematical  text-books  includes  "Algebra  for  Schools,"  "  Algebra 
for  Colleges,"  "Geometry,"  "Analytical  Geometry,"  "Calculus" 
and  "Essentials  of  Trigonometry." 

In  the  field  of  economics  he  has  published  "Our  Financial 
Policy,"  "A,  B,  C  of  Finance,"  "A  Plain  Man's  Talk  on  the  Labor 
Question"  and  "Principles  of  Political  Economy."  He  is  also  the 
author  of  an  immense  number  of  magazine  articles;  of  a  novel  en- 
titled "His  Wisdom  the  Defender"  (1900);  and  of  "Reminiscences 
of  an  Astronomer"  (1904). 

The  astronomer  works  in  a  field  so  immeasurable  by  the  layman, 
that  it  has  been  found  profitable  to  make  use  of  the  light-year — 
adopted  by  astronomers — instead  of  miles,  in  computing  the  distance 
of  the  stars  from  the  earth  and  from  each  other.     A  light-year  is  the 


206  SIMON  NEWCOMB 

distance  traveled  by  light  in  one  year,  and  as  light  moves  about 
185,000  miles  per  second,  the  stupendous  magnitude  of  the  unit  of 
measure  they  employ  may  dawn  upon  us.  In  estimating  the  place 
which  Doctor  Simon  Newcomb  has  made  for  himself  among  the  men 
who  deal  with  the  stupendous  phenomena  of  the  heavens,  we  need  the 
testimony  of  experts  who  are  competent  to  judge;  and  Newcomb's 
contemporary,  M.  Leowy,  director  of  the  Paris  observatory,  says  of 
him:  "Henceforth  science  will  profit  by  the  fruits  of  his  immense 
labor;  he  is  gifted  with  a  prodigious  power  of  work,  which  is  testified 
by  the  extraordinarily  long  list  of  his  researches.  The  reception  which 
has  been  accorded  to  them  by  all  competent  men,  points  to  their 
author  as  one  of  the  most  illustrious  representatives  of  celestial 
mechanics.  His  activity  has  embraced  the  most  diverse  branches  of 
astronomy  and  has  enriched  the  domain  of  science  with  beautiful  and 
durable  conquests." 

In  1906,  Professor  Newcomb  is  at  work  in  his  private  office  on 
some  of  the  most  difficult  problems  of  mathematical  astronomy. 


FREDERICK  HAYNES  NEWELL 

NEWELL,  FREDERICK  HAYNES,  chief  engineer  reclama- 
tion service  United  States  geological  survey,  was  born  at 
Bradford,  Pennsylvania,  March  5,  1862.  His  parents  were 
Augustus  William  and  Annie  Maria  (Haynes)  Newell.  His  father 
was  a  civil  engineer,  an  enterprising,  inventive  and  resourceful  man 
who  held  responsible  positions.  His  ancestry  in  America  is  traced 
back  for  eight  generations.  Several  members  of  the  family  took 
part  in  the  Indian  wars  and  in  the  Revolution. 

Frederick  Haynes  Newell  was  graduated  from  the  Massachusetts 
institute  of  technology  in  1885,  and  took  a  post-graduate  course  in 
engineering  at  that  institution  1886-87.  On  October  2,  1888,  he  was 
appointed  assistant  engineer  of  the  United  States  geological  survey 
and  by  promotions  he  reached  his  present  rank  in  1902.  He  was  one 
of  three  commissioners  appointed  by  President  Roosevelt,  October 
22,  1903,  to  investigate  and  report  upon  the  land  laws  of  the  United 
States.  He  has  also,  by  the  direction  of  the  government,  made 
extensive  examinations  of  the  water  resources  of  the  country. 

Mr.  Newell  was  married  to  Erne  Josephine  Mackintosh,  April  3, 
1890.  They  have  had  four  children  all  of  whom  are  living  in  1906. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  of  the 
National  Geographic  Society,  and  of  the  Cosmos  club  of  Washington. 
He  is  the  author  of  many  scientific  reports  published  by  the  govern- 
ment, and  of  a  standard  work  on  irrigation.  His  reading  has  been 
extensive  and  has  covered  a  wide  range  of  subjects.  He  is  fond  of 
walking,  bicycle  riding,  and  of  outdoor  exercise  in  general. 

In  youth  he  was  neither  large  nor  strong.  The  death  of  his 
mother  while  he  was  an  infant  deprived  him  of  many  of  the  influences 
of  home  life.  Frequent  change  of  location  and  many  tasks  requiring 
manual  labor  greatly  interfered  with  his  studies.  His  own  preference 
determined  the  choice  of  his  profession  but  in  preparing  for  his  work 
there  were  many  difficulties  to  be  overcome,  and  it  is  to  these  that  he 
attributes  the  first  strong  impulse  to  make  a  determined  fight  for 


208  FREDERICK    HAYNES    NEWELL 

success.     To  the  young  he  would  say  that  choice  of  and  devotion  to 
some  large  work  to  be  accomplished,  good  sense,  unswerving  purpose, , 
and  earnest  effort,  are  among  the  important  means  of  securing 
advancement. 


CHARLES  COOPER  NOTT 

NOTT,  CHARLES  COOPER,  judge  of  the  Court  of  Claims  by 
appointment  of  President  Lincoln  and  chief  justice  of  the 
court  by  appointment  of  President  Cleveland,  was  born  in 
Schenectady,  New  York,  September  16,  1827.  His  father,  Joel 
Benedict  Nott  (1797-1878)  was  a  graduate  and  professor  of  chemistry, 
Union  college,  1817-31;  farmer  in  Guilderland,  Albany  county, 
1831-78;  member  of  the  state  assembly,  1850;  president  of  the  State 
Agricultural  Society,  1841.  He  was  married,  in  1826,  to  Margaret 
Tayler,  daughter  of  Doctor  Charles  D.  and  Margaret  (Van  Valken- 
burg)  Cooper  and  a  neice  and  adopted  daughter  of  Lieutenant- 
Governor  John  Tayler  of  Albany.  His  grandfather,  Doctor  Eliphalet 
Nott  (1773-1866)  president  of  Union  college,  1804-52,  married  in 
1796  Sallie,  daughter  of  the  Reverend  Joel  Benedict,  of  Plainfield, 
Connecticut.  His  first  American  ancestor,  John  Nott,  emigrated 
from  England  to  Wethersfield,  Connecticut  in  1640. 

Charles  Cooper  Nott  was  brought  up  on  a  farm  where  active 
manual  labor  greatly  strengthened  his  delicate  constitution.  He  was 
graduated  at  Union  college,  A.B.,  1848;  studied  law  one  year  in 
Albany,  New  York,  in  the  office  of  John  V.  L.  Pruyn,  subsequently 
chancellor  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1850.  He  held  various  public  offices  in  New 
York  city,  including  trustee  of  public  schools,  notary  public,  loan 
commissioner,  commissioner  for  revision  of  the  public  school  system 
of  New  York  city. 

In  1860  he  brought  to  New  York  Abraham  Lincoln,  then  little 
known  in  the  Empire  city  except  for  his  joint  canvass  with  Stephen 
A.  Douglas  for  election  to  the  United  States  senate  in  1858.  Mr. 
Lincoln's  "Cooper  Institute  Address"  delivered  in  February  secured 
his  nomination  for  the  presidency.  When  the  Civil  war  came,  Mr 
Nott  joined  the  Federal  army  as  captain  in  the  Fremont  Hussars  in 
Missouri  and  was  transferred  to  the  5th  Iowa  cavalry.  He  was 
appointed  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  131st  New  York  volunteers  in 
1862  and  colonel  in  the  176th  New  York  volunteers  in  1863.  He 
was  taken  prisoner  at  the  capture  of  Brashear  City,  Louisiana,  June, 


210  CHARLES  COOPER  NOTT 


1863,  and  was  a  prisoner  of  war  in  Texas  until  July,  1864,  when  he 
was  exchanged.  On  February  22, 1865,  President  Lincoln  appointed 
him  a  justice  of  the  Federal  Court  of  Claims  and  on  November  23, 
1896,  President  Cleveland  appointed  him  chief  justice  of  the  court. 
He  retired  from  the  bench  December  31,  1905.  He  married,  October 
22,  1867,  Alice  Effingham,  daughter  of  the  Reverend  Doctor  Mark 
Hopkins,  president  of  Williams  college,  Williamstown,  Massachusetts. 
He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Williams  college  in 
1874  and  was  a  trustee  of  Union  college,  1868-82.  In  collaboration 
with  Cephas  Brainerd  he  annotated  the  "Cooper  Institute  Address" 
of  Abraham  Lincoln  (1860).  He  is  the  author  of  "Mechanics'  Lien 
Laws"  (1856);  "Sketches  of  the  War"  (1863);  "Sketches  of  Prison 
Camps"  (1865);  compiled  and  edited  "The  Seven  Great  Hymns  of 
the  Medieval  Church"  (1866,  8th  ed.,  1902);  and  the  Court  of  Claims 
reports  (40  vols.  1867-1905).  His  sketches  of  army  life  were  trans- 
lated and  published  in  Germany  in  1884.  Judge  Nott  is  now  con- 
nected with  the  Washington  Philosophical  Society  and  the  Loyal 
Legion.  He  was  brought  up  in  the  Presbyterian  church.  He  never 
engaged  in  indoor  athletics,  and  thinks  them  injurious  to  a  brain 
worker. 

To  American  youth  he  says:  "As  to  principles,  choose  the  high- 
est; as  to  methods,  the  simplest;  as  to  habits,  those  which  best  conduce 
to  health  and  hard  work."  Of  himself,  he  said;  "I  came  to  New 
York  poorly  equipped  for  the  law,  never  having  been  in  a  law  school 
and  having  been  for  little  more  than  a  single  year  in  a  law  office. 
My  examination  for  the  bar  had  been  little  more  than  a  jest; 
I  did  not  expect  to  pass,  and  went  into  the  examination  partly 
because  of  the  persuasion  of  a  college  classmate  who  was  nervous  and 
wanted  a  friend  beside  him,  and  partly  because  I  wanted  to  find  out 
what  my  future  examination  for  the  bar  would  be  like.  By  ill- 
deserved  good  luck  I  chanced  to  answer  the  questions  that  were  put 
to  me,  and  found  myself  an  attorney  and  counseller-at-law,  knowing 
Blackstone  fairly  well  and  little  more.  If  I  were  asked,  '  What  was 
the  first  formative  influence  of  your  legal  and  literary  life?'  I  should 
answer  'Blackstone.'  If  I  were  asked,  'What  were  the  second  and 
the  third?'  I  should  answer, '  Blackstone.'  He  taught  me  to  analyze 
and  to  state  the  results  of  analysis  clearly  and  fairly.  In  my  judicial 
life  the  only  jurists  who  have  really  influenced  me  were  Marshall  and 
Sir  William  Scott. 


CHARLES  COOPER  NOTT  211 

"  I  did  not  have,  when  I  went  to  New  York,  a  business  acquaint- 
ance in  the  great  city,  and  for  days  and  weeks  and,  literally,  months, 
no  client  opened  my  door.  On  the  one  hand,  I  had  fastened  upon 
me  a  clog,  a  hindrance,  the  paralysis  of  poverty  (for  my  father  had 
met  with  recent  reverses)  without  having  had  the  benefit  in  boyhood 
of  that  poverty  which  sharpens  the  wits  and  arouses  the  money- 
making  faculties  and  teaches  inexperienced  youth  how  to  push  its 
own  way  into  an  adverse  world.  On  the  other  hand  I  had  grown 
up  in  a  circle  of  the  highest  intelligence  and  culture  inspired  on  both 
sides  by  the  noblest  and  warmest  sense  of  faith  and  duty.  But 
those  were  influences  which  did  not  help  me  to  be  world-wise,  and 
which  many  a  time  deterred  me  from  taking  a  step  across  the  line 
of  self-respect  into  the  field  of  immediate  success.  I  did  not  have 
the  gift  of  what  is  called  'popular  oratory.'  My  public  speaking 
was  in  the  courts  and  in  the  public  schools  and  in  the  hand-to-hand 
fights  of  political  conventions  and  committees.  Literature  brought 
me  some  practice  but  no  help;  for  magazines  and  newspapers  at  that 
time  were  not  rich  and  paid  nothing  to  beginners.  I  have  had  edi- 
torials in  the  great  New  York  papers  on  subjects  in  which  I  was 
interested,  and  articles  in  magazines,  but  all  the  money  which  I 
received  from  literature  during  my  life  in  New  York  was  twenty- 
three  dollars  for  twenty-three  pages  in  the  '  New  York  Quarterly 
Review '  for  an  article  (a  reply  to  an  attack  by  the  '  North  British ' 
on  Bryant,  Longfellow  and  other  American  poets)  which  was  more 
noticed  and  quoted  by  the  press  than  any  other  article  in  that  number 
of  the  '  Review.'  Luck,  too,  was  against  me!  No  sooner  had  I  made 
my  mark  in  the  '  New  York  Quarterly'  than  it  went  into  bankruptcy; 
no  sooner  had  I  acquired  a  foothold  in  the  'International  Magazine' 
by  the  first  number  of  a  novel  called  'Mr.  Ashburner  in  New  York,' 
than  the  Harpers  bought  the  magazine,  and,  extinguishing  it, 
brought  my  novel  from  its  beginning  to  its  end. 

"In  the  days  of  my  New  York  life  I  thought  that  I  advanced 
slowly — much  too  slowly.  But  now  in  the  retrospect  I  am  amazed 
that  I  advanced  so  fast.  I  was  a  young  lawyer,  poorly  equipped  for 
the  law  and  a  stranger  in  a  great  city;  yet,  in  those  ten  years  I  held 
the  office  of  notary,  of  loan  commissioner,  of  trustee  of  public  schools. 
I  was  nominated  for  the  state  legislature  (defeated) ;  for  the  senate 
(declined)  and  for  judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  (defeated). 
I  was  elected  and  reelected  trustee  of  public  schools,  and  appointed 


212  CHARLES    COOPER    NOTT 

Dy  the  governor  one  of  a  commission  of  five  to  revise  the  school 
system  of  the  city.  I  published  a  law-book  (Nott  on  Mechanics' 
Liens)  which  made  me  one  of  the  'leading  counsel'  in  that  field  of 
local  law;  and  I  fought  my  way  at  the  bar  to  a  position  which,  after 
the  interlude  of  the  Civil  war,  was  the  stepping  stone  to  a  seat  on  the 
bench  of  the  Federal  Court  of  Claims.  In  those  ten  years,  too,  came 
the  greatest  achievement  of  my  life — I  brought  Abraham  Lincoln  to 
New  York  to  deliver  the  Cooper  Institute  address — one  of  the  remark- 
able addresses  of  the  world — for  in  one  hour  it  changed  the  course  of 
political  history  and  raised  Mr.  Lincoln  in  the  estimation  of  his  party 
from  a  successful  stump  speaker  to  a  statesman,  and  made  him 
president  of  the  United  States  (see  Nicolay  and  Hay's  Life  of  Lin- 
coln, vol.  2,  p.  217,  where  the  letter  which  brought  Mr.  Lincoln  to 
New  York  is  given)." 


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L/i^iAj-t/i  >     rVb-ij&<3 


CROSBY  STUART  NOYES 

NOYES,  CROSBY  STUART,  veteran  editor  of  ''The  Star," 
Washington's  oldest  established  newspaper,  is  conspicuous 
among  the  men  who  "do  things"  at  the  National  Capital. 
He  has  been  both  a  newspaper-builder,  and  an  active  friend  of  all 
measures  for  building  up  the  national  capital.  In  Washington,  noted 
as  it  is  as  the  graveyard  of  newspaper  enterprises,  he  has  built  up  a 
successful  and  prosperous  modern  newspaper;  and  for  nearly  half  a 
century  he  has  been  among  the  leaders  in  every  wise  plan  for  the 
development  of  the  greater  Washington. 

Born  in  Maine,  February  16,  1825,  he  came  to  Washington  in 
1847,  and  in  1853  became  a  reporter  and  a  little  later  assistant  editor 
of  "The  Star."  During  the  war  he  won  a  reputation  as  a  tactful, 
accurate  newsgatherer  of  untiring  energy  and  unfailing  resources. 
In  1867  he  acquired  an  interest  in  "The  Star"  and  became  its  editor- 
in-chief. 

From  small  beginnings  he  has  developed  "The  Star"  into  a  great 
modern  newspaper,  the  special  champion  of  local  interests,  a  publica- 
tion read  by  all  classes  of  Washingtonians.  He  has  done  good  service 
in  nearly  every  branch  of  the  newspaper  work  which  as  editor  he  is 
called  upon  to  inspect,  supervise  and  direct;  and  he  thus  brings  to 
his  editorial  labors  a  ripe  experience  which  is  invaluable,  and  a 
thoughtful  consideration  of  the  rights  and  feelings  of  his  subordinates 
which  loyally  attaches  them  to  him  and  to  the  paper. 

Mr.  Noyes  has  labored  effectively,  both  individually  and  through 
"The  Star,"  at  every  stage  of  Washington's  development  during  the 
last  fifty  years,  and  has  been  a  potent  factor  in  the  upbuilding  of  the 
modern  city.  He  ably  and  persistently  assisted  A.  R.  Shepherd  to 
put  into  practical  operation  the  projects  of  municipal  improvement, 
about  which  the  two  men  had  dreamed  and  planned  while  fellow 
members  of  the  local  common  council  in  1863.  He  labored  with 
Shepherd  in  the  era  of  destruction,  when  the  old  municipal  structure 
was  with  wise  ruthlessness  torn  down.  He  was  among  the  leaders 
in  the  era   of    reconstruction,  beginning  with  the  laying  of    deep, 


214  CROSBY    STUART   NOYES 


broad  and  solid  foundations  for  Washington's  prosperity  in  the  part- 
nership relations  established  by  the  Organic  Act  between  the  nation 
and  its  capital;  and  in  the  later  years  of  the  construction  era,  as  the 
municipal  superstructure  has  been  rising  in  lines  of  impressive  beauty 
— in  every  effort  to  promote  this  upbuilding  Mr.  Noyes  has  had  an 
active,  influential  and  helpful  part. 

He  is  believed  to  be  the  oldest  living  editor  of  prominence  who 
has  stamped  his  individuality  upon  his  paper  and  community.  In 
his  ripe  old  age  at  the  close  of  over  half  a  century  of  persistent  and 
effective  work  in  the  interest  of  the  community  he  enjoys  a  unique 
position  in  the  esteem  and  affection  of  the  people  of  Washington. 
The  regard  in  which  he  is  held  was  indicated  in  1904  by  the  presenta- 
tion of  a  silver  loving  cup,  a  testimonial  of  esteem  not  from  a  few 
large  donors  but  from  a  multitude  of  small  donors,  thoroughly  repre- 
sentative of  the  people  of  Washington.  The  occasion  of  the  pre- 
sentation of  the  cup  was  unique.  It  was  attended  by  over  a  thousand 
citizens  and  over  eight  hundred  letters  of  greeting  were  received. 
There  gathered  in  his  honor  a  remarkable  assemblage  of  "all  sorts 
and  conditions  of  men,"  official  and  unofficial,  including  many  of 
the  great  men  of  the  nation  at  the  seat  of  government,  who  tendered 
greetings  either  personally  or  by  letter,  while  there  was  a  notable 
representation  of  the  people  of  Washington.  President  Macfarland, 
speaking  for  the  District  Board  of  Commissioners,  the  local  govern- 
ment, emphasized  the  public  regard  for  Mr.  Noyes  in  the  following 
words:  "Such  a  tribute  of  respect  and  regard  as  is  being  given 
tonight  by  the  citizens  of  the  District  to  Mr.  Noyes  has  not  been 
offered  to  any  other  private  citizen  who  has  never  taken  high  office. 
This  fact  declares  the  character  and  the  reputation  of  the  man  and 
testifies  the  fitness  of  participation  by  the  District  government  in 
honoring  his  career  of  service  and  achievement.  The  remarkable 
career  of  this  remarkable  man  has  not  hitherto  had  full  recognition, 
because  it  has  been  characterized  by  modesty  and  simplicity;  but 
it  is  fortunate  that  while  he  is  still  with  us  in  vigor  of  body  and  mind 
it  is  receiving  the  consideration  which  it  deserves,  for  it  is  full  of 
example  and  encouragement.  ...  To  have  had  through  many 
years  a  great  part  in  the  formation  and  directing  of  the  public  opinion 
which  rules  the  National  Capital  of  the  United  States  and  to  be  justi- 
fied by  the  results  in  the  use  of  such  responsible  opportunity,  is  all 
that  any  man  of  public  spirit  could  desire.     But  beyond  this  the 


CROSBY   STUART   NOYES  215 

influence  of  Mr.  Noyes  has  gone  throughout  the  dominions  of  our 
flag,  and  his  place  and  prestige  in  the  world  of  journalism  was  well 
shown  by  his  prominence  in  the  press  parliament  of  the  world  at  St. 
Louis.  Every  distinction  shown  one  of  our  citizens  reflects  honor 
upon  us  all,  and  what  Mr.  Noyes  has  done  and  won  outside  of  the 
District  has  benefited  it  as  substantially  as  his  service  here." 

Mr.  Noyes  was  invited  to  address,  as  American  representative, 
the  World's  Press  Parliament  in  St.  Louis  in  1904,  and  he  read  there 
a  paper  on  the  "Journalistic  Outlook"  which  was  widely  reprinted. 

In  1856  Mr.  Noyes  was  married  to  Elizabeth  S.,  daughter  of 
Reverend  Thomas  Williams,  of  Maine.  They  have  four  children 
living:  Theodore  W.,  associate  editor-in-chief  of  "The  Star";  Frank 
B.,  editor  and  publisher  of  the  Chicago  "Record-Herald";  Thomas 
C,  news  manager  of  "  The  Star";  and  Mira  C,  Mrs.  George  W.  Boyd, 
of  Philadelphia.  He  is  the  owner  of  a  beautiful  country  home  named 
"Alton  Farm"  near  Washington,  in  Maryland,  where  he  spends  a 
considerable  portion  of  each  year. 


CHARLES   O'NEIL 

O'NEIL,  CHARLES,  rear-admiral  United  States  navy,  is  an 
officer  who  in  peace,  in  preparation  for  war,  and  in  war  itself, 
has  won  an  enviable  record  for  fidelity,  foresight,  and  effi- 
ciency. Without  either  official  influence  or  the  advantage  of  study 
in  a  technical  school  or  the  naval  academy,  by  his  energy,  ability 
and  character,  he  has  risen  from  the  place  of  a  common  sailor  on  a 
merchant  vessel  to  his  present  high  position. 

He  was  born  in  Manchester,  England,  March  15,  1842.  His 
parents  were  John  and  Mary  Ann  (Francis)  O'Neil.  His  father  was 
a  note  and  stock  broker,  a  man  of  culture  and  integrity,  who  gave 
careful  attention  to  his  business  and  was  devoted  to  his  family,  but 
who  never  entered  public  life.  Mrs.  O'Neil  was  a  woman  of  fine  mind 
and  noble  character.  They  removed  to  this  country  in  1847  and 
settled  in  Roxbury,  now  incorporated  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 
One  of  their  earlier  ancestors  was  Henry  O'Neil,  an  English  painter. 

Charles  O'Neil  studied  in  the  grammar  and  high  schools  of  Rox- 
bury, but  at  the  age  of  seventeen  he  "went  to  sea  before  the  mast." 
During  the  next  few  years  the  craving  for  adventure  which  had  led 
him  to  become  a  sailor  was  fully  satisfied.  His  first  voyage,  from 
Boston  to  Liverpool  and  Calcutta,  was  made  in  safety,  but  on  his 
second  voyage,  the  ship  foundered  in  the  Indian  Ocean.  After 
drifting  two  or  three  days  in  an  open  boat,  with  a  few  of  his  com- 
panions he  was  rescued  by  a  French  bark  and  landed  at  Mauritius, 
where  he  found  employment  as  clerk  to  the  United  States  consul. 
Early  in  1861,  he  went  to  New  York  as  third  mate,  on  a  ship  which 
had  come  into  port  for  repairs. 

As  soon  as  possible  after  reaching  New  York,  O'Neil  entered 
the  United  States  navy  as  a  volunteer  in  the  Civil  war  which  had  just 
begun.  He  served  on  the  war  ship  Cumberland  at  both  attacks  on 
Forts  Hatteras  and  Clark,  and  also  in  the  encounter  in  which  about 
one  hundred  and  twenty  men  lost  their  lives  and  the  ship  was  sunk 
by  the  famous  Confederate  ironclad,  Merrimac.  He  also  participated 
in  both  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher.     In  1864,  while  at  Key  West  for  coal 


CHARLES  O'NEIL  217 

and  supplies,  he  narrowly  escaped  death  from  yellow  fever.  For 
gallant  service  in  various  actions  he  received  the  commendation  of 
the  navy  department  and  was  promptly  promoted. 

After  the  war,  he  had  various  assignments  in  the  ordinary  line 
of  naval  service.  In  1867  he  was  one  of  five  (among  a  large 
number  who  took  the  competitive  examinations  therefor)  who  se- 
cured the  highest  positions  in  the  regular  navy  which  had  been 
created  for  volunteers  by  an  act  of  congress.  In  May  1879  he  was 
placed  on  ordnance  duty  at  Boston  and  for  many  years  his  principal 
work  was  in  this  department  of  the  naval  service.  In  1884  he  was 
in  charge  of  the  manufacture  of  steel  guns  at  Cold  Spring,  New  York; 
and  in  April,  1886,  he  became  inspector  of  ordnance  at  the  navy 
yard  at  New  York,  at  which  point  he  remained  for  three  years.  Here 
his  mechanical  skill  and  sound  judgement  made  his  services  of  great 
value  in  the  difficult  work  of  installing  the  large  guns  in  the  first  of 
our  modern  ships.  From  March,  1890,  until  September,  1892,  he 
was  superintendent  of  the  naval  gun  factory  as  Washington,  where 
he  made  great  improvements  and  large  additions  to  the  works. 

During  the  next  few  years  he  was  in  command  of  the  Marblehead. 
He  participated  in  the  imposing  ceremonies  at  the  opening  of  the 
Kiel  canal  in  Germany;  he  protected  American  interests,  and  won 
the  respect  and  confidence  of  the  native  officials,  when  the  Armenian 
disturbances  in  Turkey  were  at  their  height;  and  in  1894,  during  the 
troubles  respecting  the  Mosquito  reservation,  he  rendered  efficient 
protection  to  American  and  other  foreign  interests  at  Bluefields, 
Nicaragua.  For  the  last-named  service  he  was  commended  by  our 
navy  department  and  received  the  thanks  of  the  governments  of 
Nicaragua  and  Great  Britain. 

In  1896  he  again  became  superintendent  of  the  government  gun 
works  at  Washington,  where  he  continued  the  improvements  and 
extensions  which  had  been  commenced  under  his  previous  adminis- 
tration; and  on  June  1,  1897,  he  was  promoted  chief  of  the  naval 
bureau  of  ordnance. 

It  was  owing  very  largely  to  his  foresight  and  energy  that  the 
navy  was  well  equipped  with  ammunition  at  the  beginning  of  the 
war  with  Spain.  The  value  of  his  work  in  this  direction  was  highly 
appreciated  by  the  people  and  the  government.  Admiral  Sampson, 
in  a  public  speech,  asserted  that  the  bureau  of  ordnance  "was  the 
one  branch  of  the  navy  department  that  was  ready  when  the  war 


218  CHARLES    O'NEIL 

started,"  and  added  that  its  chief  "has  always  kept  us  well  supplied 
ahead."  By  securing  a  modification  of  the  law  regarding  the  price 
to  be  paid  for  armor  plate,  Rear- Admiral  O'Neil  made  it  possible  for 
the  work  of  construction  of  several  large  ships  to  be  resumed.  He 
rendered  another  great  service  to  the  country  by  inducing  the  gov- 
ernment to  establish  a  factory  in  which  to  perfect  the  processes  of 
making  smokeless  powder;  and  by  various  improvements  in  guns  and 
projectiles,  and  in  details  of  naval  armament,  he  has  done  much  to 
make  our  navy  respected  in  peace  and  formidable  in  war.  As  presi- 
dent of  the  naval  board  of  construction  for  seven  years,  he  also  ren- 
dered efficient  service  in  the  development  of  our  naval  power.  By 
regular  promotion  he  reached  the  rank  of  rear-admiral  December  31, 
1903;  and  on  reaching  the  age  limit  for  active  service,  he  was  retired 
March  15,  1904.  Afterward  he  made  an  extended  professional  tour 
in  Europe  for  the  navy  department,  and  reported  on  the  state  of  the 
arts  of  shipbuilding,  gun  construction,  the  manufacture  of  armor 
and  kindred  subjects. 

Admiral  O'Neil  was  married  in  1869  to  Mary  C.  Frothingham, 
of  Charlestown,  Massachusetts.  Of  their  two  children,  one,  Doctor 
R.  F.  O'Neil,  a  physician  in  Boston,  is  now  living.  Admiral  O'Neil 
is  a  member  of  the  New  York  Yacht  club,  and  of  the  Metropolitan, 
Army  and  Navy  and  Chevy  Chase  clubs  of  Washington.  While  he 
has  never  taken  an  active  part  in  politics,  his  sympathies  are  with 
the  Republican  party.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
church.  In  his  reading  he  has  found  biographies  and  books  of  travel 
most  interesting  and  helpful.  He  is  fond  of  reading;  of  out-of-door 
sports;  takes  pleasure  in  social  life  and  "enjoys  an  occasional  visit 
to  the  theatre."  His  early  life  was  mostly  spent  in  a  suburb  of  a 
large  city.  The  only  difficulties  in  obtaining  an  education  were,  as 
he  says,  "dislike  for  study  and  fondness  for  play,"  though  he  was 
always  ambitious  and  anxious  to  get  on  in  the  world.  His  choice  of 
a  profession  was  finally  determined  by  his  yielding  to  an  impulse  "  to 
go  to  sea" — a  course  which  he  does  not  advise  for  others,  but  which 
in  his  case  led  to  forty-three  years  of  honorable  and  efficient  service 
of  his  country. 

The  influences  which  have  been  strongest  upon  his  life  and  have 
had  the  most  to  do  with  his  success,  were  those  of  home.  He  owes 
much  to  his  parents.  The  influence  of  his  mother  was  particularly 
strong.     His  wife,  also,  has  been  a  great  help  in  his  work.     In  re- 


CHARLES    O'NEIL  219 

viewing  the  past  he  says  that  while  he  has  been  successful,  yet  he 
feels  that  he  might  and  should  have  done  better  than  he  has,  and 
his  word  of  advice  to  the  young  is,  "  Be  earnest,  truthful  and  sincere, 
and  whatever  you  do,  do  it  as  well  as  you  can." 


ROBERT  MAITLAND  O'REILLY 

O'REILLY,  ROBERT  MAITLAND,  surgeon-general  United 
States  army,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania, 
January  14,  1845.  His  parents  were  John  and  Ellen 
(Maitland)  O'Reilly.  Among  the  distinguished  ancestors  of  the 
family  were  Alexander  O'Reilly,  the  last  governor  of  Louisiana  under 
Spanish  rule;  Thomas  Fitzsimmons,  who  was  a  partner  of  Robert 
Morris,  a  member  of  the  Continental  congress,  of  the  United  States 
constitutional  convention,  and  of  the  first,  second,  and  third  Con- 
gresses of  the  United  States;  Lieutenant  Patrick  McDonough,  who 
was  killed  in  the  defense  of  Fort  Erie  in  the  War  of  1812;  and  Major 
John  Maitland,  who  served  in  a  volunteer  regiment  in  the  same  war 
and  who  was  also  a  member  of  the  select  council  of  Philadelphia. 

In  childhood  and  youth  Robert  Maitland  O'Reilly  lived  for  the 
most  part  in  the  city.  His  health  was  good;  he  had  no  tasks  to 
perform  which  required  manual  labor;  and  there  were  no  unusual 
difficulties  in  the  way  of  his  acquiring  an  education.  His  preparatory 
studies  were  taken  in  private  schools.  The  active  work  of  life  was 
commenced  in  1862,  in  the  medical  department  of  the  United  States 
army.  In  January,  1864,  he  received  the  appointment  of  medical 
cadet  in  the  army.  He  took  a  course  of  study  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  from  which  institution  he  was  graduated  in  1866. 
His  army  service  was  continuous,  and  by  successive  promotions  he 
reached  the  rank  of  major-surgeon  in  1896.  In  the  war  with  Spain 
he  served  from  May,  1898,  to  May,  1899,  as  lieutenant-colonel,  chief 
surgeon  of  volunteers.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel  deputy 
surgeon-general  in  1900,  colonel  assistant  surgeon-general  in  Febru- 
ary, 1902,  and  in  September,  1902,  after  a  service  of  forty  years  in  the 
medical  department  of  the  army  he  was  promoted  to  his  present  rank 
of  brigadier-general  surgeon-general. 

He  was  married  to  Frances  L.  Pardee,  August  16,  1877.  Of 
their  two  children  one  is  now  living.  Surgeon-General  O'Reilly  is  a 
member  of  the  Loyal  Legion;  of  the  Metropolitan  and  Chevy  Chase 
clubs  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia;  of  the  University  and 


ROBERT   MAITLAND    O 'REILLY  221 

Pacific  Union  clubs  of  San  Francisco;  and  of  the  Reform  club  of  New 
York.  His  religious  connection  is  with  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 
The  influence  of  his  mother  upon  his  life  and  character  was  strong  and 
helpful.  The  choice  of  his  profession  was  due  to  accident  rather  than 
to  deliberate  consideration.  His  chief  relaxation  from  official  duties 
he  finds  in  social  intercourse.  In  addition  to  the  performance  of  his 
regular  professional  duties  he  is  developing  plans  for  increasing  the 
efficiency  of  the  medical  department  of  the  army. 


LEE  SLATER  OVERMAN 

OVERMAN,  LEE  SLATER,  Trinity  college,  North  Carolina, 
A.B.,  A.M.,  1876;  teacher,  private  secretary;  lawyer;  repre- 
sentative in  the  North  Carolina  legislature,  1883-85-87-93, 
and  1901,  and  speaker  of  the  house,  1893;  president  of  the  North  Caro- 
lina Railroad,  1894;  trustee  of  the  State  university  from  1894;  president 
of  the  Democratic  state  convention  and  presidential  elector  from  the 
state-at-large,  1900,  and  United  States  senator  since  March  4,  1903; 
was  born  in  Salisbury,  Rowan  county,  North  Carolina,  January  3, 
1854;  son  of  William  and  Mary  E.  (Slater)  Overman.  His  father 
was  a  merchant,  farmer  and  manufacturer,  a  man  of  thrift  and  ability 
who  had  accumulated  a  considerable  property  which  the  war  between 
the  states  swept  away.  He  was  popular  in  the  community,  of  strict 
honesty  and  upright  character.  His  mother  was  the  granddaughter 
of  Major  James  Smith  and  inherited  from  him  her  strength  of  charac- 
ter and  her  strong  religious  convictions.  Major  Smith  was  a  member 
of  the  Provisional  congress  of  North  Carolina,  member  of  the  state 
legislature  for  several  continuous  terms,  a  leader  in  organizing  the 
committee  of  safety  previous  to  the  Revolutionary  war  and  helpful 
in  securing  the  passage  of  the  Rowan  resolutions  declaring  independ- 
ence from  England.  On  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  with  Great  Brit- 
ain he  raised  a  company  and  was  made  captain  and  soon  rose  to  the 
rank  of  major.  He  was  captured  by  the  British  and  died  in  prison 
at  Camden,  South  Carolina.  William  Overman,  the  first  known 
American  ancestor  lived  in  Pasquotank  county,  North  Carolina, 
about  1700. 

Lee  Slater  Overman  was  brought  up  in  his  father's  home  in 
Salisbury,  and  received  private  instruction.  When  his  father's 
slaves  and  other  property  were  lost,  he  helped  to  support  himself  in 
preparing  for  college  by  teaching  at  the  village  high  school,  his 
father  paying  his  college  expenses.  He  was  graduated  at  Trinity 
college,  Durham,  North  Carolina,  A.B.,  1874;  A.M.,  1876.  He 
taught  school,  1875-76,  studied  law  under  J.  M.  McCorkle  in  Salis- 
bury, and  Doctor  Richard  H.  Battle,  in  Raleigh;  was  private  secre- 


LEE   SLATER   OVERMAN  223 

tary  to  Governor  Vance,  1877-78,  and  to  Governor  Jarvis,  1879. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1878,  and  began  the  practice  of  law 
in  Salisbury,  North  Carolina,  in  1880.  He  was  a  member  of  the  lower 
house  of  the  state  legislature,  1883,  1885,  1887,  1893,  1899;  was 
speaker  in  1893,  and  candidate  of  the  Democrats  for  speaker  in  1887. 
He  was  president  of  the  North  Carolina  Railroad  Company  in  1894; 
the  candidate  of  the  Democratic  members  of  the  state  legislature  for 
United  States  senator  in  1895,  the  Populists  and  Republicans  uniting 
on  J.  C.  Pritchard  as  their  candidate,  and  effecting  his  election.  He 
was  president  of  the  Democratic  state  convention  in  1900;  a  trustee 
of  the  University  of  North  Carolina  from  1894,  and  presidential 
elector  for  the  state-at-large  in  1900.  He  has  been  prominent  in 
local  affairs  in  his  native  city,  being  elected  president  of  the  Salisbury 
Savings  Bank  and  a  director  of  the  Wachovia  Loan  and  Trust  Com- 
pany and  of  the  Davis  and  Wiley  Bank,  and  an  officer  and  director 
in  various  other  financial  and  educational  institutions.  He  was 
affiliated  with  the  Chi  Phi  Society  and  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and  Elks 
fraternities.  From  his  boyhood  he  has  been  an  active  member  of 
the  Methodist  church.  As  a  young  man  before  reaching  his  majority 
he  was  active  in  political  affairs,  and  became  acquainted  personally 
with  the  leading  statesmen  and  lawyers  of  North  Carolina  when 
boys  of  his  age  were  at  play  and  had  no  fixed  purpose  in  life.  He 
possessed  the  faculty  of  making  friends,  was  a  youth  and  man  of 
strong  personality,  affable  manners,  and  great  strength  of  character. 
He  was  married,  October  31,  1878,  to  Mary  P.,  daughter  of 
Senator  Augustus  Summerfield  and  Margaret  J.  (Baird)  Merrimon  of 
Raleigh,  North  Carolina,  and  three  of  their  five  children  are  living  in 
1906.  Senator  Overman  credits  his  success  in  life  to  systematic 
study  and  recreation,  temperance,  sobriety  and  determination  to 
succeed,  having  a  fixed  purpose  to  make  himself  useful  to  his  time 
and  generation  in  any  position  he  may  be  called  upon  to  fill. 


THOMAS  NELSON  PAGE 

PAGE,  THOMAS  NELSON,  author,  lawyer,  was  born  at  "Oak- 
land," the  old  mansion  house  of  the  family, in  Hanover  county, 
Virginia,  on  April  23, 1853.  He  is  the  son  of  Major  John  and 
Elizabeth  Burwell  (Nelson)  Page,  and  a  direct  descendant  of  old  and 
distinguished  Virginia  families  on  both  sides — the  Pages,  of  Roswell, 
and  the  Nelsons,  of  Yorktown.  John  Page,  his  great  grandfather, 
was  a  conspicuous  patriot  of  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  Thomas  Nelson,  another 
of  his  forbears,  was  war  governor  of  Virginia  at  the  time  of  the  revo- 
lution, and  rendered  important  services  during  the  subsequent  era 
of  national  construction. 

The  boyhood  of  Mr.  Page  saw  his  country  in  the  throes  of  Civil 
war,  which  conflict  interfered,  in  no  small  degree,  with  his  early 
education,  but  by  way  of  recompense,  furnished  him  much  of  the 
material  for  his  future  literary  work.  His  home  was  within  the  zone 
of  conflict,  in  full  view  of  the  horrors  of  war,  and  was  soon  made  to 
suffer  the  impoverishment  that  follows  on  a  series  of  campaigns.  He 
entered  Washington  and  Lee  university,  at  Lexington,  Virginia,  but 
the  debating  society  and  the  college  paper  seemed  to  have  more  charm 
for  him  than  the  routine  of  the  class-room.  His  talents  were  dis- 
tinctively literary,  and  he  found  greater  pleasure  in  editing  the  col- 
lege paper,  constructing  the  framework  of  stories,  assembling  inci- 
dents of  the  war  or  characteristics  of  persons,  and  studying  customs 
and  manners,  than  in  the  curriculum  of  systematic  study. 

After  teaching  school  for  one  year,  he  entered  the  law  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Virginia,  completed  its  course  of  study,  and 
received  a  degree  in  law,  in  1874.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  shortly 
thereafter,  and  practised  law  in  Richmond  until  1893,  devoting  his 
leisure,  meanwhile,  to  literary  work  and  the  platform.  He  attained 
popularity  as  a  public  lecturer  as  great  as  was  his  repute  in  the  field 
of  literature.  Among  his  best  known  works  are:  " In  Ole  Virginia " 
(1887);  "Two  Little  Confederates"  (1888);  "On  Newfound  River" 
(1891);    "Elsket  and  Other  Stories"  (1892);    "  Befo'  the  War"  (in 


THOMAS   NELSON   PAGE  225 

collaboration  with  Armistead  C.  Gordon) ;  "  Pastime  Stories  "  (1894) ; 
"The  Burial  of  the  Guns"  (1894);  "  Unc'  Edinburgh  Drowndin"'; 
"Meh  Lady";  "Marse  Chan";  "Polly";  "Social  Life  in  Old  Vir- 
ginia"; "The  Old  Gentleman  of  the  Black  Stock"  (1896);  "Two 
Prisoners"  (1897);  "Red  Rock"  (1898);  "Santa  Claus'  Partner" 
(1899) ;  "  A  Captured  Santa  Claus  "  (1902) ;  "  Gordon  Keith  "  (1903) ; 
"Bred  in  the  Bone";  "Miss  Gordon's  Inheritance";  "The  Negro: 
the  Southerner's  Problem"  (1904);  and  several  papers  on  race  prob- 
lems. 

In  1893,  Mr.  Page  removed  to  Washington,  District  of  Columbia, 
and  has  since  resided  at  the  capital.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Author's, 
Century,  and  University  clubs  of  New  York,  and  of  the  Metropolitan, 
Cosmos,  Chevy  Chase,  University,  and  Alibi  clubs,  of  Washington. 
He  received  the  degree  of  Litt.D.  from  Washington  and  Lee  university 
and  from  Yale  university,  and  that  of  LL.D.  from  Tulane  university 
in  1899. 

He  has  been  twice  married.  First,  in  1886  to  Anne  Seddon 
Bruce,  who  died  in  1888;  second,  in  1893,  to  Florence  Lathrop,  widow 
of  Henry  Field,  of  Chicago,  Illinois. 

The  charm  and  pathos  of  "Meh  Lady"  and  "Marse  Chan"  have 
won  for  Thomas  Nelson  Page  a  place  in  the  hearts  of  the  people, 
north  and  south,  which  would  insure  him  lasting  remembrance  even 
if  he  were  not  the  true  literary  artist  he  has  proved  himself  to  be  in 
technic  and  in  spirit. 


EDMUND  SOUTHARD  PARKER 

PARKER,  EDMUND  SOUTHARD,  banker,  financier,  presi- 
dent of  the'National  Metropolitan  Citizens  Bank  of  Washington , 
District  of  Columbia,  was  born  in  Mifflintown,  Pennsylvania, 
October  25, 1839,  son  of  Andrew  Parker  and  Ann  Eliza  Doty,  descend- 
ants of  early  settlers  of  Pennsylvaina.  His  father  was  a  prominent 
lawyer,  represented  his  district  in  the  lower  house  of  congress,  and 
for  some  years  was  a  resident  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 
He  was  educated  at  the  public  schools  and  at  Tuscarora  academy, 
Academia,  Pennsylvania.  Shortly  thereafter,  he  entered  the  Mifflin 
county  National  Bank,  at  Lewiston,  Pennsylvania,  as  a  clerk;  and 
after  some  time  in  that  institution,  returned  to  Mifflintown  and 
organized  the  banking  house  of  Doty,  Parker  and  Company,  the  first 
bank  to  be  organized  in  Juniata  county.  In  1880,  upon  the  retire- 
ment of  Mr.  Doty,  the  senior  member,  the  firm  was  continued  under 
the  name  of  Parker  and  Company,  until  1888,  when  it  was  merged 
into  a  national  bank.  Mr.  Parker  remained  in  Mifflintown  until 
1887,  the  year  before  the  merger,  when  he  removed  to  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia,  and  took  part  in  the  organization  of  the  Colum- 
bia National  Bank,  of  which  he  was  elected  cashier.  In  1891,  he 
succeeded  to  the  presidency  of  the  bank  and  continued  at  its  head 
until  June,  1897,  when  he  became  connected  with  the  National  Metro- 
politan bank,  succeeding  the  late  John  W.  Thompson  as  president. 
He  is  a  careful  student  of  fiscal  matters,  a  good  executive,  and  has 
been  a  frequent  contributor  to  financial  and  other  periodicals  on 
banking  and  allied  topics.  Mr.  Parker  takes  an  active  interest  in 
the  religious  life  of  the  community,  and  in  the  public  schools  of  the 
city.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Education  of  the  District  of 
Columbia. 

In  February,   1865,  Mr.   Parker  married  M.   Isabella  Wilson, 
daughter  of  William  White  Wilson,  of  Mifflintown,  Pennsylvania. 


MYRON  MELVIN  PARKER 

PARKER,  MYRON  MELVIN,  soldier,  lawyer,  financier,  has 
long  been  a  leader  in  the  financial  and  philanthropic  interests 
of  the  capital  city.  He  was  born  at  Fairfax,  Franklin  county, 
Vermont;  attended  the  public  schools  of  his  native  state  and  the 
Fort  Edward  (New  York)  institute;  but  before  completing  the  course 
of  study  left  his  books  to  take  part  in  the  Civil  war.  Toward  the 
close  of  1862  he  enlisted  in  the  1st  Vermont  cavalry  and  he  remained 
in  the  army  till  the  close  of  the  war.  A  large  part  of  his  military 
service  was  in  Virginia  and  he  participated  in  numerous  engagements. 
When  peace  was  declared  he  returned  to  his  native  state  and  for  four 
years  he  was  aide-de-camp  to  its  governor  with  the  rank  of  colonel. 

Later  he  removed  to  Washington,  District  of  Columbia  and 
became  a  clerk  in  the  war  department.  He  studied  in  the  law  school 
of  the  Columbian  (now  George  Washington)  university  and  was 
graduated  therefrom  in  1876.  For  several  years  he  was  assistant 
postmaster  at  the  capital  city,  and  in  1893  he  was  appointed  a  com- 
missioner of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

He  has  served  on  the  Republican  national  committee,  was  a 
member  of  important  committees  at  the  inauguration  of  three  of  the 
presidents  of  the  United  States,  and  was  active  in  the  movement 
which  resulted  in  the  World's  Columbian  exposition  at  Chicago.  He 
is  president  of  a  banking  institution  at  Nome,  Alaska,  and  of  various 
building  and  manufacturing  companies;  and  is  a  director  in  several 
large  business  corporations.  He  served  as  one  of  the  executors  of 
the  estate  of  the  late  Senator  John  Sherman,  and  as  secretary  of  the 
Washington  Memorial  Association.  Among  the  institutions  of  which 
he  is  a  trustee  are  the  George  Washington  university,  the  Providence 
and  Columbia  hospitals,  the  Hospital  for  Foundlings,  and  the  Train- 
ing School  for  Nurses;  all  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 
He  is  a  prominent  member  of  the  Masonic  order. 


SERENO  ELISHA  PAYNE 

PAYNE,  SERENO  ELISHA,  graduate  of  the  University  of 
Rochester,  1864;  lawyer,  city  clerk  of  Auburn,  New  York; 
supervisor  of  Auburn;  district  attorney  Cayuga  county; 
president  Auburn  Board  of  Education ;  representative  from  New  York 
in  the  United  States  congress  in  ten  congresses,  1883-1904,  and  in 
the  last  named  year  elected  for  the  term  to  expire  in  March,  1907, 
member  of  the  committee  on  Ways  and  Means  of  the  United  States 
house  of  representatives  sixteen  years,  chairman  seven  years,  and 
reappointed;  helping  to  frame  the  McKinley  and  Dingley  bills;  author 
of  the  Porto  Rico  tariff  act  and  the  Cuban  reciprocity  act  which 
passed  the  house  in  1902  and  formed  the  basis  of  the  reciprocity 
treaty  with  Cuba;  director  of  banks  and  manufacturing  companies 
in  Auburn,  New  York;  speaker  pro  tempore  of  the  United  States 
house  of  representatives,  and  member  of  the  American  and  British 
Joint  High  commission;  was  born  in  Hamilton,  New  York,  June  26, 
1843.  His  parents  removed  to  a  farm  near  Auburn,  New  York,  in 
1844  and  he  has  made  that  city  his  residence  except  when  duty  as  a 
representative  in  congress  forced  him  to  reside  in  Washington.  His 
father,  the  Honorable  William  Wallace  Payne,  was  a  prosperous 
farmer,  a  member  of  the  state  assembly  from  the  first  district  of 
Cayuga  county  in  1858  and  1859  and  a  man  of  strong  intellect,  vigor- 
ous body,  great  powers  of  conversation,  able  to  discuss  forcibly  the 
political  questions  of  the  day,  and  interested  in  the  affairs  of  city, 
state  and  nation.  His  mother,  Betsey  Sears,  was  a  daughter  of 
David  and  Thankful  (Irish)  Sears  and  a  lineal  descendant  of  Stephen 
Hopkins  who  came  to  America  in  the  Mayflower,  1620.  His  grand- 
father, Elisha  Payne,  was  the  founder  of  the  village  of  Hamilton, 
having  migrated  thither  from  Connecticut  and  married  Esther  Doug- 
lass. His  great  grandfather,  David  Irish,  was  a  pioneer  preacher  in  j 
central  New  York  and  all  his  ancestors  were  God-fearing  men  and 
most  of  them  members  of  some  christian  church.  Sereno  E.  Payne 
worked  on  his  father's  farm  when  not  in  attendance  at  the  district 
school  and  Auburn  academy,  and  was  able  to  do  a  man's  work  when 


SERENO  ELISHA  PAYNE  229 

twelve  or  thirteen  years  old.  He  took  special  interest  in  running  the 
farm  machinery.  He  continued  his  farm  work  during  his  college 
vacations  and  in  this  way  became  strong  and  healthy.  The  prac- 
tical knowledge  gained  from  his  farm  life  was  a  great  aid  in  practising 
his  profession  as  a  lawyer,  especially  before  juries.  He  was  one  of 
eight  children;  and  his  father  desired  that  each  one  should  graduate 
at  the  academy,  but  he  did  not  plan  to  send  any  to  college.  It  was 
only  by  urgent  solicitation  and  consenting  to  have  his  expenses  at 
college  taken  from  his  share  of  whatever  might  fall  to  him,  that 
Sereno  gained  the  consent  of  his  father  to  advance  the  money,  and 
he  matriculated  at  the  university  of  Rochester  in  1860  and  was 
graduated  A.B.  1864,  receiving  his  master's  degree  in  course.  He 
studied  law  in  the  office  of  Cox  and  Avery  in  Auburn,  1864-66,  and 
was  admitted  to  practice  in  June,  1866,  at  the  bar  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  state.  He  was  a  law  partner  with  John  T.  M.  Davie, 
1869-70  and  practised  alone  1870-82.  His  political  service  began  in 
1867  when  he  was  elected  by  the  Republican  party  city  clerk  of 
Auburn,  serving  two  years.  He  was  supervisor  of  a  ward  of  Auburn, 
1871-72;  district  attorney  of  Cayuga  county,  1873-79;  and  president 
of  the  board  of  education  for  the  city,  1879-82.  He  then  entered 
the  national  government  as  representative  from  the  twenty-sixth 
congressional  district  of  New  York  in  the  forty-eighth  United  States 
Congress,  1883-85,  and  from  the  twenty-seventh  district  in  the  forty- 
ninth  Congress,  1885-87.  He  failed  to  receive  the  nomination  of  his 
party  for  the  fiftieth  Congress  and  it  went  with  the  election  to  Newton 
W.  Nutting,  of  Oswego,  who  had  been  elected  from  the  twenty-fourth 
district  to  the  forty-eighth  Congress  and  who  died  October  15,  1889. 
Mr.  Payne  served  in  the  forty-eighth  Congress  on  the  committees  on 
the  Revision  of  the  Laws  and  on  Expenditures  in  the  Interior  De- 
partment; and  in  the  forty-ninth  Congress  on  the  committee  on 
Elections  and  was  continued  on  the  committee  on  the  Revision  of 
the  Laws.  He  was  elected  to  the  fifty-first  Congress  to  fill  the 
vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  Representative  Nutting,  and  was 
placed  on  the  committees  on  Ways  and  Means,  and  Railways  and 
Canals,  and  on  the  special  committee  to  investigate  the  Sergeant-at- 
Arms'  office.  In  the  fifty-second,  fifty-third,  fifty-fourth,  fifty-fifth, 
fifty-sixth,  fifty-seventh  and  fifty-eighth  Congresses  he  was  continued 
as  a  member  of  the  committee  on  Ways  and  Means  and  also  served 
on  the  committee  on  Expenditures  in  the  Department  of  Justice.     In 


230  SERENO    ELISHA    PAYNE 

the  fifty-sixth  Congress  he  succeeded  Nelson  Dingley,  Jr.,  deceased, 
as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  Ways  and  Means  and  also  served 
on  the  committee  on  Insular  Affairs.  In  January,  1899,  he  was 
appointed  by  President  McKinley  one  of  the  members  of  the  Joint 
High  Commission  to  negotiate  a  treaty  with  Canada.  He  was  un- 
animously elected  speaker  pro  tempore  of  the  United  States  house 
of  representatives  during  the  temporary  absence  of  Mr.  Speaker  Reed 
in  April  1898,  and  as  such  he  signed  the  act  annexing  Hawaii,  and 
other  important  bills.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Republican  national 
conventions  of  1896,  1900  and  1904  serving  in  1900  as  chairman  of 
the  committee  on  Credentials.  On  the  assembling  of  the  fifty-eighth 
Congress  he  was  a  prominent  candidate  before  the  house  for  the 
speakership. 

He  was  married  April  23,  1873,  to  Gertrude,  daughter  of  Oscar 
Fitzhugh  and  Arietta  (Terry)  Knapp  of  Auburn,  New  York,  and 
their  son,  William  Knapp  Payne,  became  the  junior  member  of  the 
Auburn  law  firm  of  Payne,  Van  Sickle  and  Payne,  of  which  his  father 
was  the  senior  member.  Mr.  Payne  was  always  a  forceful  personage 
and  while  at  home  on  the  farm  led  the  workmen  of  whom  he  was  one, 
and  was  able  to  "hoe  his  row"  with  the  most  experienced  farm-hand 
when  fourteen  years  old.  In  college  he  was  at  the  head  of  his  class. 
As  a  lawyer  he  was  highly  successful.  He  built  up  an  extensive 
practice  early  in  his  career  and  for  twelve  years  prior  to  his  election 
to  congress  he  was  engaged  in  most  important  cases  in  the  court  of 
his  circuit.  Since  he  entered  congress  he  has  given  much  attention 
to  the  law  but  as  he  remains  in  Washington  during  the  entire  sessions 
of  that  body  has  been  obliged  to  decline  many  large  retainers.  As  a 
legislator  he  has  been  a  leader  on  the  floor  of  the  house  and  in  the 
committee  rooms.  As  a  boy  of  twelve  he  says  he  had  a  strong  im- 
pulse to  become  a  public  speaker,  and  when  fourteen  to  become  a 
lawyer.  This  first  impulse  was  born  of  chagrin  caused  by  a  failure, 
through  diffidence,  in  rehearsing  a  declamation  before  an  audience. 
He  has  refused  any  office  not  in  line  with  his  profession  and  he 
accepted  his  first  nomination  to  congress  as  a  matter  of  duty,  as  his 
friends  desired  to  break  up  a  political  combine  existing  in  the  dis- 
trict. Whatever  of  ambition  he  possessed,  resulted  from  a  habit  of 
trying  to  do  as  well  as  possible  the  duty  that  each  day  brought  with 
it.  Home,  school,  early  companionship,  private  study  and  especially 
reading  history — the  lives  of  public  men  and  the  political  and  tariff 


SERENO    ELISHA    PAYNE  231 

history  of  the  United  States — and  the  principles  of  law  gained  by 
reading  Blackstone  and  Kent,  together  with  contact  with  public  men, 
he  regards  as  the  chief  influences  that  shaped  his  life  and  made  it 
successful.  He  estimates  that  in  his  life  his  success  would  have  been 
greater  had  he  been  more  industrious  and  diligent.  He  feels  that 
industry  is  the  main  factor  of  success  in  any  life,  and  that  genius  is 
largely  ability  to  work  steadily  and  work  hard;  and  that  regular 
methods  and  habits  and  a  moral  and  honest  life  are  essential  to  success. 


STANTON  JUDKINS  PEELLE 

PEELLE,  STANTON  JUDKINS,  LL.D.,  chief  justice  of  the 
United  States  Court  of  Claims  since  January  1,  1906,  and 
professor  of  law  in  the  law  department  of  Columbian  (now 
George  Washington)  university,  a  trustee  of  Howard  university  and 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  was  born  near  New- 
port, now  Fountain  City,  Indiana,  February  11,  1843.  His  father, 
John  Cox  Peelle,  was  a  farmer  till  1859,  thereafter  engaged  in  the 
insurance  business.  "  He  was  a  man  who  spoke  ill  of  none  and  his 
marked  characteristics  were  firmness  and  kindness."  His  mother, 
Ruth  Smith  Peelle,  exerted  a  strong  moral  and  spiritual  influence 
upon  her  son.  His  grandfather,  William  Peelle,  was  for  twenty  years 
justice  of  the  peace  in  New  Gardner  township,  Wayne  county,  Indi- 
ana. An  uncle,  William  A.  Peelle,  was  secretary  of  state  of  Indiana, 
1801-63,  the  first  two  years  of  the  war.  A  brother  of  the  same  name 
was  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  in  Indiana,  1882-94. 

He  had  a  healthful  and  natural  childhood  and  youth;  and  his 
"earliest  interests  were  connected  with  the  church  and  with  debating 
societies."  He  lived  on  a  farm  until  he  was  sixteen  years  old.  Farm- 
ing was  his  only  manual  labor.  His  energetic  disposition  enabled  him 
to  overcome  the  difficulties  which  were  in  the  way  of  his  acquiring  an 
education.  He  attended  the  common  or  grammar  schools  in  Indiana, 
1850-00;  and  later,  Winchester  seminary.  After  teaching  in  a  private 
school  in  Randolph  county,  Indiana,  he  enlisted  in  the  army  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  war,  joining  Company  G,  8th  regiment,  Indiana 
infantry  volunteers,  as  a  corporal  and  was  soon  thereafter  promoted 
to  sergeant.  He  served  in  the  army  of  southwest  Missouri,  and  par- 
ticipated in  the  battle  at  Pea  Ridge,  Arkansas;  and  for  meritorious 
conduct  in  that  battle  was  promoted  second  lieutenant,  Company 
K,  57th  Indiana  volunteer  infantry,  December  10,  1862.  While  in 
this  regiment  he  participated  in  the  battle  at  Stones  River,  Tennessee, 
serving  in  General  Crittenden's  corps  and  being  slightly  wounded. 
In  all,  his  military  service  extended  over  two  years. 


^ 


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STANTON    JUDKINS    PEELLE  233 

Soon  after  the  expiration  of  his  military  service,  he  studied  law, 
first  with  his  uncle,  Judge  William  A.  Peelle  at  Centerville,  Indiana, 
and  later  at  Winchester,  Indiana,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1866,  and  practised  there  until  1869,  when  he  removed  to  Indian- 
apolis, Indiana.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Indiana  state  legislature 
from  1877  to  1879,  and  a  member  of  congress  from  the  seventh  or 
Indianapolis  district,  1881-85.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Control  of  the  Indiana  Reform  school  for  boys  1891-92.  He  was 
also  alternate  delegate-at-large  from  Indiana  to  the  Republican 
national  convention  of  1888,  and  was  chosen  a  delegate-at-large  to 
that  of  1892,  but  did  not  serve  as  he  was  appointed,  March  28,  1892, 
judge  of  the  United  States  Court  of  Claims,  where  he  is  still  serving, 
residing  in  Washington .  District  of  Columbia. 

Judge  Peelle  has  been  a  member  of  the  session  of  the  Church  of 
the  Covenant,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  since  1894,  and 
president  of  the  Elders'  Union  of  the  Presbytery  of  Washington  1902 
to  1904.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Cosmos  club  of  Washington;  of  the 
Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion;  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Re- 
public; of  the  National  Geographic  Society;  of  the  Washington 
branch  of  the  Archeological  Society  of  the  United  States;  and  of  the 
Masonic  Order,  Ancient  and  Accepted  Rite.  He  is  identified  with 
the  Republican  party,  and  is  interested  in  the  subject  of  international 
arbitration.  He  has  little  taste  for  fiction,  but  history,  biography 
and  stories  of  real  life  have  great  interest  for  him.  For  his  religious 
instruction  he  relies  upon  the  Bible  as  the  word  of  God.  He  conducts 
with  success  a  large  Bible  class  for  adults  in  the  church  of  which  he 
is  a  member.  Walking  and  driving  are  his  chosen  modes  of  exercise 
and  relaxation.  His  own  ambition  and  personal  preference  decided 
his  choice  of  a  profession,  in  his  twentieth  year.  His  first  strong 
impulse  to  success  came  from  ''hearing  a  candidate  for  congress  make 
a  speech  and  listening  to  the  argument  of  attorneys  in  their  cases  in 
courts."  He  says,  "Next  to  home,  my  contact  with  men  of  high 
christian  character  with  determined  purpose,  shaped  my  course." 
His  advice  to  young  people  is  "to  trust  in  God  and  be  not  afraid; 
and  then  plan  your  life-work,  and  determine  to  succeed  under  that 
banner.  Press  for  the  mark  with  hope  and  courage,  and  do  well  the 
things  that  lie  nearest." 

He  has  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Valparaiso  college, 
Valparaiso,  Indiana. 


234  STANTON    JUDKINS    PEELLE 

He  has  been  twice  married,  the  first  time  to  Miss  Lou  R.  Perkins, 
of  South  Bend,  Indiana,  July  16,  1867.  She  died  November  27, 
1873.  His  second  marriage  to  Mary  Arabella  Canfield,  of  Paines- 
ville,  Ohio,  only  daughter  of  the  late  Judge  Milton  Canfield,  took 
place  October  16,  1878.  They  have  one  son.  Judge  Peelle's 
address  is  the  Concord,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 


JAMES   SUMNER   PETTIT 

PETTIT,  JAMES  SUMNER,  United  States  army  officer,  was 
born  in  Lisbon,  Ohio,  August  4,  1856.  His  parents  were 
Stacy  and  Grazella  (Clark)  Pettit.  His  father  was  a  mechanic 
and  contractor,  a  man  of  high  moral  and  religious  character,  who 
was  influential  in  the  community  in  which  he  lived,  and  for  two  terms 
served  his  county  as  auditor.  His  earliest  known  ancestor  in 
America  was  John  Pettit,  who  was  living  on  Long  Island  in  1686. 

James  Sumner  Pettit  studied  in  the  public  schools  of  Ohio,  and 
was  graduated  from  the  United  States  military  academy  at  West 
Point  in  1878,  ranking  sixth  in  his  class.  He  commenced  the  active 
work  of  life  as  second  lieutenant  United  States  Infantry,  at  Fort 
Sully,  Dakota;  was  instructor  in  drawing  and  tactics  at  West  Point, 
1880-84;  served  in  the  Geronimo  campaign  in  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico,  1885-86;  was  instructor  in  natural  and  experimental  phil- 
osophy at  West  Point,  1888-92;  and  professor  of  military  science  and 
the  art  of  war  at  Yale  university,  1892-96.  In  the  war  with  Spain 
he  organized  and  commanded  two  volunteer  regiments,  of  each  of 
which  he  was  appointed  colonel.  He  was  military  and  civil  governor 
of  the  province  of  Manzanillo,  Cuba,  from  October  1898  to  May  1899. 
During  this  period  he  reorganized  the  government,  established  prac- 
tical school  and  tax  systems,  and  greatly  improved  the  sanitary  con- 
ditions. When  relieved  from  duty  he  received  the  thanks  of  the 
department  commander,  and  by  act  of  the  council  he  was  made  an 
adopted  citizen  of  Manzanillo.  In  July,  1899,  in  command  of  a 
volunteer  regiment  of  infantry,  he  sailed  to  the  Philippines.  He 
was  commander  of  the  Moro  district  of  Mindanao  and  Jolo  for  four 
months  and  was  then  appointed  civil  and  military  governor  of  the 
second  district  of  Mindanao,  which  position  he  held  with  honor  for 
two  years.  He  took  part  in  the  first  Moro  campaign,  Lake  Lanao, 
in  1902;  served  as  assistant  inspector-general  and  assistant-adjutant- 
general,  and  was  elected  vice-president  of  the  United  States  infantry 
Association. 


236  JAMES  SUMNER   PETTIT 

He  was  married  to  Bessie  Bryson  Sharp,  November  22,  1886. 
They  have  had  three  children,  all  of  whom  are  now  living.  The 
degree  of  A.M.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Yale  university.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion,  the  Order  of 
Foreign  Wars,  the  Order  of  the  Carabao,  of  the  Spanish  War  Veterans, 
of  the  Army  and  Navy  club  of  New  York,  and  of  the  Army  and  Navy, 
and  the  University  clubs,  of  Washington.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Ele- 
ments of  Military  Science,"  and  "Outposts  and  Advanced  Guards." 
He  is  not  identified  with  any  political  party.  His  religious  connec- 
tion is  with  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church.  He  finds  his  principal 
relaxation  in  tennis;  and  for  exercise  prefers  horseback  riding, 
although  he  is  fond  of  all  manly  sports  and  exercises. 

His  early  life  was  divided  between  the  village  and  the  country. 
His  health  was  good,  and  his  tastes  and  interests  were  those 
common  to  boys  of  his  age.  The  books  which  he  has  found  to  be 
most  helpful  in  his  work  are  military  histories.  Of  the  influences 
which  have  tended  to  make  him  successful  in  life  he  places  first,  those 
of  home;  second,  those  of  school;  third,  contact  with  men  in  active 
life;  fourth,  private  study;  fifth,  early  companionship.  He  has  no 
marked  failures  to  regret,  but  he  "hopes  to  make  a  record  of  greater 
achievement  in  the  future."  To  the  young  he  would  say  that,  in 
whatever  calling  they  engage, "  industry,  honesty  and  sobriety  are  the 
principal  requisites  for  success." 


EDMUND  WINSTON  PETTUS 

PETTUS,  EDMUND  WINSTON,  United  States  senator  since 
1897,  was  born  in  Limestone  county,  Alabama,  July  6,  1821. 
His  parents  were  John  and  Alice  T.  (Winston)  Pettus.  Be- 
fore locating  in  Limestone  county  his  father  had  been  a  soldier  in 
the  war  with  the  Creek  Indians. 

Edmund  Winston  Pettus  obtained  his  preparatory  education  in 
schools  near  his  home.  He  then  entered  Clinton  college,  Tennessee, 
and  later  studied  law  at  Tuscumbia,  Alabama.  In  1842  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  and  entered  into  a  law  partnership  with  the 
Honorable  Turner  Reavis,  at  Gainesville,  Alabama.  Two  years 
later  he  was  elected  solicitor  for  the  seventh  circuit  of  the  state,  but 
when  war  with  Mexico  was  declared  he  enlisted  in  the  United  States 
volunteer  army  in  which  he  served  as  lieutenant.  He  returned  to 
his  home;  but  in  1849  he  resigned  the  office  of  solicitor  and  with  a 
party  of  his  neighbors  made  a  horseback  trip  to  California  where  the 
"gold  fever"  was  then  at  its  height.  After  about  two  years  in  the 
gold  fields,  he  returned  to  Alabama  and  resumed  his  law  practice. 
In  1855  he  was  elected  judge  of  the  seventh  circuit,  which  office  he 
resigned  three  years  later,  removing  to  Selma,  Dallas  county,  Ala- 
bama, where  he  continued  the  practice  of  his  profession. 

During  the  Civil  war  Mr.  Pettus  served  in  the  Confederate  States 
army,  which  he  entered  in  1861  as  major  of  the  20th  Alabama  in- 
fantry, a  regiment  which  he  had  been  largely  instrumental  in  raising. 
He  was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel,  and  when  the  colonel  of  the 
regiment  was  killed  at  Vicksburg  he  succeeded  to  its  command.  He 
participated  in  many  battles,  won  high  praise  for  daring  leadership 
in  a  desperate  charge  at  Vicksburg,  and  was  taken  prisoner;  but  he 
was  promptly  exchanged.  For  a  time  he  was  in  the  Army  of  the 
Tennessee.  In  the  Atlanta  campaign  he  was  in  command  of  a 
brigade  in  General  Stevenson's  division;  in  the  Carolina  campaign 
he  led  the  same  force  in  the  corps  of  General  S.  D.  Lee;  and  with  his 
troops  he  was  with  General  Johnston  when  he  surrendered  in  North 
Carolina.     At  the  close  of  the  war  he  returned  to  Selma  and  once 


238  EDMUND   WINSTON   PETTUS 

more  took  up  the  practice  of  law.  In  a  few  years  he  became  promi- 
nent in  the  political  affairs  of  his  state,  and  from  1872  to  1896  he 
served  seven  times  as  a  delegate  to  the  Democratic  national  conven- 
tions. In  the  year  last  named  he  was  elected  to  the  United  States 
senate  as  a  Democrat,  receiving  more  than  his  full  party  vote.  He 
served  on  various  important  committees  and  his  course  was  so  satis- 
factory to  his  constituents  that  he  was  reelected  for  the  term  which 
will  expire  March  4,  1909. 

Senator  Pettus  was  married  to  Mary  L.  Chapman,  June  27,  1844. 
Their  home  is  in  Selma,  Alabama. 


ORVILLE  HITCHCOCK  PLATT 

PLATT,  ORVILLE  HITCHCOCK,  lawyer,  statesman,  late 
United  States  senator  from  Connecticut,  was  born  at  Wash- 
ington, Connecticut,  July  19,  1827,  son  of  Daniel  G.  and 
Almira  (Hitchcock)  Piatt.  He  died  at  the  place  of  his  birth,  April 
21,  1905. 

His  first  American  ancestor,  Richard  Piatt,  was  of  English  birth 
and  parentage,  and  one  of  the  original  settlers  of  the  colony  of  New 
Haven,  in  1638.  His  father,  as  well  as  his  grandfather,  John  Piatt, 
was  a  farmer,  and  he  himself  worked  on  the  farm  until  he  was  twenty 
years  of  age.  He  received  his  education,  meanwhile,  in  the  public 
schools  and  at  the  celebrated  Gunn  academy,  located  in  the  village 
of  Washington. 

From  the  farm  and  the  academy  he  passed  to  the  study  of  law; 
first,  in  the  office  of  Gideon  H.  Hollister,  of  Litchfield,  the  Connecticut 
historian;  and  subsequently  at  Towanda,  Pennsylvania,  with  Hon- 
orable Ulysses  Mercer,  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Penn- 
sylvania. He  was  admitted  to  the  Pennsylvania  bar  in  1849,  and  to 
that  of  Connecticut,  and  practised  law  at  Philadelphia,  Pennsyl- 
vania, for  two  years  immediately  following  his  admission.  He  then 
settled  in  Meriden,  Connecticut,  continued  the  practice  of  law  there, 
and  soon  entered  political  life. 

In  1855-56,  he  was  clerk  of  the  Connecticut  senate;  in  1857  he 
was  elected  secretary  of  state  for  Connecticut;  in  1861-62,  he  was  a 
member  of  the  state  senate;  and,  in  1864,  and  again,  in  1869,  he 
served  as  a  member  of  the  Connecticut  house  of  representatives,  of 
which  he  was  speaker  during  his  last  term.  Throughout  his  legisla- 
tive career  he  was  an  intense  Republican,  and  while  state  senator  he 
had  removed  from  the  state  house  the  portraits  of  two  so-called 
"Copperhead"  governors,  which,  however,  were  afterward  returned. 
In  1877,  he  was  judge  of  probate  for  New  Haven  county,  and  was 
subsequently  appointed  state's  attorney  for  the  same  county,  relin- 
quishing that  office,  in  1879,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  United  States 
senate  as  the  successor  of  Honorable  William  H.  Barnum,  Democrat. 


240  ORVILLE  HITCHCOCK    PLATT 

He  was  his  own  successor  in  that  body  in  1885,  and  was  reelected  in 
1891,  1897  and  1903.  His  period  of  service  in  the  United  States 
senate  was  practically  contemporaneous  with  that  of  his  colleague, 
General  Joseph  R.  Hawley,  his  lifelong  friend,  whose  death  preceded 
his  own  by  but  a  short  time,  and  in  attending  whose  funeral  he  con- 
tracted his  own  fatal  illness. 

After  his  entrance  to  the  United  States  senate,  he  grew  steadily 
in  ability  and  influence  during  the  twenty-six  years  of  his  service. 
While  his  best  friends  did  not  claim  for  him  the  reputation  of  a  man 
of  the  very  first  order  of  intellect,  his  ability  was  of  a  high  class  and 
his  integrity  was  sterling.  He  gained  rank  as  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  Republican  majority.  Intensely  devoted  to  his  own  state,  he 
was  even  more  deeply  concerned  for  the  whole  country  and  could 
oppose  what  seemed  to  be  state  interests  for  the  sake  of  larger  national 
values.  A  man  of  statesmanlike  instincts  and  of  incorruptible  in- 
tegrity, he  had  acquired  a  vast  and  varied  public  experience  which 
he  had  thoroughly  rationalized,  and  which  he  always  sought  to  use 
for  the  public  welfare. 

His  services  to  the  country  were  conspicuous  and  manifold ;  but 
he  belonged  to  the  old  school  of  public  men.  He  was  not  a  business 
man  in  politics,  as  were  some  of  his  most  notable  associates;  but  he 
was  not  disregardful  of  business  interests,  and  the  country  represented 
something  more  to  him  than  the  entire  mass  of  its  material  activities. 
He  saved  the  country  millions  of  dollars  by  his  assiduous  and  competent 
study  of  appropriations;  and  he  modified  and  redrafted  much  legisla- 
tion of  importance.  The  amendment  which  secured  the  integrity  of 
Cuba  bears  his  name;  he  rendered  distinct  service  to  the  copyright 
cause  when  that  matter  was  before  congress;  he  was  a  resolute  friend  of 
the  disabled  soldier.  His  service  to  the  country  and  to  the  Indians,  in 
his  influential  work  on  the  committee  on  Indian  Affairs,  was  most 
noteworthy.  He  was  a  consistent  advocate  of  trade  reciprocity.  He 
served  on  various  important  committees  in  the  senate,  including 
Pensions,  Finance,  Patents,  and  Revision  of  Laws.  On  the  death 
of  Senator  Hoar,  he  was  made  chairman  of  the  Judiciary  committee, 
as  a  tribute  to  the  high  esteem  in  which  he  was  held  as  a  lawyer; 
while  just  a  short  time  before  his  death  he  had  been  selected  to  pre- 
side over  the  impeachment  court  formed  for  the  trial  of  Judge  Swayne. 
His  knowledge  of  international  law  was  well  recognized,  and  was  well 
evinced  in  what  was  probably  his  most  important  speech  in  the 


ORVILLE  HITCHCOCK    PLATT  241 

senate,  delivered  in  1898,  on  the  right  of  the  United  States  to  acquire 
and  govern  territory.  These  public  recognitions  of  his  carefulness 
and  integrity  as  a  legislator,  with  his  knowledge  of  political  questions 
and  the  poise  of  his  judgment — gave  to  Senator  Piatt  a  distinction  of 
character  and  career  that  are  exceptional  even  in  the  foremost  rank 
of  public  men. 

Without  aiming  at  graces  of  manner,  despising  the  arts  and 
artifices  of  a  "captivating  personality"  and  somewhat  lacking  in 
oratorical  eloquence,  he  was  yet  a  clear  and  forceful  speaker,  whose 
style  was  finished  and  whose  arguments  were  always  logical.  In 
manner,  he  was  quiet  and  unostentatious.  He  had  many  friends  and 
he  deserved  them;  and  he  may  be  said  to  have  had  no  personal 
enemies.  He  was  a  man  of  moderate  means,  who  never  sought  wealth 
through  the  advantages  of  his  position;  and  no  breath  of  scandal 
ever  touched  him.  In  his  home  town  he  was  prominently  identified 
with  religious  and  philanthropic  work,  and  was  never  known  to  turn 
aside  from  those  who  were  in  need  or  in  trouble.  These  sturdy  virtues 
of  more  worth  than  superficial  brilliancy,  won  for  him  the  highest 
respect,  implicit  trust  and  deep  affection.  In  1887,  Yale  university 
conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 

Senator  Piatt  was  twice  married:  First,  on  May  15,  1850,  to 
Annie  B.  daughter  of  James  P.  and  Ann  Bull,  of  Towanda,  Pennsyl- 
vania, who  died  November  17,  1894;  second,  on  April  29,  1897,  to 
Jeannie  P.  Hoyt,  widow  of  George  A.  Hoyt,  of  Stamford,  Connecticut, 
a  daughter  of  Truman  Smith,  former  United  States  senator. 


FREDERICK  DUNGLISON  POWER 

POWER,  FREDERICK  DUNGLISON,  D.D.,  pastor,  preacher 
and  chaplain  by  acclaim  of  the  forty-seventh  Congress,  was 
born  in  Yorktown,  Virginia,  January  23,  1851.  His  father, 
Doctor  Robert  Henry  Power,  was  a  physician  of  high  standing,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  house  and  of  the  senate  of  his  state.  In  his  son's 
estimation  he  was  characterized  by  "firmness,  sympathy,  breadth, 
conscientiousness  and  devotion  to  God  and  church,  country  and 
home."  Benjamin  Franklin  and  Lucretia  Mott  were  kinspeople  of 
his  mother.  Her  father,  Colonel  Jencks,  was  an  officer  in  the  War  of 
1812.  She  was  a  teacher,  having  been  one  of  the  early  graduates  of 
Mrs.  Willard's  famous  school  at  Troy,  New  York.  Her  son  felt  her 
influence  in  his  moral  and  spiritual  life.  A  studious  and  ambitious 
boy,  he  was  reared  on  the  farm,  learning  from  his  laborious  life  inde- 
pendence, self-reliance  and  love  of  nature.  He  recalls  the  first 
battle  of  the  Civil  war  at  Big  Bethel,  and  the  encounter  of  the  Merri- 
mac  and  Monitor  in  Hampton  Roads,  and  he  has  vivid  recollection 
of  the  siege  of  Yorktown  and  the  battle  of  Williamsburg,  which  were 
near  his  home. 

He  entered  Bethany  college,  West  Virginia,  when  seventeen  and 
was  graduated  at  twenty,  in  1871,  his  diploma  bearing  the  name  of 
James  A.  Garfield,  a  trustee  of  the  institution.  He  later  received 
from  his  alma  mater  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  He  was  ordained 
to  the  ministry  in  1871,  and  took  charge  of  three  country  churches  in 
East  Virginia. 

Doctor  Power  was  married  March  17,  1874,  to  Miss  Emily  Brown 
Alsop,  of  Fredericksburg,  Virginia.  The  same  year  he  accepted  the 
professorship  of  ancient  languages  in  Bethany  college.  In  Septem- 
ber, 1875,  he  became  pastor  of  the  Christian  church  on  Vermont 
avenue,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  of  which  he  is  still  pastor 
in  1906.  At  that  time  this  church  enrolled  but  one  hundred  and  fifty 
members.  General  Garfield  was  then  in  congress  and  a  member  of 
the  church,  as  was  also  Judge  Jeremiah  S.  Black,  ex-attorney-general 
of  the  United  States,  and  secretary  of  state,  1860-61.     When  Gar- 


FREDERICK    DUNGLISON    POWER  243 

field  was  elected  to  the  presidency,  the  present  church  building  was 
projected  as  a  memorial.  It  was  completed  at  a  cost  of  sixty-seven 
thousand  dollars.  During  Doctor  Power's  pastorate  this  church  and 
the  six  colonies  it  has  sent  out  have  numbered  over  two  thousand 
members. 

Doctor  Power  has  published  "The  Life  of  W.  K.  Pendelton, 
President  of  Bethany  College"  (1903);  "Bible  Doctrine  for  Young 
People"  (1899);  "A  Sketch  of  the  Pioneers  of  the  Christian  Church" 
(1898).  He  was  president  of  the  General  Home  Missionary  society, 
and  of  the  General  Educational  society  of  the  Disciples  of  Christ,  the 
denomination  of  his  choice  and  of  his  lifelong  service.  "  The  classics, 
Greek,  Latin  and  English,  the  Bible,  with  but  little  theology,"  are  his 
best  loved  reading.  He  enjoys  walking,  travel  and  light  reading. 
His  own  decision  led  him  into  the  ministry,  in  which  he  has  been 
signally  useful.  He  says,  "  failures  have  come,  and  have  only  stimu- 
lated to  more  persistent  effort.  They  have  always  been  my  greatest 
helps.  Christian  principles,  up-to-date  methods,  industrious  and 
temperate  habits  will  bring  the  consummation" — true  success  in  life. 

In  the  dual  relation  of  friend  and  pastor  Doctor  Power  preached 
in  the  Capitol  at  Washington  at  the  funeral  of  the  martyred  President 
Garfield,  in  1881.  He  is  generally  beloved  in  Washington  where  he 
has  given  his  best  energy  to  the  promotion  of  the  moral  and  religious 
elevation  of  the  community.  He  is  an  earnest  advocate  of  temper- 
ance and  of  all  moral  reforms. 


REDFIELD  PROCTOR 

PROCTOR,  REDFIELD,  governor  of  Vermont,  1878-80, 
United  States  senator  since  1891,  and  member  of  Presi- 
dent Harrison's  cabinet  as  secretary  of  war  from  March, 
1889,  to  1891,  was  born  June  1,  1831,  at  Proctorsville,  Vermont.  His 
father,  Jabez  Proctor,  through  Leonard  and  Mary  (Keep)  Proctor 
was  a  direct  descendant  from  Robert  Proctor,  one  of  the  four  brothers 
who  came  from  England  to  Salem,  Massachusetts,  in  1635.  Senator 
Proctor's  father  was  a  merchant  and  manufacturer;  a  member  of  the 
governor's  council;  judge  of  probate  court,  and  presidential  elector, 
in  1824  and  1836.  As  described  by  this  son,  "His  most  marked 
characteristics  were  business  energy,  foresight  and  patriotism." 

Betsey  Parker  was  his  mother's  maiden  name,  and  her  influence 
was  strong  on  him  in  every  way  for  good.  Robert  Proctor  was  the 
earliest  known  ancestor  in  America.  His  son  Leonard  moved  from 
the  vicinity  of  Boston  to  Vermont  in  1783,  and  was  the  first  regular 
settler  in  Proctorsville.  He  served  as  an  officer  in  the  Revolutionary 
war,  in  which  war  Redfield  Proctor's  maternal  grandfather  also  took 
part. 

His  health  in  childhood  was  good;  and  reading,  hunting  and  fish- 
ing were  his  interests  in  the  country  villages  where  his  youth  was 
passed.  His  family  circumstances  were  such  that  he  had  no  especial 
difficulties  to  overcome  in  acquiring  an  education.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  Derby  academy,  Vermont;  and  from  Dartmouth  college 
(in  1851)  receiving  the  degree  of  A.B.,  and  in  1854  that  of  A.M.  He 
took  a  course  of  professional  study  in  law  at  the  Albany  law  school, 
and  was  graduated  from  that  institution  in  1859,  with  the  degree  of 
LL.B.  Some  years  later  he  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the 
University  of  Vermont.  Farming  and  business  had  occupied  him  in 
part  up  to  this  time;  but  from  1860-61  he  practised  law  in  Boston, 
beginning  there  his  active  career  as  a  lawyer.  In  1861  he  entered  the 
Union  army  as  a  lieutenant,  and  served  as  quartermaster  of  the  3d 
Vermont  regiment.  He  was  promoted  major  of  the  5th  Vermont 
infantry  in   September,    1861.     He  was  attached  as  brigade  and 


REDFIELD    PROCTOR  245 

division  quartermaster  to  the  staff  of  General  William  F.  Smith 
("Baldy  Smith"),  in  1862  was  made  colonel  of  the  15th  Vermont 
volunteers  and  was  mustered  out  with  his  regiment  in  1863.  As  an 
officer  he  is  said  to  have  been  very  popular  during  the  war. 

He  became  selectman  of  the  town  of  Rutland,  Vermont,  in  1866; 
and  held  the  position  three  successive  years;  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Vermont  house  of  representatives,  1867,  1868  and  1888;  a  member 
and  president  pro  tempore  of  the  state  senate,  in  1874;  lieutenant- 
governor,  1876-78;  governor  of  his  state,  1878-80;  and  a  delegate- 
at-large  to  the  Republican  national  conventions  of  1884,  1888  and 
1896,  being  chairman  of  the  Vermont  delegation  in  1888  and  1896. 
Meantime  from  1864  to  1869  he  was  a  practising  lawyer  in  Rutland, 
Vermont.  From  1869-70  he  was  receiver  of  the  Sutherland  Falls 
Marble  Company,  near  Rutland,  and  on  its  reorganization  in  1870  he 
was  elected  manager,  extending  and  enlarging  the  business  of  the 
company  until  it  has  become  by  far  the  largest  marble  producing 
company  in  the  world.  From  1880  to  1889  he  was  the  president  of 
the  Vermont  Marble  Company,  Proctor,  Vermont. 

Senator  Proctor  held  the  position  of  secretary  of  war,  appointed 
by  President  Harrison  a  member  of  his  cabinet  in  March,  1889;  but 
as  he  had  been  appointed  by  Governor  Page  to  the  United  States 
senate  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  George  F. 
Edmunds  he  resigned  his  position  in  the  cabinet,  November  1,  1891. 

While  Senator  Proctor  was  secretary  of  war,  the  army  was  put 
into  most  efficient  condition,  for  his  work  was  eminently  recon- 
structive and  reformatory.  His  insight  as  well  as  his  oversight 
reached  every  branch  of  the  service,  and  every  department  felt  the 
invigorating  effect  of  thorough  inspection  and  attention  to  details. 
Our  coast  and  border  defenses  were  strengthened;  guns  for  fortifica- 
tions and  service  in  the  field  were  constructed  and  put  into  position. 
New  tactics  suited  to  modern  conditions  were  prepared,  and  the  whole 
army  was  reorganized.  His  work  was  also  philanthropic  and 
humane;  for  not  only  did  he  raise  the  standard  of  the  kind  of  men 
recruited,  but  the  conditions  of  army  life  for  enlisted  men  were  much 
improved;  rations  of  better  quality  were  provided;  and  the  whole 
matter  of  punishment  in  the  army — so  hard  a  matter  to  reduce  to 
exact  justice — was  put  upon  a  much  better  basis.  It  is  said  that 
desertions  from  the  army  were  fewer  during  the  time  of  his  adminis- 
tration than  ever  before.     He  had  had  personal  experience  of  the 


246  REDFIELD   PROCTOR 

raids  at  St.  Alban's,  Vermont,  and  this  brought  the  whole  subject  of 
lake  and  border  defenses  prominently  before  his  mind.  He  saw  the 
inadequacy  of  our  coast  protection,  and  this  led  him  to  study  our 
whole  system  of  harbor  defense.  He  devoted  himself  to  these  prob- 
lems unremittingly  with  his  customary  assiduity,  and  the  result 
of  his  quiet  but  thoroughgoing  work  was  apparent.  He  had  the 
active  assistance  and  sympathy  of  the  general  of  the  army  and  of  the 
chief  engineers  in  these  efforts.  His  representations  awakened  un- 
usual interest  and  attention  in  the  committees  of  the  house  and  senate, 
to  whom  he  looked  for  the  needed  legislation  to  make  these  much- 
needed  changes.  With  practical  proof  that  our  large  cities  both  on 
the  sea  coast  and  on  the  lakes  were  almost  defenseless,  he  demon- 
strated the  necessity  that  congress  should  vote  the  money  essential 
to  place  our  seaboard  towns  in  safety.  All  the  money  was  voted 
which  could  profitably  be  spent  within  the  year  for  buying  sites  for 
new  fortifications,  for  building  batteries,  constructing  mines  and 
placing  heavy  guns  on  the  coast  defenses.  His  work  speaks  for 
itself;  and  he  brought  to  bear  upon  the  whole  department  of  the 
United  States  army,  an  intellect  trained  by  all  the  practical  teaching 
of  his  life  as  lawyer,  soldier,  and  proprietor  of  immense  industrial 
works. 

As  an  illustration  of  the  thought  and  money  he  has  expended  for 
the  bettering  of  the  men  employed,  of  whom  there  are  twenty-five 
hundred  on  his  large  quarries  and  marble  works,  he  has  provided  for 
them  a  large  and  finely  furnished  and  appointed  building  known  as 
the  Industrial  Young  Men's  Christian  Association.  It  is  fitted  up 
with  all  the  conveniences  of  a  modern  club  house,  with  facilities  for 
amusement  and  recreation  and  the  means  of  study  and  self-improve- 
ment. It  is  a  call  and  stimulus  to  each  man  in  his  employ  to  make 
the  most  of  himself  in  every  way.  Beside  the  wages  he  pays  the  men 
for  their  labor  in  developing  his  commercial  enterprises,  he  dedicates 
this  building  to  their  moral  and  educational  advancement.  It 
cannot  fail  to  enlarge  and  strengthen  the  characters  of  those  who 
labor  in  this  great  industry.  The  library  connected  with  this  institu- 
tion contains  three  thousand  volumes. 

At  the  election,  October  18,  1892,  Senator  Proctor  was  chosen 
to  fill  the  temporary  and  full  terms  in  the  United  States  senate,  and 
in  1898  he  was  reelected  and  again  reelected  in  October,  1904.  His 
term  of  service  expires  March  3,  1911.     He  has  served  most  usefully 


REDFIELD   PROCTOR  247 

in  the  senate  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  Agriculture  and  For- 
estry and  as  a  member  of  the  committee  on  Fisheries,  Coast  Defenses, 
Military  Affairs,  District  of  Columbia,  Post  Offices,  the  Philippines, 
and  on  the  select  committees  on  the  University  of  the  United  States, 
and  on  Industrial  Expositions.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Early  Vermont 
Conventions,  1776-1777,"  published  in  1904.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Republican  party.  His  pastimes  are  hunting  and  fishing.  A 
genealogy  of  the  Proctor  family  has  been  published  which  contains 
a  biographic  sketch  of  Senator  Proctor,  and  his  life  has  been  published 
by  the  Lewis  Publishing  Company,  New  York. 

He  was  married  May  26,  1858,  to  Emily  J.  Dutton.  They  have 
had  five  children,  three  of  whom  are  living  in  1906.  Their  oldest 
son,  Fletcher  D.  Proctor,  in  1889  succeeded  his  father  as  president 
of  the  Vermont  Marble  Works;  he  has  also  served  politically  in  his 
state  as  a  representative  in  the  legislature,  for  the  term  1890-91,  and 
also  for  the  term  1900-01,  and  he  was  also  chosen  speaker  of  the 
house  for  that  year,  and  in  the  following  year,  1901,  he  was  elected 
to  the  state  senate  of  Vermont. 

Senator  Proctor's  address  is  Proctor,  Vermont. 


HERBERT  PUTNAM 

PUTNAM,  HERBERT,  lawyer,  librarian,  president  of  the 
American  Library  association,  and  librarian  of  congress  since 
March  13,  1899,  was  born  in  New  York,  September  20,  1861. 
His  father,  George  Palmer  Putnam,  was  a  publisher.  He  was  for 
some  time  collector  of  internal  revenue,  in  New  York,  and  was  also 
a  trustee  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  the  same  city.  His  mother's 
maiden  name  was  Victorine  Haven.  Israel  Putnam  of  revolutionary 
fame  was  a  distinguished  ancestor.  Prepared  for  college  at  J.  H. 
Morse's  private  school,  he  was  graduated  from  Harvard  college  in 
1883.  From  1883-84  he  studied  law  at  Columbia  college  law  school. 
He  was  called  to  Minneapolis  in  1884  as  librarian  of  the  Athenaeum, 
which  in  1887  he  organized  as  the  Minneapolis  public  library,  con- 
ducting it  until  December,  1891.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of 
Minnesota;  and  he  practised  law  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  from 
1892-95.  In  the  latter  year  he  accepted  the  position  of  librarian  of 
the  Boston  public  library.  During  the  four  following  years,  the 
income  of  the  library  increased  from  one  hundred  and  ninety  thou- 
sand to  two  hundred  and  sixty-three  thousand  dollars,  and  great 
improvements  were  made  in  the  different  departments,  and  par- 
ticularly in  the  methods  for  the  circulation  of  books.  He  held  the 
presidency  of  the  Massachusetts  library  club  during  the  year,  1896-97, 
and  in  this  latter  year  represented  the  United  States  as  delegate  to 
the  international  library  conference.  In  1898  and  1904  he  was 
president  of  the  American  Library  Association. 

Appointed  March  13,  1899,  the  librarian  of  congress,  he  continues 
to  hold  the  office  (1906).  He  is  a  writer  of  articles  chiefly  upon 
library  themes  which  have  appeared  in  various  journals.  He  belongs 
to  the  Tavern  club,  Boston;  to  the  Cosmos  and  the  Metropolitan 
clubs  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  and  is  an  overseer  of 
Harvard  college.     He  is  fond  of  walking,  rowing,  tennis  and  cycling. 

The  vocation  of  librarian  has  recently  become  a  profession. 
Courses  of  study  preparatory  to  the  work  of  a  practical  librarian  are 
considered  almost  indispensable.     Men  who  have  given  time,  energy 


HERBERT    PUTNAM  249 

and  concentrated  effort  to  the  subject  are  to  be  ranked  with  our  best 
educators.  A  country  which  has  testified  to  its  appreciation  of  books, 
and  all  which  they  imply,  by  housing  them  in  such  a  structure  as  the 
library  of  congress  at  Washington,  has  put  its  imprimatur  on  reading, 
study  and  research,  and  has  made  learning  one  of  the  shining  marks 
at  which  its  people  cannot  fail  to  aim.  Mr.  Putnam's  native  ability, 
his  education,  his  energy  and  his  devotion  to  his  chosen  calling  make 
him  the  fitting  director  of  so  important  an  institution. 

He  has  received  the  degree  of  Litt.D.,  from  Bowdoin  college, 
1898.  Columbia,  Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  have  given  him  the  degree 
of  LL.D. 

He  was  married  to  Charlotte  Elizabeth  Munroe,  October  5,  1886. 
They  had  two  children  living  in  1906. 


WALLACE  RADCLIFFE 

RADCLIFFE,  WALLACE,  was  born  in  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania, 
August  16,  1842.  His  father  was  Elias  Radcliffe,  a  builder, 
whose  most  marked  characteristics  were  energy,  generosity, 
faith  and  loyalty.  His  mother's  maiden  name  was  Susannah  Wallace; 
and  the  influence  of  his  mother  was  strong  upon  his  intellectual,  moral 
and  spiritual  nature.  His  earliest  known  ancestor  in  America  was 
John  Wallace.  To  the  associations  of  his  youthful  life  he  owes 
much.  The  environment  of  his  childhood,  an  excellent  education 
(which  his  father  and  mother  with  true  parental  instinct  made  easy 
and  delightful  to  him)  in  the  Pittsburg  schools  and  especially  in  the 
high  school  and  afterward  in  college,  together  with  his  vigorous 
health,  made  his  early  career  normal,  interesting  and  progressive;  and 
it  was  of  a  truly  American  type.  The  home  from  which  he  came 
was  one  whose  standards  of  right  living  gave  the  son  of  the  household 
high  ideals  received  in  daily  life,  absorbed  by  his  nature  and  not 
merely  impressed  upon  him  from  without.  His  especial  tastes  and 
interests  in  childhood  and  youth  were  for  the  study  of  language, 
poetry,  oratory  and  the  management  of  school  societies  connected 
with  the  educational  institutions  of  the  city  in  which  he  was  born  and 
reared. 

After  he  was  graduated  at  the  Pittsburg  high  school,  he  studied 
at  the  Allegheny  academy  and  was  graduated  from  Washington  and 
Jefferson  college  in  1862.  He  pursued  a  course  of  theological  study 
at  the  United  Presbyterian  seminary  of  Allegheny,  with  further  study 
at  Princeton  theological  seminary  where  he  was  graduated  in  1866. 
His  preparation  for  his  life-work  as  pastor  and  preacher  was  thorough; 
and  a  mental  equipment  such  as  his,  with  excellent  native  powers  and 
long  training  at  the  best  schools  of  our  country,  leads  naturally  to 
such  a  position  of  influence  for  good  as  he  has  attained. 

His  first  pastorate  began  at  the  Woodland  Presbyterian  church, 
West  Philadelphia,  which  was  built  under  his  pastorate,  in  1866. 
Here  he  remained  until  1870.  From  1872  to  1883  he  was  pastor  of 
the  First  Presbyterian  church  at  Reading,  Pennsylvania.  From 
1885  to  1895  at  the  Fort  Street  Presbyterian  church,  Detroit,  Michi- 


WALLACE    RADCLIFFE  251 

gan.  Since  1895  he  has  been  pastor  of  the  New  York  Avenue  Pres- 
byterian church,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  one  of  the 
leading  churches  of  the  city,  and  the  one  in  which  five  presidents 
have  worshiped,  where  the  Lincoln  pew  still  retains  the  wood- work 
of  Lincoln's  time. 

Doctor  Radcliffe  has  held  important  ecclesiastical  positions. 
He  was  moderator  of  the  synod  of  Pennsylvania  and  of  the  synod  of 
Michigan;  commissioner  to  General  assembly,  1874,  1883,  1889,  1898, 
1899;  delegate  to  the  Pan-Presbyterian  alliance  1877,  1889,  and  1899, 
and  moderator  of  the  General  assembly,  the  highest  governing  body 
of  the  Presbyterian  church  in  America,  in  1898. 

Public  services  have  been  rendered  by  Doctor  Radcliffe  outside 
of  his  immediate  pastoral  and  church  relations,  notably  in  organizing 
and  directing,  from  1887  to  1895,  the  Tappan  Presbyterian  associa- 
tion of  the  University  of  Michigan.  He  received  the  honorary  degree 
of  D.D.  from  Lafayette  college  in  1882;  and  that  of  LL.D.  from  his 
alma  mater,  Washington  and  Jefferson,  in  1901.  He  has  published 
sermons,  church  forms,  and  manuals.  He  is  a  member  of  Sigma 
Chi,  of  the  Cosmos  club  of  Washington,  and  of  the  Presbyterian 
Historical  society  of  Philadelphia,  and  a  director  of  Princeton  theo- 
logical seminary.  He  has  always  been  identified  with  the  Republi- 
can party,  and  has  no  thought  of  changing  his  political  allegiance. 
The  books  which  have  been  most  helpful  in  fitting  him  for  his  life- 
work,  as  he  looks  back  at  it,  are  the  Bible,  "Pilgrim's  Progress," 
Dr.  Hodge's  Theology,  McCosh,  Caird,  Tennyson  and  Dickens.  He 
finds  healthful  recreation  and  amusement  in  golf,  walking  and  in 
"a  good  novel."  His  choice  Aof  profession  was  controlled  by  the 
wishes  of  his  parents  and  by  an  increasingly  peremptory  conscience. 
His  aspirations  toward  the  intellectual  life  were  strongly  stimulated 
by  one  of  his  teachers,  Mr.  Andrew  Burt,  of  Pittsburg.  His  own 
private  studies  and  the  inspiration  of  school  and  of  his  teachers  have 
been  the  sources  of  his  success,  and  in  offering  suggestions  to  young 
men  he  emphasizes  the  importance  of  concentration,  by  saying  that 
"to  the  lack  of  full  concentration  he  traces  whatever  failure  he  has 
experienced  in  his  own  life";  and  he  further  suggests  to  young  people 
that  "they  strive  to  acquire  decision,  concentration,  independence 
and  the  morality  founded  upon  the  old  Bible." 

Wallace  Radcliffe  was  married  to  Jessie  Rawson  Walker  in 
May,  1889. 


JACKSON  HARVEY  RALSTON 

RALSTON,  JACKSON  HARVEY.  Born  in  Sacramento, 
California,  February  6,  1857,  Jackson  H.  Ralston  has  had 
a  somewhat  varied  career,  which  may  be  briefly  epitomized. 
Of  Scotch-Irish  descent,  he  is  the  son  of  James  H.  Ralston,  a  man 
of  high  intelligence  and  ability,  who  served  in  both  houses  of  the 
Illinois  legislature  and  in  the  senate  of  California,  and  was  United 
States  circuit  judge  in  Illinois.  His  mother,  Harriet  (Jackson) 
Ralston,  exercised  an  uplifting  influence  upon  his  early  life,  which 
was  passed  in  different  cities  of  California  and  Nevada,  and  at  Oyster 
Bay  and  Ithaca,  New  York;  his  elementary  education  being  com- 
pleted in  the  San  Francisco  high  school.  He  entered  a  printing  office 
at  Ithaca  in  1870,  and  worked  at  his  trade  with  some  persistence  till 
1878,  in  which  year  he  represented  the  International  Typographical 
Union  at  the  Paris  exposition.  Meanwhile,  led  by  family  influence 
and  personal  inclination,  he  had  studied  law  at  the  Georgetown  law 
school,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1876. 

In  1878  he  opened  an  office  in  Quincy,  Illinois,  removing  to 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  in  1881,  where  he  has  since  prac- 
tised law.  Among  the  events  of  interest  in  Mr.  Ralston's  legal  career 
may  be  named  his  service  as  counsel  for  Felipe  Agoncillo,  who  repre- 
sented the  Philippine  Republic  in  Washington  before  the  war  of 
1898-99.  But  much  more  noteworthy  was  his  work  as  agent  for  the 
United  States  in  the  Pious  Fund  Arbitration  between  California  and 
Mexico  before  the  Hague  Court  of  Arbitration  in  1902,  and  as  umpire 
for  the  Italian  claims  against  Venezuela  at  Caracas  and  Washington, 
1903-04;  in  both  of  which  he  did  highly  commendable  work.  He 
reported  the  decisions  of  all  the  commissions  there  operating,  in  a 
volume,  "  Venezuela  Arbitrations  of  1903." 

Originally  a  Republican,  Mr.  Ralston  left  that  party  for  the 
Democratic  on  the  free  trade  issue.  The  most  influential  agency  in 
his  career,  however,  has  been  his  perusal  and  study  of  Henry  George's 
famous  economic  work,  "Progress  and  Poverty."  Its  arguments 
converted  him  to  a  belief  in  the  single  tax  theory,  and  he  was  presi- 


JACKSON   HARVEY   RALSTON  253 

dent  of  the  Board  of  commissioners  of  Hyattsville,  Maryland,  in 
which  town  the  single  tax  system  had  in  1892  its  first  practical 
application. 

On  June  1,  1887,  Mr.  Ralston  was  married  to  Sara  B.  Rankin  of 
Keokuk,  Iowa.     He  is  a  member  of  the  Cosmos  club  of  Washington. 


JEREMIAH  EAMES  RANKIN 

RANKIN,  JEREMIAH  EAMES,  D.D.,  preacher  and  pastor, 
author  and  poet,  writer  of  hymns  sung  round  the  world,  and 
President  of  Howard  University,  was  born  at  Thornton, 
New  Hampshire,  in  1828.  His  great  grandfather  was  a  native  of 
Paisley,  Scotland,  and  emigrated  to  Salem,  Massachusetts,  in  1776. 
His  father,  Reverend  Andrew  Rankin,  was  a  Congregational  minister 
who  filled  many  positions  of  usefulness  with  dignity,  serving  for  some 
years  as  secretary  of  the  Congregational  Home  Missionary  society. 
His  mother,  Lois  Eames  Rankin,  seems  to  have  been  a  noble 
woman,  exercising  a  marked  moral  and  spiritual  influence  over  her 
gifted  son.  As  a  boy  he  had  vigorous  health,  confirmed  by  the  free 
country  and  village  life  in  which  he  passed  his  youth.  His  early 
tastes  and  interests  were  of  a  literary  nature.  His  time  was  at  his 
own  disposal,  and  although  he  taught  during  his  vacations  to  help  to 
pay  his  way  through  college,  his  courses  of  study  at  school  and 
college  were  not  interfered  with  by  teaching  in  term-time.  His 
studies  preparatory  to  college  he  pursued  at  South  Berwick  academy, 
Maine,  and  at  Chester  academy,  Vermont;  and  he  was  graduated 
from  Middlebury  college,  Vermont,  in  1848.  After  leaving  college  he 
taught  for  three  years.  He  studied  theology  at  Andover  seminary 
and  was  graduated  from  that  institution  in  1854.  He  received  from 
Middlebury  college  the  degree  of  D.D.  in  1869  and  that  of  LL.D. 
in  1889. 

He  was  ordained  to  the  ministry  in  1855.  He  was  pastor  of  the 
Congregational  church  at  Potsdam,  New  York,  from  1854  to  1855; 
at  St.  Albans,  Vermont,  from  1855  to  1862;  at  Lowell,  Massachusetts, 
from  1862  to  1864;  at  Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  from  1864  to 
1869,  and  of  the  First  Congregational  church  in  Washington,  District 
of  Columbia,  from  1869  to  1884.  He  was  called  in  1884  to  the  Orange 
Valley  Congregational  church,  New  Jersey,  where  he  remained  until 
1889,  when  he  was  elected  president  of  Howard  university  at  Wash- 
ington, District  of  Columbia,  accepting  the  office  in  January,  1890. 
He  continued  in  the  presidency  of  this  leading  collegiate  institution 


JEREMIAH    EAMES    RANKIN  255 

for  the  colored  race  until  1903,  when  failing  health  led  him  to  resign. 
For  this  work,  his  intelligent  sympathy,  his  broadmindedness  and 
his  gentle  benignity  of  manner  particularly  fitted  him;  and  during 
his  administration  the  university  was  enlarged  and  strengthened  in 
many  ways. 

His  first  published  book  was  "The  Bridal  Ring"  (1866).  There 
followed  "  The  Auld  Scotch  Mither  and  Other  Poems  "  (1873) ;  "  Ingle- 
side  Rhymes"  (1887);  "  Broken  Cadences"  (1889);  "Hymns  Pro 
Patria  "  (1889) ;  "  German  English  Lyrics  "  (1897) ;  "  Subduing  King- 
doms and  Other  Sermons"  (1881);  "Atheism  of  the  Heart"  (1884); 
"Christ  His  Own  Interpreter"  (1884);  "Esther  Burr's  Journal" 
(1900).  He  was  a  regular  contributor  to  the  "Independent"  and 
the  "Bibliotheca  Sacra";  he  was  for  some  time  the  editor  of  the 
Pilgrim  Press,  and  he  wrote  for  many  religious  journals. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution,  and  the  Society 
of  the  Cincinnati.  He  has  always  been  in  sympathy  with  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Republican  party.  His  family  traditions  are  of  the 
early  New  England  type,  and  include  much  that  is  finest  and  best 
in  the  old  New  England  American  life.  As  exercise  he  has  enjoyed 
walking,  driving  and  horseback  riding.  His  mother's  wishes  greatly 
influenced  his  aim  in  life,  and  he  names  as  the  sources  of  his  strong 
impulse  to  attain  to  what  was  best  in  thought  and  action,  "the  in- 
fluence of  his  wife,  and  of  Professor  Park,  Professor  Phelps  and  Pro- 
fessor Shedd,"  who  were  his  teachers  at  Andover. 

The  books  in  which  he  found  especial  inspiration  were  the  Bible 
and  Shakespeare.  German  and  English  literature  were  sources  from 
which  he  derived  great  pleasure  and  profit.  He  enjoyed  the  human- 
heartedness  of  Dickens,  and  often  read  aloud  from  his  novels  in  the 
family  circle.  The  ideals  expressed  in  Doctor  Rankin's  writings  have 
found  definite  and  attractive  expression  in  his  life  and  service. 
Sketches  of  his  life  have  appeared  in  the  various  cyclopedias  of  biog- 
raphy and  in  Stedman's  American  Anthology,  which  contains  selec- 
tions from  his  poems. 

Doctor  Rankin's  hymns  show  simplicity,  directness,  intensity 
and  imagination.  His  personal  qualities  of  gentleness,  inspiring 
courtesy,  and  highmindedness  combine  with  intellectual  insight  and 
spiritual  beauty  to  make  every  verse  pure  and  lucid.  Hymns  which 
he  has  written  for  special  occasions  and  to  help  particular  measures 
of  reform,  have  been  widely  circulated.     Perhaps  no  hymn  has  ever 


256  JEREMIAH    EAMES    RANKIN 

found  its  way  around  the  world  in  so  short  a  time  as  did  that  one  of 
his  which  was  adopted  by  the  Christian  Endeavor  society  as  its  own, 
and  is  sung  at  all  the  meetings  of  that  society  as  their  closing  hymn, 
"God  be  with  you  till  we  meet  again."  It  has  been  translated  into 
many  foreign  languages.  It  appeals  to  universal  feeling;  and  had 
Doctor  Rankin  written  no  other  Christian  lyric,  this  one  would  keep 
his  memory  green  for  years  to  come.  His  poems  generally  have 
struck  the  keynote  of  human  affection,  high  endeavor  and  interest 
in  unseen  realities. 

Doctor  Rankin  was  married  to  Mary  Howell  Birge,  November  28, 
1854.  He  died  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  November  28,  1904.  Of  his  five 
children,  two  were  living  in  1905. 


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GEORGE  LANSING  RAYMOND 

RAYMOND,  GEORGE  LANSING,  professor  of  oratory  and 
esthetic  criticism  at  the  college  of  New  Jersey  (Princeton 
university)  1880-93,  professor  of  esthetics  at  Princeton  uni- 
versity from  1893-1905,  and  professor  of  esthetics  at  the  George 
Washington  university  since  1905,  was  born  in  Chicago,  Illinois,  Sep- 
tember 3,  1839.  His  father,  Benjamin  Wright  Raymond  (1801-83) 
was  a  native  of  Rome,  New  York,  and  twice  mayor  of  Chicago,  a  man 
of  great  public  spirit,  generosity  and  foresight,  and  of  a  peculiar  deli- 
cacy in  the  perception  of  social  and  financial  obligations.  He  did 
much  to  secure  to  Chicago  and  to  Northern  Illinois,  parks,  railroads 
and  institutions  of  higher  learning.  His  mother,  Amelia,  daughter  of 
Reuben  and  Anna  (Root)  Porter  of  East  Bloomfield,  New  York, 
removed  with  her  husband  to  Chicago  in  1836;  and  from  her  Professor 
Raymond  seems  to  have  inherited  many  of  his  intellectual  traits  and 
tendencies.  His  first  ancestor  in  America,  Captain  William  Raymond 
of  Beverly,  Massachusetts  (1637-1709)  commanded  an  expedition  to 
Canada  and  received  a  grant  of  land  from  the  crown.  Benjamin 
Raymond  (1774-1824)  the  first  civil  engineer  to  explore  Northern 
New  York,  founder  of  the  town  of  Potsdam,  and  of  St.  Lawrence 
academy,  and  judge  of  St.  Lawrence  county,  was  his  grandfather; 
while  Governor  William  Bradford  and  Edward  Doty,  Mayflower 
pilgrims;  Governor  John  Webster  of  Connecticut,  1590-1661;  Captain 
John  Gallop  the  swamp  fighter,  1675 — were  ancestors;  and  James 
Otis,  Noah  Webster  and  the  Reverend  Samuel  Hopkins  of  Newport, 
Rhode  Island,  were  first  cousins  of  his  great  grandparents. 

He  attended  private  schools  in  Chicago,  a  boarding  school  in 
Auburn,  New  York,  was  graduated  at  Phillips  academy,  Andover, 
in  1858,  at  Williams  college,  A.B.,  1862;  A.M.,  1865,  and  at  Princeton 
theological  seminary,  1865.  On  leaving  the  seminary  he  studied  in 
Europe  for  three  years  going  through  courses  in  esthetics  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Tubingen  under  Vischer  and  at  the  Berlin  Museum  under 
Curtius,  the  Greek  historian.  Subsequently,  "believing  that  all 
the     arts    are,   primarily,    developments    of    different    forms     of 


258  GEORGE    LANSING    RAYMOND 

expression  through  the  tones  and  movements  of  the  body,  Pro- 
fessor Raymond  made  a  thorough  study,  chiefly  in  Paris,  of  methods 
of  cultivating  and  using  the  voice  in  both  singing  and  speaking,  and 
of  representing  thought  and  emotion  through  postures  and  gestures. 
It  is  the  results  of  these  studies  that  he  afterward  developed,  first  into 
his  methods  of  teaching  elocution  and  literature,  and  later  into  his 
esthetic  system."  The  fundamental  proposition  of  this  system  is  that 
art  is  the  representation  of  human  thought  and  emotion  through  the 
use  of  forms  borrowed  from  nature.  This  proposition,  as  applied 
equally  to  all  the  arts,  his  series  of  esthetic  volumes  may  be  said  to  be 
written  to  prove ;  and  his  own  poetry  he  aims  to  have  so  written  as 
to  illustrate  this. 

On  returning  to  America,  he  was  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
church  of  Darby,  Pennsylvania,  1869-73,  and  professor  of  oratory  at 
Williams  college,  1874-81;  and  in  intercollegiate  contests  in  oratory 
and  rhetoric,  students  trained  by  Professor  Raymond  won  an  excep- 
tional number  of  honors.  In  1880  he  was  called  to  a  department  of 
oratory  and  esthetic  criticism,  established  especially  for  him,  at 
Princeton.  This  position  he  resigned  in  1893  on  account  of  prolonged 
ill  health,  but  was  at  once  elected  professor  of  esthetics  with  dimin- 
ished duties;  and  he  occupied  the  chair  until  1905.  He  received  the 
honorary  degree  of  L.H.D.  from  Rutgers  college,  New  Jersey,  in  1883, 
and  from  Williams  college,  Massachusetts,  in  1889.  He  belongs  to 
the  college  fraternities  of  Kappa  Alpha  and  Phi  Beta  Kappa;  has 
been  or  now  is  a  member  of  the  Authors,  Players,  University,  Century 
and  National  Arts  clubs  of  New  York,  of  the  Nassau  of  Princeton, 
and  of  the  Cosmos  and  University  clubs  of  Washington;  also  of  the 
Mayflower  and  Colonial  Wars  societies,  of  the  National  Elocution, 
Sculpture,  Geographic  and  Archeologic  Societies;  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Association;  of  the  Academy  of  Political  and 
Social  Science;  of  the  American  Spelling  Reform,  Social  Science, 
and  Modern  Language  Associations;  of  the  Southern  Society 
for  Philosophy  and  Psychology,  and  of  the  American  Philosophic 
Society,  etc.  He  has  been  an  advocate  of  spelling  reform,  restriction 
of  child  labor,  and  changes  in  educational  methods,  placing  special 
emphasis  upon  the  studies  of  the  humanities  and  of  art;  upon  which 
latter  subject  he  has  delivered  courses  of  lectures  in  many  colleges 
and  universities.  Among  his  published  works  are,  "The  Orator's 
Manual"  (1879);  "Modern  Fishers  of  Men,"  a  novel  (1879);  "A  Life; 


GEORGE   LANSING    RAYMOND  259 

in  Song,"  poem  (1886);  "Poetry  as  a  Representative  Art"  (1886); 
"The  Genesis  of  Art  Form"  (1893);  "The  Speaker"  and  "The 
Writer"  (1893);  "Art  in  Theory"  and  "Pictures  in  Verse"  (1894); 
"Rhythm  and  Harmony  together  with  Music  as  a  Representative 
Art"  and  "Painting,  Sculpture  and  Architecture  as  Representative 
Arts"  (1895);  "  Proportion  and  Harmony  of  Line  and  Color  in  Paint- 
ing, Sculpture  and  Architecture"  (1899);  "The  Representative 
Significance  of  Form,"  "The  Aztec  God  and  Other  Dramas"  (1900), 
and  "The  Essentials  of  Esthetics"  (1906). 

He  was  married  August  29,  1872,  to  Mary  Elizabeth  Blake  of 
Philadelphia,  and  they  have  one  but  child  living,  a  daughter. 

The  books  that  have  been  most  helpful  in  fitting  him  for  his 
profession,  Professor  Raymond  enumerates  as  the  Bible,  Milton, 
Shakespeare,  Emerson,  Tennyson,  Goethe,  and  works  on  philosophy, 
criticism  and  history  of  all  kinds.  The  road  to  success  to  which  he 
points  the  young  American  is:  "To  make  himself  and  his  work 
indispensable  on  account  of  qualities  connected  with  his  own  indi- 
viduality. He  must  be  able — or  seem  to  be  able — to  contribute 
something  to  life;  if  to  physical  life,  through  his  own  strength  or 
diligence;  if  to  intellectual  life,  through  his  own  conceptions  or  con- 
victions; if  to  spiritual  life,  through  his  own  considerateness  or  cour- 
tesy; if  to  life  in  general,  through  being,  in  the  practical  sense  of  the 
term,  a  Christian,  harmless  as  a  dove  but  wise  as  a  serpent,  outwardly 
gentlemanly  toward  all  but  inwardly  cautious  in  the  presence  of  the 
envious  and  the  hostile.  Some  suppose  that  the  American,  being  a 
business  man,  has  a  sordid,  self-seeking  ideal,  and  that  to  be  success- 
ful a  man  must  form  himself  on  selfish  ideals  and  by  selfish  maxims. 
But  the  career  of  President  McKinley  alone,  would  be  sufficient  to 
prove  this  supposition  false." 


GEORGE  COLLIER  REMEY 

REMEY,  GEORGE  COLLIER,  rear-admiral  United  States 
navy,  retired,  has  held  all  grades  of  a  line  officer,  from  mid- 
shipman to  rear-admiral,  and  commander-in-chief  of  the 
Asiatic  station.  He  has  seen  long  and  varied  service.  He  took  an 
important  part  in  the  Civil  war,  the  Spanish  war,  the  Expedition  to 
Peking,  China,  in  1900,  and  the  insurrection  in  the  Philippines  from 
April,  1900,  to  March,  1902. 

He  was  born  in  Burlington,  Iowa,  August  10,  1841;  son  of  Wil- 
liam Butler  and  Eliza  Smith  (Howland)  Remey.  His  father  was  a 
native  of  Kentucky;  his  mother  of  Vermont,  a  descendant  of  the 
Pilgrim,  John  Howland,  who  came  to  America  on  the  Mayflower  and 
landed  at  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  December,  1620.  His  father, 
noted  for  his  integrity,  was  a  merchant,  who  held  the  office  of  county 
treasurer  and  recorder.  To  his  mother,  her  son  acknowledges  indebt- 
edness for  true  and  elevated  views  of  life,  morally  and  spiritually; 
and  the  early  environments  of  home,  school  and  companionship,  were 
among  the  important  guiding  influences  which  served  to  set  an 
originally  strong  and  reliable  character  upon  lines  of  heroic  develop- 
ment, and  enabled  him  to  bring  his  powers  to  the  support  of  our 
Government  in  its  hours  of  critical  need. 

He  was  physically  strong  in  boyhood,  and  was  a  "good  scholar." 
Living  in  a  town  or  city  during  his  youth,  he  attended  public  or 
private  schools,  until  he  was  appointed  in  1855  to  the  United  States 
naval  academy  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  from  which  institution  he 
was  graduated  in  1859,  and  was  assigned  to  the  Hartford,  East  India 
squadron,  1859-61.  Becoming  a  lieutenant,  August  31, 1861,  he  took 
part  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  and  in  the  operations  on  the  York 
and  Pamunkey  rivers,  serving  on  the  gunboat  Marblehead.  He 
assisted  in  the  siege  and  blockade  of  Battery  Wagner,  during  August 
and  September,  1863,  holding  also  the  position  of  commanding  officer 
of  the  Marblehead  for  a  time.  The  naval  battery  on  Morris  Island 
was  under  his  command  and  he  participated  in  the  bombardment  of 
Port  Sumter,  engaging  in  a  night  assault  on  the  fort  with  the  second 
division  of  boats  under  his  command,  on  the  night  of  September  8, 


GEORGE    COLLIER    REMEY  261 

1863,  and  was  taken  prisoner.     He  was  held  a  prisoner  by  the  enemy 
for  over  a  year,  his  exchange  not  being  effected  until  November  15, 

1864.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant-commander  June  25,  1865,  and 
was  attached  to  the  steamer  Mohongo,  Pacific  squadron;  the  naval 
academy,  the  sailing  frigate  Sabine;  to  the  Tehuantepec  and  Nicara- 
gua Ship  Canal  survey;  to  the  Naval  Observatory,  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia;  the  flagships  Worcester  and  Powhatan;  and 
was  in  command  of  the  Frolic,  from  1865  to  1873.  He  was  pro- 
moted commander,  November  25,  1872.  He  was  present  at  the  bom- 
bardment of  Valparaiso,  Chile,  by  the  Spanish  fleet,  April,  1866. 
He  was  on  duty  in  the  Bureau  of  Yards  and  Docks,  and  on  other 
duty,  from  1874  to  1876.  During  these  years  he  commanded  the 
naval  force  on  the  Rio  Grande,  November  and  December,  1875,  and 
January,  1876,  at  a  time  when  affairs  on  that  border  were  critical, 
and  he  commanded  the  Enterprise  from  1877-78.  He  was  chief  of 
staff  on  the  flagship  Lancaster,  European  station,  from  1881  to  1883. 
It  was  during  this  time,  in  July,  1882,  that  he  was  present  at  the 
bombardment  of  Alexandria,  Egypt,  by  the  English  fleet.  He  was 
on  duty  at  the  navy  yard,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  1884-86. 
He  was  commissioned  captain,  October  30, 1885,  and  served  as  captain 
of  the  navy  yard,  Norfolk,  Virginia,  from  1886-89.  He  was  com- 
mander of  the  cruiser  Charleston,  Pacific  and  Asiatic  squadrons, 
1889_92,  and  took  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  Itata  incident,  (a  Chilean 
steamer)  in  the  Pacific  in  1891.  He  was  captain  of  the  navy  yard, 
Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  1892-95,  and  was  commandant  of 
the  same  yard  1896-98. 

He  was  made  commodore  June  19,  1897,  and  commanded  the 
naval  base,  Key  West,  Florida,  during  the  Spanish  war;  was  again 
commandant  of  the  navy  yard,  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire, 
1898-1900.  His  promotion  to  rear-admiral  came  November  22, 
1898;  and  he  was  made  commander-in-chief  of  the  Asiatic  station, 
April,  1900,  to  March,  1902.  He  was  chairman  of  the  Lighthouse 
Board  and  senior  rear-admiral  of  the  active  list  of  the  navy  from 
May,  1902,  to  August  10,  1903,  when  by  operation  of  law  he  was 
transferred  to  the  retired  list  at  sixty- two  years  of  age,  carrying  with 
him  the  respect  and  esteem  of  the  naval  service  at  large  and  the 
appreciation  and  gratitude  of  his  country. 

Admiral  Remey  is  a  member  of  the  Loyal  Legion,  of  the  Military 
Order  of  the  Dragon,  and  of  the  Society  of  Foreign  Wars.     Pro- 


262  GEORGE    COLLIER   REMEY 

fessional  books  upon  naval  affairs,  and  technical  studies  which  he 
has  pursued  during  his  whole  career,  he  has  found  most  helpful  in 
his  chosen  vocation.  He  is  affiliated  with  the  Episcopal  church.  He 
finds  in  walking  his  chief  exercise  and  his  favorite  mode  of  relaxation. 
His  own  personal  preference  caused  him  to  choose  the  navy;  and  the 
success  which  he  has  attained  in  this  branch  of  the  service  has  been 
purely  the  result  of  his  application  and  his  strong  desire  and  deter- 
mination to  excel.  Admiral  Remey's  long  and  honorable  career  has 
been  distinguished  by  high  devotion  to  principle,  serious  application 
to  his  profession,  great  personal  bravery  and  the  ability  to  take  ad- 
vantage of  a  critical  situation.  He  has  participated  in  many  brilliant 
engagements,  and  has  cruised  in  all  waters.  He  is  one  of  the  dimin- 
ishing number  of  our  gallant  naval  officers  of  high  rank  whose  life 
and  service  embraces  the  time  from  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  war 
to  the  present  peaceful  period  consequent  on  the  victorious  conclusion 
of  the  Spanish  war  and  the  annexation  of  the  Philippines. 

He  was  married  July  8,  1873,  to  Mary  Josephine,  daughter  of 
Charles  Mason,  the  first  chief  justice  of  Iowa,  a  native  of  New  York 
and  a  descendant  of  Captain  John  Mason,  who  was  prominent  inj^the 
Pequot  war. 


JAMES  DANIEL  RICHARDSON 

RICHARDSON,  JAMES  DANIEL,  lawyer,  representative  and 
speaker  in  the  state  legislature  of  Tennessee,  state  senator, 
and  permanent  chairman  of  the  (Kansas  City)  Democratic 
national  convention  of  1900,  a  representative  in  congress  from  the 
fifth  district  of  Tennessee  for  twenty  years,  and  leader  of  the  Demo- 
cratic minority  in  the  fifty-sixth  and  fifty-seventh  Congresses,  was 
born  in  Rutherford  county,  Tennessee,  March  10,  1843.  His  father, 
John  Watkins  Richardson,  a  physician,  was  "a  student,  a  man  of 
piety  and  sobriety  and  of  uniform  habits  of  life."  His  mother, 
Augusta  M.  Starnes  Richardson,  is  said  by  her  son  to  have  exercised 
a  very  strong  and  beneficial  influence  upon  his  character. 

His  early  life  until  he  was  eighteen  was  spent  in  the  country. 
After  the  closing  of  the  war  he  removed  from  his  country  home  to 
Murfreesboro,  Tennessee.  He  attended  good  country  schools,  and 
had  already  entered  college  and  was  pursuing  a  course  in  Franklin 
college,  when  the  Civil  war  broke  out.  He  left  his  collegiate  course 
without  graduating  and  at  the  age  of  eighteen  enlisted  in  the  Con- 
federate army,  in  1861,  as  a  private.  After  one  year's  service,  he  was 
promoted  to  adjutant  of  the  45th  Tennessee  regiment,  and  served 
through  the  four  years  of  the  war  until  1865.  He  was  wounded  in  the 
left  forearm,  at  Resaca,  Georgia,  May  13,  1864.  After  the  war,  he 
removed  to  Murfreesboro,  Tennessee.  For  two  years  he  studied  law, 
beginning  the  active  practice  of  his  profession  in  Murfreesboro, 
January  1,  1867.  The  principal  public  service  he  has  rendered  has 
been  in  his  capacity  as  representative  of  the  fifth  district  of  his  state 
in  congress  for  twenty  years.  He  declined  the  reelection,  which  his 
friends  believed  he  could  have  had  (since  he  had  been  returned  with- 
out opposition  in  his  own  party  for  twelve  years)  in  order  to  devote 
his  entire  time  to  the  ancient  and  accepted  Scottish  Rite  of  Free 
Masonry.  In  1871  and  1872  he  had  held  the  position  of  representa- 
tive and  speaker  in  his  state  legislature;  he  was  state  senator  from 
1873-74.  He  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  the  Democratic  national 
conventions  of  1876,  1896  and  1900;  and  was  permanent  chairman 


264  JAMES    DANIEL   RICHARDSON 

of  the  Kansas  City  convention  of  1900.  In  the  fifty-sixth  and  fifty- 
seventh  Congresses,  he  was  a  member  of  the  committee  on  Ways  and 
Means.  He  compiled  the  "  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents  " — 
a  most  valuable  collection  in  ten  large  volumes,  printed  at  the  Govern- 
ment Printing  House. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  Society;  of  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows;  of  the  Knights  of  Honor;  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias; 
he  has  been  Grand  Master  of  Masons  for  the  state  of  Tennessee; 
Grand  High  Priest  of  the  Royal  Arch  Masons  of  Tennessee;  Sovereign 
Grand  Commander  of  the  Supreme  Council,  thirty-third  degree  of  the 
Ancient  and  Accepted  Scottish  Rite  of  Free  Masonry  for  the  Southern 
jurisdiction  of  the  United  States,  the  Mother  Council  of  the  world; 
and  Provincial  Grand  Master  of  the  Royal  Order  of  Scotland  for  the 
United  States.  His  political  affiliations  have  always  been  with 
the  Democratic  party.  He  enjoys  "all  kinds  of  reading."  He  is  a 
member  of  the  "Christian  church"  (also  called  the  "Disciples 
church").  His  personal  preference  determined  his  choice  of  a  pro- 
fession. 

Representative  Richardson  was  married  January  18,  1865,  to 
Miss  Alabama  Pippen  of  Alabama.  They  have  had  five  children, 
four  of  whom  were  living  in  1905. 


ROBERT   RIDGWAY 

RIDGWAY,  ROBERT,  ornithologist,  has  always  been  irresist- 
ibly attracted  by  out-of-door  life.  The  love  of  nature,  and 
especially  of  birds,  was  the  dominant  trait  of  his  early  boy- 
hood, as  it  is  of  his  later  years.  His  impulse  to  observe  birds  with 
loving  interest,  and  the  scientific  study  he  has  given  to  the  subject 
have  made  him  an  authority  on  bird-lore  of  all  kinds.  His  life  and 
work  show  the  value  of  a  strong  bent  in  childhood  as  a  guide  to  the 
best  development  of  one's  powers. 

He  was  born  in  Mt.  Carmel,  Illinois,  July  2,  1850.  He  says 
his  "  father  was  a  lover  of  nature  and  well- versed  in  wood-craft,"  and 
his  "mother  sympathetic  and  helpful."  Brought  up  in  part  in  a 
village,  he  would  have  been  pleased  to  live  in  the  country  as  it  had 
especial  charm  for  him.  As  a  boy  he  was  strong,  and  there  were  few 
kinds  of  manual  labor  which  he  did  not  do.  The  attractions  of  out-of- 
door  life  for  him  were  so  strong  that  he  feels  he  did  not  take  advantage 
of  the  educational  opportunities  afforded  him,  for  his  schooling  ended 
in  his  sixteenth  year.  For  the  spring  and  summer  of  1865,  he  was 
occupied  as  a  teamster.  From  1867-69,  as  ornithologist  and  ornitho- 
logical artist  he  accompanied  the  United  States  Geological  Explora- 
tion of  the  Fortieth  Parallel,  and  did  field-work  in  California,  Nevada, 
Idaho  and  Utah.  He  has  been  curator  of  the  United  States  National 
Museum  since  1880.  For  many  years  he  has  been  vice-president  of 
the  American  Ornithologists'  Union,  and  for  two  terms  its  president. 
He  is  a  Republican  in  politics.  While  not  a  member  of  any  church, 
he  says,  "  I  am  a  Christian  in  my  religious  beliefs."  He  enjoys  gun- 
ning, walking,  or  driving  in  the  country  and  horticultural  gardening. 
Strongest  in  its  influence  on  his  life  was  his  love  of  nature,  inherited 
from  both  parents,  and  home  influences  and  surroundings  prepared 
him  for  contact  with  men  of  science.  He  says,  "a  more  thorough 
education  would  have  been  most  helpful";  and  he  would  have  every 
aspiring  young  naturalist  bear  constantly  in  mind  that  "only  thor- 
ough, conscientious  work  will  count  in  the  end."  He  has  received 
the  degree  of  Master  of  Sciences  from  the  State  University  of  Indiana. 


266  ROBERT    RIDGWAY 

Among  his  publications  are  "A  History  of  North  American 
Birds  "  (co-author  with  Professor  S.  F.  Baird  and  Doctor  T.  M.  Brewer, 
1874,  3  volumes,  pertaining  to  land  birds  only),  and  "Water  Birds 
of  North  America"  (1884,  2  volumes);  author  of  "Nomenclature  of 
Colors"  (1886);  "Ornithology  of  Illinois"  (1889,  2  volumes);  "The 
Birds  of  North  and  Middle  America"  (1901,  8  volumes,  the  fourth 
volume  to  appear  in  1906) ;  and  more  than  four  hundred  and  fifty 
papers  on  subjects  of  interest  in  ornithology.  A  new  work  on  "  Stand- 
ards of  Color"  is  (1906)  in  course  of  preparation. 

Mr.  Ridgway  was  married  to  Julia  Evelyn  Perkins,  October  12, 
1875. 


PRESLEY  MARION  RIXEY 

RIXEY,  PRESLEY  MARION,  surgeon-general  of  the  United 
States  navy,  and  chief  of  the  bureau  of  medicine  and  sur- 
gery, was  born  near  Culpeper,  Virginia,  July  14,  1852,  son 
of  Presley  Morehead  and  Mary  F.  (Jones)  Rixey.  His  early  educa- 
tion was  obtained  in  the  schools  at  Culpeper  and  Warrenton,  Vir- 
ginia, but  the  male  members  of  his  father's  family  having  espoused 
the  Confederate  cause,  his  father's  estate  was  ruined  by  the  war, 
and  in  order  to  finish  his  education  young  Rixey  was  compelled  to 
borrow  money.  He  accordingly  entered  the  medical  department  of 
the  University  of  Virginia,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1843, 
and  then  decided  to  enter  the  navy  as  surgeon.  He  went  to  Phila- 
delphia, took  a  post-graduate  course  in  medicine  at  Jefferson  Medical 
college,  passed  the  prescribed  examinations  and  entered  the  United 
States  navy  as  assistant  surgeon  January  28,  1874. 

Of  Doctor  Rixey's  thirty  years'  service  in  the  navy,  eleven  years 
were  spent  at  sea.  He  served  on  the  old  screw  sloop,  Congress,  in 
the  Mediterranean;  on  board  the  unlucky  Tallapoosa,  with  the  North 
Atlantic  squadron;  with  the  Lancaster,  which  cruised  in  European, 
African  and  South  American  waters;  and  on  the  dispatch  boat 
Dolphin.  On  shore  he  was  attached  successively  to  the  naval 
hospital  at  Philadelphia  and  Norfolk,  and  the  naval  dispensary  at 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 

During  the  war  with  Spain,  in  1898,  he  applied  for  duty  on  a 
battleship,  but  there  was  no  vacancy.  He,  however,  went  to  Cuba 
near  the  close  of  the  brief  naval  campaign,  on  the  hospital  ship,  Sol- 
ace; and  for  services  rendered  the  crew  of  the  Spanish  warship,  Santa 
Maria,  after  an  explosion  on  that  vessel,  he  was  decorated  by  the 
King  of  Spain.  On  his  return  he  was  again  assigned  to  the  naval 
dispensary,  at  Washington,  becoming,  in  1898,  the  official  physician 
to  President  McKinley.  He  remained  in  attendance  upon  the  presi- 
dent's family,  until  the  death  of  President  McKinley,  and  he  has 
since  served  as  the  official  physician  to  President  Roosevelt  in  con- 
junction with  his  official  duties  in  connection  with  the  navy.     When 


268  PRESLEY   MARION    RIXEY 

Mr.  McKinley  was  shot  at  Buffalo,  New  York,  he  joined  Doctors 
Mann,  Mynter  and  Parmenter  in  the  unsuccessful  attempt  to  extract 
the  fatal  bullet.  He  was  promoted  passed  assistant  surgeon  April  18, 
1877;  surgeon,  November  27,  1888;  medical  inspector,  August  24, 
1900,  and  surgeon-general,  with  the  rank  of  rear-admiral,  February 
10,  1902 — the  youngest  surgeon-general  in  the  history  of  the  navy. 
He  holds  membership  in  the  American  Medical  Association;  Wash- 
ington Medical  Society;  and  the  Association  of  Military  Surgeons. 

On  April  25,  1877,  Doctor  Rixey  was  married  to  Earlena  I. 
English,  at  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire. 


■ 


%h^^        ^* 


ELLIS  HENRY  ROBERTS 

ROBERTS,  ELLIS  HENRY,  treasurer  of  the  United  States  from 
July  1,  1897  to  July  1,  1905,  was  born  in  Utica,  New  York, 
September  30,  1827.     He  was  the  son  of  Watkin  and  Gwen 
(Williams)  Roberts.    His  parents  were  both  natives  of  Merionethshire, 
North  Wales;    the  father  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1817, 
and  located  in  Utica,  New  York,  where  Watkin  Roberts,  a  thrifty 
and  industrious  stonemason,  continued  to  work  at  his  trade.     When 
Ellis  Henry  Roberts  was  nine  years  old  he  found  employment  in  a 
printing  office  in  Utica  where  he  worked  hard  and  passed  through  the 
various  grades  assigned  to  the  printer's  boy,  and  when  twelve  years 
old  took  his  place  at  the  case  as  a  compositor.     He  determined  to 
gain  a  college  education  and  saved  his  earnings  for  that  purpose. 
He  attended  Whitestown  seminary  three  terms  and  was  admitted  to 
the  sophomore  class  of  Yale  college  in  1847.     He  worked  at  his  trade 
during  his  vacations  and  thus  paid  his  expenses  at  Yale.     He  took 
prizes  including  the  Townsend  prize  in  English  composition  in  his 
senior  year;  he  was  chosen  by  his  classmates  in  his  junior  year  first 
editor  of  the  "  Yale  Literary  Magazine";  and  he  was  graduated  A.B., 
1850,  and  received  his  A.M.  degree  in  course.     He  was  second  honor 
man  of  his  class  and  divided  the  Bristed  scholarship  with  a  classmate. 
He  was  elected  principal  of  the  Utica  academy  on  his  return  home, 
and  resigned  the  position  in  1851  to  accept  that  of  working  editor 
of  the   Utica  "Morning  Herald,"  a  leading  Whig    journal  of  central 
New  York.     He  soon  became  part  owner,  and  in  1854  he  purchased 
the  property  which  was  in  1870  organized  as  a  stock  company,  and 
he  continued  as  chief  owner  and  editor-in-chief,  1854-89.     His  posi- 
tion as  editor  of  so  important  a  Whig  and  Republican  newspaper 
brought  him  into  active  participation  in  politics,  and  he  was  elected 
as  a  Republican  member  of  the  state  assembly  in  1866,  and  was 
chosen   to  the  United    States    congress  as  the  representative    from 
his  district  to  the  forty-second  and  forty-third  Congresses,  serving 
1871-75.     James  G.  Blaine,  in  "Twenty  Years  of  Congress,"  says, 
"  Mr.  Roberts  entered  congress  with  great  advantages  and  resources. 


HENRY  YATES  SATTERLEE 

SATTERLEE,    HENRY  YATES,    first  Protestant    Episcopal 
Bishop  of  the  Diocese  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia, , 
like  the  brilliant  English  preacher  Frederick  W.  Robertson, , 
while  a  boy  was  strongly  drawn  to  the  profession  of  a  soldier.     His 
life-work  in  his  later-chosen  vocation,  while  it  has  made  evident 
qualities  of  courage  and  leadership  which  would  have  fitted  him  for  a  , 
military  career,  has  abundantly  demonstrated  the  wisdom  of  the 
choice  which  led  him  to  the  nobler  calling. 

He  was  born  in  New  York  city,  January  11,  1843.  His  father, 
Edward  Satterlee,  was  a  man  of  leisure,  who  held  various  public 
offices  connected  with  the  city  government  of  Albany,  New  York. 
He  was  artistic  in  temperament  and  was  the  founder  of  the  "  Gallery 
of  Fine  Arts,"  and  of  the  Musical  Society  of  the  "Concordia"  in 
Albany.  His  mother  was  a  devout  Christian  woman,  with  literary 
gifts,  a  great  reader;  and  she  insisted  on  his  mastering  the  classics. 
His  earliest  ancestor  in  America  was  Benedict,  son  of  Reverend 
William  Satterlee,  Vicar  of  Ide,  Devonshire,  England,  a  royalist 
clergyman,  who  came  to  New  London,  Connecticut,  in  1685;  he  is 
descended  from  Sir  Edmund  de  Sotterly,  who  was  made  a  baronet 
under  Edward  III.,  for  services  in  the  wars  in  Wales. 

Until  his  thirteenth  year  he  lived  in  Albany,  New  York.     As  a . 
boy  he  showed  a  decided  taste  for  the  natural  sciences.     He  had  a  i 
chemical  laboratory  of  his  own,  had  built  a  steam  engine  when  he 
was  thirteen  years  old,  and  spent  his  leisure  hours  out  of  school  in 
such  pursuits. 

The  family  removed  again  to  New  York  city,  where  they  spent 
their  winters,  passing  their  summers  at  West  Point.  Young  Satterlee 
had  instruction  under  tutors  up  to  the  year  1858,  when  the  family 
went  to  Europe.  On  their  return  from  Europe,  being  strong  and 
vigorous  in  health,  he  earnestly  desired  to  enter  West  Point  military 
academy.  His  father  would  not  consent  unless  he  first  went  to 
college.  As  this  necessitated  his  graduation  before  he  was  twenty- 
one  years  old,  he  was  pressed  for  time,  and  sometimes  had  to  study 


"■15 -_-■  ' 


HENRY  YATES  SATTERLEE  273 

far  into  the  night.  He  entered  Columbia  college,  from  Columbia 
college  grammar  school,  in  the  freshman  class  of  1860,  and  passed  an 
examination  for  the  sophomore  class  three  months  afterward,  and 
was  graduated  in  1863. 

He  then  had  the  keen  disappointment,  after  having  made  every 
preparation  for  West  Point,  of  not  being  able  to  secure  an  appoint- 
ment. 

Regarding  this  period  of  his  life,  he  says:  "When  I  found,  on 
leaving  college,  that  it  was  impossible  for  me  to  go  to  West  Point  and 
enter  the  army,  a  higher  ideal  of  a  soldier's  life  took  possession  of 
me.  I  felt  that  I  wanted  to  help  my  time  to  take  its  stand,  and  I 
decided  to  enter  that  profession  where  I  felt  that  I  would  be  most 
useful  in  my  day  and  to  my  generation.  Strange  to  say  I  think  I  was 
brought  into  the  ministry  by  reading  Carlyle's  "Chartism"  and 
"  Past  and  Present."  These  works  dwelt  so  strongly  upon  the  burn- 
ing wrongs  to  be  righted  in  modern  civilization,  that  I  felt  that  the 
minister  of  Christ,  as  the  character-builder  in  a  community,  was  the 
man  best  fitted  to  do  this  kind  of  work.  This  was  what  determined 
the  choice  of  my  profession.  That  choice  was  contrary  to  the  wishes 
of  my  parents  and  relatives;  and  certainly  the  circumstances  of  my 
own  life  pointed  very  clearly  to  a  secular  sphere;  for  quite  a  prominent 
position  in  Wall  Street  was  offered  me  when  I  graduated  from  college.' * 

He  entered  the  General  theological  seminary  in  New  York  city, 
was  graduated  from  that  institution  in  1866,  having  been  ordained 
deacon  nearly  a  yearbefore.  He  became  the  assistant  to  a  venerable 
clergyman,  born  before  the  British  colonies  became  independent  of 
England,  the  Reverend  Doctor  Andrews.  He  remained  in  this 
parish  of  Zion  Church,  Wappinger's  Falls,  New  York,  as  assistant 
minister,  for  ten  years  and  as  rector  from  1875  to  1882;  and  during 
this  time  the  parish  became  one  of  the  strongest  rural  parishes  in  the 
diocese  of  New  York. 

He  became  rector  of  Calvary  church,  New  York,  in  1882-96, 
declined  election  as  assistant  Bishop  of  Ohio  in  1888,  declined  election 
as  Bishop  of  Michigan  in  1889,  was  consecrated  first  Bishop  of 
Washington  in  1896. 

In  order  to  reach  the  people  of  the  slums  of  New  York,  he  built 
up  a  manifold  East  side  work,  with  the  conviction  that  this  class 
could  not  be  raised  unless  human  nature  were  treated  in  its  entirety. 
There  was  the  Galilee  Mission  and  Calvary  Chapel  for  rescue  and 


274  HENRY  YATES  SATTERLEE 

spiritual  work;  a  free  reading  room  for  intellectual  needs;  a  lodging 
house  where  three  hundred  men  lodged  each  night;  and  a  coffee 
house  in  which  on  an  average  six  or  eight  hundred  meals  were  given 
every  day.  While  doing  this  work,  he  was  actively  engaged  in 
opposing  Tammany  Hall;  and  he  suffered  many  inconveniences  on 
account  of  this  opposition.  He  was  for  years  a  member  of  the  Civil 
Service  committee  in  New  York.  He  received  the  honorary  degree 
of  D.D.  from  Union  college,  in  1882,  and  from  Princeton  in  1896;. 
and  that  of  LL.D.  from  Columbia  college  in  1897.  He  is  the  author 
of  "Christ  and  His  Church"  (1878);  "Life  Lessons  of  the  Prayer 
Book"  (1890);  "A  Creedless  Gospel  and  the  Gospel  Creed"  (1894); 
''New  Testament  Churchmanship "  (1899);  "The  Calling  of  the 
Christian"  and  "Christ's  Sacrament  of  Fellowship"  (1902);  "The 
Building  of  a  Cathedral "  (1901). 

In  founding  the  new  diocese  of  Washington,  Bishop  Satterlee's 
aim  has  been  to  emphasize  the  separation  of  the  church  from  the 
state,  not  merely  for  the  sake  of  the  state,  but  for  the  sake  of  the 
freedom  of  the  church,  and  in  order  that  she  may  deliver  her  Gospel 
message  fearlessly,  untrammeled  by  any  secular  or  political  influ- 
ences. The  cathedral  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul  was  founded  several 
years  before  he  came  to  the  diocese.  In  giving  his  efforts  to  this 
work,  while  he  has  labored  to  secure  the  land  and  bring  to  the  cathe- 
dral foundation  material  resources,  his  first  aim  has  been  to  create 
and  set  in  motion  the  spiritual  work  of  the  cathedral.  Bishop 
Satterlee  started  regular  open  air  services  on  the  cathedral  grounds 
for  the  preaching  of  the  gospel;  built  an  altar  of  stones  from  Jerusa- 
lem for  the  administration  of  the  Holy  Communion,  and  erected  a 
baptismal  font,  paved  with  stones  from  the  River  Jordan  and  large 
enough  for  immersion,  for  baptism. 

Aided  by  Mrs.  Phoebe  A.  Hearst  and  the  late  Mrs.  Harriet  Lane 
Johnston,  the  educational  work  of  the  cathedral  is  provided  for  in 
the  foundation  of  a  school  for  girls  and  a  school  for  boys. 

Bishop  Satterlee  has  always  taken  a  great  interest  in  young 
people,  and  has  had  between  one  and  two  hundred  young  men  under 
his  charge  while  they  have  been  preparing  for  the  life  of  missionaries 
and  clergymen. 

The  one  ruling  thought  which  he  has  always  presented  to  them 
is  "  that  the  chief  cause  of  failure  in  life  is  want  of  faith  in  Christ  and 
Christ's  direction;  that  Christ  who  came  to  this  world  from  the  out- 


HENRY  YATES  SATTERLEE  275 

side  is  the  only  one  who  knows."  And  to  young  men  he  says:  "Two 
opposite  thoughts  always  present  themselves  in  beginning  life;  the 
first  is, '  How  much  can  I  get  out  of  life — how  much  of  honor,  pleasure 
or  riches?'  The  second  is,  'How  much  can  I  give — how  can  I  give 
myself  for  the  building  up  of  God's  kingdom  of  truth  and  righteous- 
ness among  men? '  While  the  majority  of  young  men  choose  the  first, 
and  only  a  handful  the  second  of  these  alternatives,  the  latter  become 
the  robust  men  and  the  moral  leaders  of  their  generation;  and  the 
highest  success  in  life  comes  to  him  who  follows  unswervingly  those 
seven  greatest  things  in  life,  which  are  set  forth  in  the  Lord's 
Prayer." 

Bishop  Satterlee  was  married  June  30,  1866,  to  Jane  Lawrence 
Churchill.  They  have  had  two  children.  Their  son,  the  Reverend 
Churchill  Satterlee,  a  clergyman  of  the  Episcopal  church,  died  in 
1904.  His  wife  and  three  children  survive  him.  Bishop  Satterlee's 
daughter  is  living  (1906). 


CHARLES  GREENE  SAWTELLE 

SAWTELLE,     CHARLES     GREENE,     quartermaster-general 
United   States  army,   retired;   was   born   at   Norridgewock, 
Somerset   county,   Maine,   May    10,    1834.     His  father,   the 
Honorable  Cullen  Sawtelle,  was  a  native  of  Norridgewock  (a  descend- 
ant of  Richard  Sawtelle  who  came  from  England  about  1636,  and 
settled  in  Groton,  Massachusetts);  a  graduate  of  Bowdoin,  class  of 
1825,  a  lawyer,  register  of  probate,  state  senator,  1843-44,  representa- 
tive from  his  district  in  the  twenty-ninth  and  thirty-first  Congresses, 
1845-47  and  1849-51,  and  was  married  to  Elizabeth  Lyman  in  1830. 
Charles  Greene  Sawtelle  was  brought  up  in  his  native  village, 
attended  Mount  Pleasant  academy,  Amherst,  Massachusetts,  Phillips 
academy,  Andover,  and  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  military 
academy  in  1854.     He  was  made  brevet  second  lieutenant  July  1, 
1854,  second  lieutenant  6th  United  States  infantry,  March  3,  1855, 
first  lieutenant  June  5,  1860,  regimental  quartermaster  6th  infantry 
February  15,  1857,  to  May  17,  1861,  and  on  May  17,  1861,  was  acting 
regimental  adjutant.     He  was  transferred  to  Washington,  District 
of  Columbia,  in  August,  1861,  and  placed  in  charge  of  the  quarter- 
master's depot  at  Perry ville,  Maryland;  and  in  March,  1862,  was 
transferred  to  the  Virginia  peninsula  where  he  had  charge  of  disem- 
barking troops  and  forwarding  supplies  to  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 
He  was  assistant  quartermaster  with  the  rank  of  captain  of  staff  up 
to  September,  1862;  was  acting  chief  quartermaster  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac,  September-November,  1862;  chief  quartermaster  of 
the  2d  corps,  November,  1862-January,  1863,  with    rank  of    lieu- 
tenant-colonel, staff  volunteers;    was  chief  quartermaster  cavalry 
bureau,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  August  1863-February, 
1864.     On  the  retreat  of  Banks'  army  from  the  disastrous  expe- 
dition up  the  Red  river,  he  constructed  a  bridge  across  the  river  at 
Atchafalaya  using   twenty-one   river  steamers   as   pontoons,   over 
which  the  army  passed  in  safety,  May  15-19,  1864.     He  was  chief 
quartermaster  military  division  of  West  Mississippi,  with  rank  of 
lieutenant-colonel,  staff  volunteers,  June  6,  1864,  to  June  2,  1865; 


CHARLES   GREENE   SAWTELLE  277 

chief  quartermaster  military  division  of  the  Southwest,  with  rank  of 
colonel,  staff  volunteers,  June  3  to  July  17,  1865;  of  the  military 
division  of  the  Gulf,  July  17,  1865,  to  August  15,  1866;  and  of  the 
Department  of  the  Gulf,  August,  1866,  to  April  1,  1867,  and  of  the 
fifth  military  district,  April  1,  to  August  31,  1867.  He  was  brev- 
etted  major,  lieutenant-colonel  and  colonel,  United  States  army, 
March  13,  1865,  for  "faithful  and  meritorious  services  during  the 
rebellion,"  and  brigadier-general  United  States  army  "for  faithful 
and  meritorious  services  in  the  quartermaster's  department  during 
the  rebellion,"  and  continued  on  quartermaster's  duty  in  the  various 
departments  up  to  August  19,  1896,  when  he  was  made  quarter- 
master-general United  States  army  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general. 
He  remained  at  the  head  of  the  department  until  he  was  retired  from 
active  service,  February  16,  1897. 

He  entered  the  army  through  personal  preference;  and  his 
military  service  received  commendation  from  Generals  Grant, 
Sheridan,  Canby,  Hancock,  Ingalls,  Porter,  Williams,  Schofield, 
Howard  and  Stoneman,  and  from  Quartermaster-Generals  Meigs  and 
Holabird.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church,  a 
companion  of  the  military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United 
States;  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution;  of  the  University  club  of  New 
York  city;  of  the  Metropolitan  club  of  Washington,  District  of  Colum- 
bia, and  of  the  Chevy  Chase  clubs  of  Washington,  District  of  Colum- 
bia and  of  Maryland. 

He  was  married  March  30,  1869,  to  Alice  Chester,  daughter  of 
Edmund  Sewall  and  Sarah  (Stacey)  Munroe  of  Englewood,  New 
Jersey,  and  their  three  children  were  living  in  1905. 


RUFUS  SAXTON 

SAXTON,  RUFUS,  United  States  army  officer,  was  born  in 
Greenfield,  Massachusetts,  October  19,  1824.  His  parents 
were  Jonathan  Ashley  and  Miranda  (Wright)  Saxton.  His 
father  was  a  lawyer,  editor  and  farmer,  a  man  of  high  ideals,  a  lover 
of  freedom  and  "a  firm  believer  in  the  power  of  man  to  overcome 
unfavorable  conditions."  He  held  the  office  of  justice  of  the  peace. 
Among  the  early  ancestors  of  the  family  in  this  country  were  Captain 
Salmon  White,  who  was  a  soldier  in  the  Revolution,  and  the  Rev- 
erend Jonathan  Ashley,  the  first  Congregational  minister  of  Deer- 
field,  Massachusetts. 

Rufus  Saxton  was  graduated  from  the  United  States  military 
academy  at  West  Point  in  1849.  He  entered  the  active  work  of  life 
as  a  second  lieutenant  of  artillery.  In  1853-54,  he  was  in  command 
of  an  expedition  to  explore  and  survey  a  route  across  the  Rocky 
Mountains  for  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad.  For  "indomitable 
energy,  sound  judgment  and  crowning  accomplishment"  in  this 
work  he  received  the  thanks  of  the  governor  of  Washington  Territory. 
In  the  Civil  war  he  was  chief  quartermaster  on  the  staff  of  General 
Lyon  in  1861  and  later  on  that  of  General  McClellan,  and  General 
Sherman.  For  "distinguished  service  and  good  conduct"  in  the 
defense  of  Harpers  Ferry,  when  an  attack  upon  that  position  was 
threatened  by  General  Stonewall  Jackson,  May  26,  1862,  he  received 
the  thanks  of  President  Lincoln  and  Secretary  Stanton,  and  was 
awarded  a  medal  of  honor  by  the  government.  He  was  military 
governor  of  the  Department  of  the  South,  superintended  the  recruit- 
ing of  colored  troops,  participated  in  the  attack  on  Charleston,  and 
was  commissioner  of  the  Freedmen's  Bureau  for  South  Carolina, 
Georgia  and  Florida,  until  the  end  of  the  war.  He  was  afterward 
chief  quartermaster  of  various  departments.  By  successive  brevets 
he  reached  the  rank  of  major-general  of  volunteers  and  by  promotion 
that  of  colonel  of  the  army.  In  1888  he  was  retired  with  the  rank  of 
colonel  and  assistant  quartermaster-general. 


RUFUS    SAXTON  279 

He  was  married  to  Mathilda  Gordon  Thompson,  March  11,  1863. 
He  received  the  degree  of  A.M.  from  Amherst  college.  Among  the 
organizations  to  which  he  belongs  are :  The  Grand  Army  of  the  Repub- 
lic, Loyal  Legion,  Medal  of  Honor  Legion,  Sons  of  the  American 
Revolution,  Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  the  Metro- 
politan club  of  Washington.  In  politics  he  has  always  been  a  Repub- 
lican. His  religious  connection  is  with  the  Unitarian  denomination. 
The  books  which  he  has  found  most  helpful  he  names  as,  the  Bible; 
the  works  of  Shakespeare,  Scott,  Burns,  Tennyson,  Dickens,  Holmes, 
Lowell,  Emerson,  Longfellow,  Browning,  Whittier,  Higginson, 
Channing,  Spencer,  Bulwer,  Thackeray;  and  books  on  history.  He 
has  given  some  attention  to  physical  culture  from  which  he  has 
received  great  benefit.  The  relaxations,  sports  and  amusements 
which  he  has  enjoyed  are  riding,  driving,  hunting,  fishing,  dancing, 
checkers,  chess,  baseball  and  whist. 

In  early  life  he  had  the  usual  tasks  which  fall  to  the  boy  on  the 
farm,  but  they  were  not  so  exacting  as  to  interfere  with  his  studies. 
He  was  fond  of  reading,  and  he  enjoyed  the  common  country  sports 
and  pastimes.  Circumstances  over  which  he  had  no  control  deter- 
mined his  line  of  effort,  but  when  his  career  was  once  chosen,  he 
entered  heartily  into  his  work,  and  for  forty-three  years  he  served 
the  government  with  zeal  and  fidelity.  To  the  young  he  would  say 
that  " forgetfulness  of  self"  should  be  the  guiding  principle  of  life. 


WINFIELD  SCOTT  SCHLEY 

SCHLEY,  WINFIELD  SCOTT.  There  is  probably  not  in  the 
entire  annals  of  the  United  States  navy  a  more  interesting 
personal  record  than  that  of  Admiral  Winfield  Scott  Schley, 
nor  the  chronicle  of  a  career  more  varied  and  active.  Almost  from 
the  time  when  in  young  manhood  he  took  up  his  life  work,  he  was  a 
participant  in  events  formative  of  character,  and  in  turn  he  exerted 
upon  history-making  episodes  in  many  different  parts  of  the  world  the 
influence  which  is  inalienable  from  a  strong,  vigorous  personality. 
Withal,  his  triumphs  in  achievement  have  been  thoroughly  and 
typically  American,  marked  by  that  decision,  energy  and  definiteness 
of  purpose  which  have  proved  foundation  stones  in  the  careers  of  so 
many  of  the  men  of  mark  in  the  republic. 

Winfield  Scott  Schley  was  born  near  the  town  of  Frederick, 
Maryland,  October  9,  1839.  He  was  the  great-grandson  of  John 
Thomas  Schley,  who  came  to  America  from  Germany,  in  1739.  The 
father  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  likewise  named  John  Thomas 
Schley,  was  successively  a  lawyer,  a  merchant  and  a  farmer;  and  at 
all  times  one  of  the  leading  men  of  the  community  in  which  he  lived. 
His  son  has  designated  as  the  father's  most  marked  characteristics: 
"High  morality,  respect  for  the  law,  and  an  enthusiastic  love  of 
country."  The  briefest  review  of  the  life  of  Winfield  Scott  Schley 
cannot  fail  to  show  that  these  principles  descended  from  father  to 
son. 

All  the  ancestors  of  Winfield  Scott  Schley  were  sturdy  in  devo- 
tion to  the  principles  laid  down  in  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
and  in  the  constitution  of  the  fathers;  but  aside  from  the  example 
thus  afforded,  a  most  beneficial  influence  was  exerted  throughout  his 
early  boyhood  by  his  mother,  Georgianna  Virginia  McClure  Schley. 
She  was  a  woman  of  exceptional  character  and  her  influence  was  very 
strong  upon  the  intellectual,  moral  and  spiritual  life  of  her  son. 

His  boyhood  did  not  differ  materially  from  that  of  the  normal 
healthy  lad  of  the  period.  He  was  fond  of  play;  and  the  soundness 
of  his  principles  was  evidenced  even  at  this  early  day  by  his  insistence 


7^/*^ 


Kc^-     ti^*UiJ^^C     &.?*** — . 


WINFIELD   SCOTT   SCHLEY  281 

upon  fair  play  in  everything.  His  early  life  was  passed  partly  in  the 
country  and  partly  in  town;  but  he  was  possessed  of  an  unusually 
strong  constitution  as  the  result  of  a  generous  devotion  to  outdoor 
life.  Young  Schley's  father  was  possessed  of  property,  and  his  son 
was  never  confronted  with  the  necessity  of  performing  manual  labor 
for  a  livelihood;  but  he  never  hesitated  to  do  all  that  came  to  his 
hand,  feeling  always  that  there  was  dignity  in  labor. 

In  youth,  Schley  had  few  difficulties  to  overcome  in  acquiring 
an  education.  After  passing  through  the  primary  schools  at  Fred- 
erick, Schley  attended  in  turn  the  Frederick  academy  and  St.  John's 
academy,  at  Frederick.  He  entered  the  United  States  naval  acad- 
emy at  Annapolis,  September  20,  1856,  and  was  graduated  from  that 
institution  in  1860. 

His  first  active  duty  in  his  profession  as  a  naval  officer  was  on 
board  the  frigate  Niagara,  which  cruised  to  India,  China  and  Japan, 
in  1860-61,  primarily  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  back  to  their  home 
the  ambassadors  from  Japan  who  had  been  sent  to  the  United  States 
in  1859.  On  August  31,  1861,  Schley  was  advanced  to  the  grade  of 
master  and  served  on  the  frigate  Potomac.  On  July  16,  1862,  he 
was  commissioned  lieutenant  and  served  on  the  Winona,  Mononga- 
hela  and  Richmond,  under  Farragut,  in  the  Mississippi  River  cam- 
paign and  the  actions  in  the  vicinity  of  Port  Hudson,  from  March  16 
to  July  9,  1863,  participating  in  many  engagements.  In  common 
with  every  other  young  officer  who  was  intimately  associated  with 
Farragut,  Schley  gained  much  by  force  of  example  from  the  great 
naval  commander.  Indeed,  he  has  been  as  ready  as  Admirals 
Dewey,  Clarke  and  Watson,  to  attribute  much  of  the  fame  which  came 
to  him  during  the  Spanish- American  war  to  the  knowledge  of  means 
and  methods  gained  from  that  famous  preceptor  during  the  Civil 
war. 

During  the  years  from  1864  to  1866  Schley  served  as  executive 
officer  of  the  gunboat  Wateree  in  the  Pacific,  and  in  1865  he  put  down 
an  insurrection  of  Chinese  coolies  in  the  Chincha  Islands,  and  upon 
the  occasion  of  a  revolution  at  La  Union,  San  Salvador,  landed  one 
hundred  men  and  protected  the  interests  of  citizens  of  the  United 
States.  On  July  25,  1866,  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
commander;  and  he  served  as  instructor  at  the  United  States  Naval 
academy  from  1866  to  1869.  The  period  from  1869  to  1872  found 
him  serving  as  executive  officer  of  the  United    States    steamship 


282  WINFIELD  SCOTT  SCHLEY 

Benicia,  on  the  Asiatic  station,  and  during  this  interval  he  took  an 
active  part  in  the  capture  of  the  forts  on  Kang  Hoa  Island  on  the 
Salee  river  in  Korea,  during  the  trouble  between  the  United  States 
and  the  Hermit  kingdom. 

For  the  four  years  from  1872  to  1876,  at  the  Naval  academy, 
he  was  at  the  head  of  the  department  of  modern  languages.  On 
June  10,  1874,  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  commander.  The 
conclusion  of  his  stay  at  the  Naval  academy  in  1876  was  followed  by 
another  three-year  period  of  sea  service;  and  while  in  the  Essex,  on 
the  Brazil  station,  Commander  Schley  gained  distinction  by  rescuing 
from  the  Island  of  Tristan  d'Acunha  an  American  crew  which  had 
been  shipwrecked  there. 

One  of  the  most  notable  achievements  of  Schley's  career  occurred 
in  1884,  when  he  commanded  an  expedition  which  sailed  to  the  Arctic 
ocean  and  rescued  from  death  Lieutenant  Adolphus  W.  Greely  and 
six  companions,  at  Cape  Sabine,  Grinnell  Land.  The  undertaking 
was,  from  the  outset,  a  most  hazardous  and  difficult  one.  Two 
previous  expeditions,  well  equipped  in  every  way,  had  been  turned 
back  by  the  ice  pack  and  obliged  to  abandon  the  quest.  Schley's 
entire  conduct  of  the  enterprise  was  thoroughly  characteristic  of  the 
man.  His  preparations  were  in  themselves  such  as  to  deserve 
success,  for  they  were  characterized  by  great  thoroughness  and 
minute  attention  to  detail.  To  perfection  of  system,  essential  in  its 
way,  Schley  added  tenacity  of  purpose.  When  the  ice  pack  threat- 
ened to  close  in  and  to  become  as  formidable  an  obstacle  as  it  had 
proved  in  the  case  of  the  two  previous  expeditions,  it  was  thought 
that  Schley  might  have  to  turn  back;  but  he  held  on,  claiming  that 
this  obstruction  only  afforded  additional  reason  why  the  search 
should  be  prosecuted  with  vigor.  And  this  proved  to  be  the  case; 
for  when  Lieutenant  Greely  and  his  companions  were  found  their 
condition  was  such,  as  the  result  of  starvation,  that  they  could  not 
possibly  have  lived  more  than  two  days  longer.  For  his  work  of 
rescue,  Commander  Schley  received  from  the  Maryland  legislature  a 
vote  of  thanks  and  a  gold  chronometer  watch,  and  from  the  Massa- 
chusetts Humane  Society  a  gold  medal. 

In  1885  he  was  made  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Equipment  and 
Recruiting  of  the  navy  department  at  Washington;  and  on  March  31, 
1888,  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  captain.  When  the  cruiser 
Baltimore  was  placed  in  commission,  Captain  Schley  took  command 


WINFIELD  SCOTT  SCHLEY  283 

of  her,  and  held  that  position  from  1889  to  1892.  During  this  period 
occurred  another  incident  which  tried  his  mettle.  The  Baltimore 
was  cruising  in  South  American  waters  at  the  time  of  a  revolution  in 
Chile  and  of  much  ill  feeling  toward  the  United  States  on  the  part  of 
the  people  of  Chile;  and  while  the  vessel  was  in  the  harbor  of  Val- 
paraiso, a  number  of  the  crew  who  were  on  shore  were  attacked  by  a 
mob  which  killed  several  of  their  number  and  seriously  wounded 
many  others.  After  this  affront,  feeling  ran  high  on  both  sides; 
and  had  it  not  been  for  Captain  Schley's  firmness  and  cool-headed 
judgment,  the  consequences  might  have  been  seriously  detrimental 
to  the  relations  between  the  two  nations.  However,  the  American 
officer  proved  himself  a  diplomat  as  well  as  a  man  of  courage  and 
determination;  and  within  a  few  months  after  the  attack  the  diffi- 
culty was  settled  through  Captain  Schley,  the  Chilean  government 
apologizing  for  the  insult  and  paying  an  indemnity  of  seventy-five 
thousand  dollars. 

In  August,  1891,  Captain  Schley  carried  the  body  of  John  Erics- 
son, the  inventor,  to  Sweden,  and  was  presented  with  a  gold  medal 
by  the  king.  He  served  as  lighthouse  inspector,  1893-95;  served  on 
the  cruiser  New  York,  in  1895-97;  and  during  1897-98  acted  as 
chairman  of  the  lighthouse  board  at  Washington.  On  February  6, 
1898,  Schley  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  commodore;  and  with  the 
call  to  arms  for  the  conflict  with  Spain  he  was  selected  to  command 
the  flying  squadron  formed  to  protect  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  the 
armored  cruiser  Brooklyn  being  detailed  as  his  flagship. 

With  the  vessels  of  this  fleet  he  was  present  at  the  battle  which 
destroyed  Cervera's  squadron  off  Santiago  on  July  3,  1898;  and  on 
August  10,  1898,  was  promoted  by  the  president  to  the  rank  of  rear- 
admiral  "for  eminent  and  conspicuous  conduct  in  battle."  On 
August  19th,  of  this  same  year,  he  was  selected  as  one  of  the  com- 
missioners to  direct  the  evacuation  of  Porto  Rico.  Honors  were 
showered  upon  Admiral  Schley  as  a  result  of  the  part  he  played  in 
the  Battle  of  Santiago.  Receptions  and  banquets  were  held  in  his 
honor  in  most  of  the  principal  cities,  and  he  received  numerous  hand- 
some tokens  of  esteem,  including  a  jeweled  medal  from  the  Maryland 
legislature,  a  gold  and  jeweled  sword  from  the  people  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  a  silver  loving  cup  from  the  people  of  Atlanta,  Georgia. 

Admiral  Schley  was,  on  April  14,  1899,  assigned  to  duty  on  the 
naval  examining  board,  and  on  April  27th  of  the  same  year  he  was 


284  WINFIELD   SCOTT  SCHLEY 

transferred  to  the  naval  retiring  board  as  senior  member.  He 
rounded  out  his  forty-seven  years  of  service  under  the  flag  in  all  parts 
of  the  world  in  war  and  in  peace  by  a  final  interval  of  duty  as  com- 
mander of  the  South  Atlantic  squadron,  to  which  he  was  assigned  on 
November  18,  1899,  continuing  in  this  capacity  until  his  retirement, 
on  October  9,  1901,  upon  attaining  the  age-limit  fixed  by  law. 

After  the  close  of  the  Spanish- American  war,  friends  of  Admiral 
Schley  and  Admiral  Sampson  engaged  in  a  controversy  as  to  which 
of  these  officers  was  actually  in  command  of  the  American  fleet  before 
Santiago  in  the  engagement  which  resulted  in  the  destruction  of 
Cervera's  squadron  and  the  capture  of  its  personnel.  Admiral 
Sampson,  while  technically  in  command  of  the  assembled  naval 
forces,  was  temporarily  absent  (under  order  of  the  navy  department) 
from  the  scene  of  battle  on  the  day  of  conflict.  The  controversy, 
which  was  but  a  parallel  of  other  famous  disputes  in  the  history  of 
the  United  States  navy,  would  probably  have  been  allowed  to  run  its 
course  unnoticed  by  Schley  had  it  not  been  for  charges  of  irregularities 
made  in  a  history  of  the  United  States  navy  in  use  as  a  text  book  at 
the  United  States  naval  academy.  The  accused  officer  felt  that  he 
could  not  permit  the  aspersions  cast  upon  his  official  acts  to  pass 
unchallenged,  and  made  a  request  for  a  court  of  inquiry,  which  con- 
vened on  September  12,  1901.  The  majority  report  of  the  findings 
of  this  court  was  not  wholly  favorable  to  Admiral  Schley  in  a  few 
details;  but  to  these,  most  vigorous  exception  was  taken  by  Admiral 
Dewey,  who  was  president  of  the  court.  The  report  served  to  free 
Admiral  Schley  from  all  charges  of  irregularity,  and  the  congress  of 
the  United  States  forthwith  prohibited  the  use  of  the  offending 
Maclay  history  at  the  naval  academy. 

On  September  10,  1862,  Winfield  Scott  Schley  was  married  to 
Anne  Rebecca  Franklin,  daughter  of  George  E.  and  Maria  C.  Frank- 
lin, of  Annapolis,  Maryland.  To  this  union  three  children  have  been 
born,  two  sons  and  a  daughter,  all  of  whom  are  living  in  1906. 
Admiral  Schley  is  identified  with  the  Protestant  Episcopal  denomina- 
tion. He  is  the  author  of  "  The  Rescue  of  Greely,"  published  in  1885, 
and  of  "Forty-five  Years  Under  the  Flag,"  published  in  September, 
1904.  On  June  22,  1899,  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  Georgetown  university.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Royal  Arcanum 
of  the  United  States;  the  Masonic  fraternity;  the  United  Service  club 
of  New  York;  the  New  York  Yacht  club;  the  Seawanaka  Corinthian 


WINFIELD    SCOTT   SCHLEY  285 

Yacht  club,  of  New  York,  and  the  Metropolitan  club  of  Washington. 
He  is  not  identified  with  any  political  party,  and  has  not  held  public 
office  outside  of  his  profession. 

While  he  has  not,  since  the  heyday  of  youth,  devoted  especial 
attention  to  athletics,  Admiral  Schley  is  an  ardent  devotee  of  outdoor 
life  and  exercise,  and  spends  much  time  in  walking,  fishing,  and  other 
open  air  sports  and  exercises.  Asked  what  especial  lines  of  reading 
he  has  found  most  helpful  in  fitting  him  for  the  work  of  life,  Admiral 
Schley  cites  the  Bible,  and  works  which  relate  to  general  history  and 
the  intellectual  development  of  Europe,  as  well  as  the  works  of 
Thackeray,  Washington  Irving,  Cooper,  Moore,  Tennyson  and  Long- 
fellow. In  his  own  profession  he  was  particularly  inspired  by  the 
careers  of  Blake,  Nelson,  De  Ruyter,  De  Witte,  Van  Tromp,  Hawk, 
Collingwood,  Wellington,  Napoleon,  Washington  and  others.  How- 
ever, his  strongest  impulse  to  strive  for  such  prizes  in  life  as  he  after- 
ward won,  came  from  the  lives  and  careers  of  the  great  captains  who 
had  gone  before  him,  and  especially  from  the  careers  and  examples 
of  that  trio  of  famous  admirals,  Farragut,  Porter,  and  Foote. 

Estimating  the  effect  of  different  influences  upon  his  own  success 
in  life,  Admiral  Schley  has  placed  "first,  the  home,  as  the  abiding 
place  of  love  and  patriotism";  next,  school  and  its  companionships, 
as  teaching  equality  and  establishing  the  friendships  of  life;  and  con- 
tact with  men  in  active  life,  as  widening  experience  and  broadening 
views  of  duty,  of  honor,  of  honesty  and  purpose  as  a  citizen.  Admiral 
Schley  has  attributed  to  love  of  travel,  always  strong  in  youth,  his 
own  choice  of  a  profession.  As  a  suggestion  to  young  Americans  in 
search  of  the  secret  of  success,  he  says:  "There  is  no  profitable  life  to 
any  one  who  does  not  remember  that  honor,  honesty,  and  truthful- 
ness in  all  things  are  the  primordial  law  of  usefulness  in  the  fullest 
and  widest  sense  everywhere.  These  added  to  charity  in  all  things 
must  result  in  good  citizenship." 


THEODORE  SCHWAN 

SCHWAN,  THEODORE.  The  United  States  has  always  had 
the  advantage  of  receiving  into  the  number  of  its  citizens, 
some  of  the  strongest  elements  of  the  Old  World.  Many  of 
our  most  useful  and  most  highly  valued  citizens  have  been  trans- 
planted from  the  compact,  cultivated  traditional  tillage  of  civiliza- 
tions older  than  our  own  to  become  fruitful  and  powerful  under  the 
free  institutions  of  our  republic.  During  our  Civil  war,  the  fine 
military  mind  and  training  of  more  than  one  of  our  noted  leaders  was 
the  gift  of  foreign  lands.  The  history  of  many  leaders  beside  Sigel 
and  Schurz  proves  the  attachment  felt  by  Americans  to  the  Germans, 
akin  to  us  in  racial  stock  and  in  their  love  of  liberty. 

Brigadier-General  Theodore  Schwan,  United  States  army, 
retired,  is  a  citizen  of  foreign  birth  to  whom  our  country  owes  a  debt 
of  gratitude.  His  services  began  during  the  Civil  war,  but  he  is  one 
of  the  few  surviving  general  officers  of  that  war  whose  length  of 
service — forty-two  years — has  spanned  the  period  including  both  the 
Civil  war  and  the  Spanish  war.  He  was  born  in  Hanover,  Germany, 
July  9,  1841.  His  father,  H.  C.  Schwan,  was  a  clergyman,  and  also 
held  the  position  of  professor  at  the  Gymnasium  at  Stade,  Hanover. 

In  his  early  youth  Theodore  had  a  tutor  and  attended  a  public 
school;  later  he  attended  the  Gymnasium  at  Stade,  but  he  was  not 
graduated,  as  at  the  age  of  sixteen  he  emigrated  to  America. 

He  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  United  States  army  in  1857.  He 
was  promoted  to  the  various  non-commissioned  grades,  and  served 
with  his  regiment  in  the  Utah  expedition,  1857-58,  under  General 
A.  S.  Johnston.  With  this  same  regiment  he  participated  in  the 
Chancellorsville  and  Gettysburg  campaigns.  He  commanded,  as 
second  lieutenant,  a  company  of  his  regiment  in  the  battles  of  the 
Wilderness,  May  5  to  7,  1864;  Spottsylvania  Court  House,  May  8  to 
12;  North  Anna,  Pamunkey  and  Totopotomey  rivers,  May  22  to  June 
1;  Cold  Harbor  and  vicinity,  and  Bethesda  Church,  in  June,  and  in 
the  siege  of  Petersburg,  June-October,  1864.  Bre vetted  captain, 
October  1,  1864,  for  gallant  service  at  the  battle  of  Chapel  House, 


THEODORE   SCHWAN  287 

Virginia,  and  major  for  gallant  and  meritorious  service  during  the 
war,  he  was  awarded  a  medal  of  honor  "for  most  distinguished  gal- 
lantry in  action,  at  Peeble's  Farm,  Virginia,"  in  which  battle  he  com- 
manded his  regiment. 

In  1866  he  was  promoted  captain;  and  major  and  assistant 
adjutant-general,  July  6,  1886.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant- 
colonel  February  19,  1895,  and  colonel  May  18,  1898.  He  was 
commissioned  a  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  May  4,  1898,  which 
grade  he  held  till  February  28,  1901,  and  vacated  only  in  consequence 
of  his  appointment  as  a  brigadier-general  United  States  army, 
February  2,  1901.  In  the  interval  between  the  Civil  war  and  the 
war  with  Spain,  he  served  on  frontier  duty  in  Texas;  was  transferred 
to  the  Department  of  Dakota;  was  on  recruiting  service;  was  senior 
instructor  in  the  Infantry  Tactics,  and  assistant  instructor  in  other 
departments  at  the  Infantry  and  Cavalry  school  at  Fort  Leaven- 
worth, Kansas. 

Attached  to  the  adjutant-general's  department,  in  1886,  he  was 
on  duty  in  the  war  department  until  1892.  Subsequently  he  was 
sent  abroad  to  obtain  military  information — being  attached  to  the 
embassy  of  the  United  States  in  Berlin  for  that  purpose.  He  also 
served  as  inspector-general  of  the  Department  of  Dakota  and  as 
adjutant-general  of  the  Department  of  Dakota  and  of  the  Platte. 
For  some  months  after  the  declaration  of  war  against  Spain,  he 
assisted  at  the  war  department  in  the  organization  of  a  volunteer 
army;  and  he  was  then  placed  in  command  of  the  1st  division,  14th 
corps,  near  Mobile.  On  July  31,  1898,  he  embarked  for  Porto  Rico 
with  his  brigade.  He  commanded  the  expedition  which  expelled 
the  Spanish  troops  from  Western  Porto  Rico,  after  having  defeated 
them  twice,  the  second  engagement  occurring  on  August  13,  1898, 
and  being  fought  in  ignorance  of  the  preliminary  treaty  of  peace 
which  had  been  concluded  on  the  preceding  day.  General  Miles, 
in  his  official  report,  says:  "Great  credit  is  due  to  the  troops  who 
composed  and  the  general  who  commanded  the  expedition  for  well- 
sustained  and  vigorous  action  in  the  face  of  most  trying  conditions." 

Recalled  to  the  United  States  he  was  on  duty  at  the  war  depart- 
ment until  June  20,  1899;  chief  of  staff  to  the  general  commanding 
the  United  States  troops  in  the  Philippines,  and  principal  assistant 
to  the  military  governor  of  the  Islands,  to  April  15,  1900.  Of  the 
first  of  two  expeditions  of  which  he  had  charge,  General  Lawton, 


288  THEODORE    SCHWAN 

department  commander,  thus  speaks:  "In  the  exercise  of  good 
judgment,  perseverance  and  energy,  General  Schwan  has  successfully 
conducted  this  expedition  through  a  country  almost  impassable  for 
an  army  at  the  most  favorable  period,  during  the  rainy  season,  upon 
which  the  enemy  depended  most  for  their  safety;  and  I  recommend 
that  for  personal  gallantry  displayed  on  this  occasion  and  for  the 
successful  conduct  of  this  difficult  expedition,  General  Schwan  be 
awarded  a  brevet  in  the  regular  army."  In  the  second  and  more 
difficult  expedition,  commanding  some  four  thousand  men,  he 
destroyed  or  scattered  the  insurgent  forces  in  the  provinces  of  Cavite, 
Batangas,  Laguna  and  Tayabas.  The  operations  of  this  expedition 
resulted  in  the  permanent  occupation  of  twenty-one  towns.  Under 
the  law  applicable  to  the  case,  General  Schwan  was,  at  his  own 
request,  placed  on  the  retired  list,  February  21,  1901.  His  address 
is  1310  Twentieth  street,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 


HUGH  LENOX  SCOTT 

SCOTT,  HUGH  LENOX,  adjutant-general  in  the  United  States 
army,  military  governor  of  Cuba,  1900-02;  and  author  of 
valuable  ethnological  works,  was  born  at  Danville,  Kentucky, 
September  22,  1853.  He  is  the  son  of  William  M.  Scott,  a  Presby- 
terian minister,  "a  fine  speaker,  kindly  and  very  religious."  His 
mother's  maiden  name  was  Mary  Elizabeth  Hodge,  a  daughter  of 
Doctor  Charles  Hodge,  Presbyterian  divine,  author,  teacher,  of 
Princeton  theological  seminary.  His  mother's  influence  over  his 
early  development  was  strong  both  intellectually  and  morally.  His 
earliest  known  ancestor  in  America  was  Josiah  Franklin.  Among  his 
especially  distinguished  ancestry  was  Benjamin  Franklin. 

His  health  was  excellent  in  childhood,  his  early  life  having  been 
spent  in  Princeton,  New  Jersey,  where  he  developed  sportsman-like 
tastes  and  proclivities.  His  studies  preparatory  to  West  Point 
military  academy  were  carried  on  at  small  town  schools,  chiefly  at 
Lawrence ville,  New  Jersey,  and  at  Edge  Hill  school,  Princeton,  New 
Jersey.  He  was  graduated  from  West  Point,  June  14,  1876;  was 
commissioned  second  lieutenant,  9th  United  States  cavalry,  June  15, 
1876;  he  began  his  active  career  as  a  soldier  at  Fort  Lincoln,  Dakota, 
in  1876;  was  transferred  to  the  7th  cavalry  June  26,  1876,  and  in  this 
year  served  in  the  Sioux  expedition,  and  in  the  following  year  served 
in  the  expedition  against  the  Nez  Perces  Indians;  promoted  first 
lieutenant,  7th  cavalry,  June  28,  1878,  and  was  assigned  to  Camp 
Robinson,  Nebraska,  and  participated  in  the  Cheyenne  expedition 
during  this  year.  The  years  from  1878  to  1891  were  spent  on  duty, 
chiefly  with  the  Indians  of  the  plains;  and  it  was  at  this  period  that 
he  had  excellent  opportunities  of  studying  the  sign  languages,  spoken 
languages  and  dialects  of  several  of  the  tribes  of  North  American 
Indians.  He  was  honorably  mentioned  at  the  war  department  for  his 
services  at  Oklahoma  in  1891.  He  was  put  in  charge  of  the  investiga- 
tions in  regard  to  the  Ghost  Dance  disturbances,  1890-91.  He  had 
great  success  in  enlisting  and  commanding  Kiowa,  Comanche  and 


290  HUGH    LENOX   SCOTT 

Apache  Indians,  forming  Troop  L,  7th  cavalry,  1892,  until  they  were 
mustered  out  (being  the  last  troop  of  Indians  mustered  out  of  the 
service  of  the  government),  after  five  years  enlistment. 

He  was  promoted  captain  of  cavalry,  January  24,  1895,  and  was 
in  charge  of  Geronimo's  band  of  Chiricahua  Apaches,  1894-97.  He 
was  assigned  to  duty  at  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  Smithsonian 
Institution,  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  writing  his  tech- 
nical work  on  the  sign  language  of  the  Plains  Indians  of  North 
America,  1897. 

At  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  with  Spain,  he  was  promoted 
major  and  assistant  adjutant-general  United  States  volunteers, 
2d  and  3d  divisions  of  the  1st  army  corps,  May  12,  1898,  to  1899; 
he  was  commissioned  adjutant-general,  Department  of  Havana, 
under  General  Ludlow,  March,  1899-May,  1900;  in  the  meantime  he 
was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel,  August  17,  1899.  In  May,  1900, 
he  was  commissioned  assistant  adjutant-general  of  the  division  of 
Cuba  until  August  12,  1900.  August  13,  1900,  he  was  promoted 
adjutant-general  division  of  Cuba,  until  November  15,  when  the 
Division  of  Cuba  was  changed  to  the  Department  of  Cuba.  Under 
Major-General  Leonard  Wood,  he  was  military  governor  of  Cuba  for 
two  years,  1900-02.  Since  that  time  he  has  been  on  duty  with 
General  Wood,  assisting  in  transferring  the  government  of  Cuba  from 
the  United  States  to  the  Cuban  authorities,  and  in  closing  the  affairs 
of  the  military  government  of  intervention  in  Cuba.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Governor  of  Sulu  Archipelago,  Philippine  Islands,  September 
2,  1903,  and  held  this  position  in  1905. 

He  delivered  an  address  on  the  sign  language  of  the  Plains 
Indians,  before  the  Folk-Lore  Societies  of  the  World's  Fair,  Chicago, 
Illinois,  1893,  which  has  been  published  in  their  proceedings.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Philomathian  Society,  Lawrenceville;  Whig 
Hall,  Princeton  university;  of  the  Society  of  Spanish  wars;  he  is  a 
Master  Mason;  a  member  of  the  Anthropological  Society,  Washing- 
ton, District  of  Columbia,  and  of  the  Metropolitan  club,  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia.  He  is  a  Republican  in  his  sympathies,  but  is 
identified  with  no  party,  in  politics.  Works  on  military  art  are  his 
favorite  reading. 

His  relaxation  and  amusement  take  the  form  of  sportsmanship 
generally;  riding  to  hounds,  running,  swimming  and  riding.  His  own 
personal  wishes  and  those  of  his  family  and  relatives  coincided  in  the 


HUGH    LENOX   SCOTT  291 

decision  for  a  military  career,  and  the  discussion  of  topics  of  military 
interest  gave  him  his  first  impulse  to  strive  to  do  his  best. 

He  was  married  June,  1880,  to  Mary  Merrill,  at  Standing  Rock, 
Dakota.     They  have  five  children. 

His  address  is,  care  of  War  Department,  Washington,  District 
of  Columbia. 


THOMAS  JEFFERSON  JACKSON  SEE 

SEE,  THOMAS  JEFFERSON  JACKSON,  astronomer,  in  charge 
of  the  twenty-six-inch  equatorial  telescope  at  United  States 
naval  observatory,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  and 
of  United  States  observatory,  Mare  Island,  California,  and  professor 
of  mathematics  in  the  United  States  naval  academy,  Annapolis, 
Maryland,  was  born  on  a  large  farm  near  Montgomery  City,  Missouri, 
February  19,  1866.  His  father,  Noah  See,  was  a  politician,  strong  in 
the  Democratic  faith,  a  successful  civil  engineer,  county  surveyor, 
and  by  his  strict  attention  to  business,  just  dealing  and  active  interest 
in  public  affairs,  he  became  a  man  of  note  in  his  community.  His 
mother,  Mary  Anne  (Sailor)  See,  daughter  of  James  and  Sabina 
(Cobb)  Sailor,  was  a  woman  of  strong  intellectual  and  religious  nature 
and  was  a  powerful  factor  in  shaping  the  life  of  her  son.  His  grand- 
father, Michael  See,  married  Katherine  Baker.  His  great  grand- 
father, Michael  See,  was  a  soldier  in  the  American  Revolution;  and 
his  great  uncle,  Adam  See,  was  a  state  senator  of  Virginia  during  the 
war  of  1812.  The  Sees  settled  in  New  York  about  1730,  coming 
from  the  Rheinish  Palatinate,  Germany;  and  others  of  the  family 
migrated  to  Virginia. 

Thomas  J.  J.  See  was  a  robust  youth,  devoted  to  books,  numbers, 
trees,  stars  and  all  objects  of  nature.  He  was  brought  up  in  the 
country  on  a  farm  until  eighteen  years  old  and  became  inured  to  all 
sorts  of  farm  work.  His  interest  in  intellectual  things  was  so  eager 
that  he  made  rapid  progress  in  learning  despite  a  limited  attendance 
at  a  country  school.  He  read  Humboldt's  "Cosmos"  when  eighteen 
years  old,  and  this  fixed  his  purpose  to  become  an  astronomer.  He 
practically  prepared  himself  for  college  and  was  graduated  at  the 
Missouri  State  university,  A.B.,  L.B.,  Sc.B.,  1889;  A.M.,  L.M.,  M.Sc, 
1892.  At  the  University  of  Berlin  he  studied  three  years,  and  he 
was  a  volunteer  observer  at  the  Royal  observatory,  receiving  from 
Berlin  the  degrees  of  A.M.  and  Ph.D.  in  1892.  He  aided  in  the 
organization  of  the  Yerkes  observatory,  1893-96,  and  was  docent  at 
the    University   of   Chicago,    1893;    assistant    instructor,    1893-95; 


THOMAS  JEFFERSON  JACKSON  SEE  293 

instructor,  1895-98;  astronomer  at  Lowell  observatory,  City  of 
Mexico,  and  Flagstaff,  Arizona,  in  charge  of  the  survey  of  the  South- 
ern heavens,  1896-98;  professor  of  mathematics,  United  States  navy 
from  1899,  on  duty  at  United  States  naval  observatory,  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia,  1899-1902,  and  in  charge  of  the  United  States 
naval  observatory,  Mare  Island,  California,  from  1903. 

He  discovered  the  theory  of  tidal  evolution  in  the  development 
of  systems  of  double  stars  and  multiple  stars;  his  lectures  on  sidereal 
astronomy  before  the  Lowell  Institute,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  in 
1899,  called  his  eminent  ability  to  the  attention  of  President 
McKinley,  who  appointed  him  United  States  naval  astronomer. 
He  discovered  six  hundred  new  double  stars;  remeasured  some  four- 
teen hundred  double  stars  previously  discovered;  computed  about 
forty-five  orbits  of  double  stars,  and  became  recognized  as  an  author- 
ity on  stellar  astronomy. 

He  was  originally  a  Democrat  in  politics,  but  did  not  accept  the 
silver  platform  as  adopted  by  the  party  in  1896  and  1900,  and  in 
1898  voted  the  Republican  ticket.  He  is  an  Episcopalian  in  his 
religious  faith.  He  was  always  interested  in  the  advancement  of 
learning  and  claimed  that  "American  education  should  be  restored 
to  a  classic  basis— the  only  true  basis  of  liberal  culture,  the  only 
source  of  high  ideals  and  inspiration  in  life,  without  which  little  of 
high  order  can  be  obtained."  His  own  reading  in  addition  to  mathe- 
matics, physics,  and  astronomy,  he  extended  to  the  classics,  including 
Greek  philosophy  and  Greek  poetry — Sophocles,  Homer,  Virgil, 
Horace,  etc.,  etc.  He  finds  his  relaxation  from  professional  work  in 
the  study  of  art,  Greek  poetry,  the  composition  of  popular  articles, 
including  occasional  odes,  in  walking  in  the  country  while  he  exer- 
cises deep  breathing,  in  viewing  the  mountains  and  the  ocean,  and 
in  the  game  of  tennis.  He  feels  that  in  the  formation  of  his  charac- 
ter, home  influence  in  giving  purpose  in  life  and  high  ideals,  stands 
first;  the  interest  of  a  few  good  professors  fixed  his  career,  especially 
that  of  Professor  W.  B.  Smith  of  Gottingen,  who  held  the  chair 
of  physics  and  mathematics  at  the  State  University  of  Missouri,  and 
subsequently  at  Tulane  university,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana.  The 
lesson  of  his  early  life  furnishes  an  incentive  to  American  youth,  as 
it  shows  what  can  be  done  in  a  few  years  by  earnest  effort.  His  titles 
in  learned  societies  include:  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society;    Mitglied  der  Astronomischen  Geschellschaft;    Member  of 


294  THOMAS   JEFFERSON   JACKSON   SEE 

the  London  Mathematical  Society;  American  Mathematical  Society; 
Soci6te  Mathematique  de  France;  Deutsche  Mathematiker  Vereinig- 
ung;  American  Philosophical  Society  of  Philadelphia;  Washington 
Academy  of  Sciences;  Philosophical  Society  of  Washington; 
Academy  of  Sciences  of  St.  Louis;  Fellow  of  the  American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science;  member  of  the  British  Astro- 
nomical Association;  Honorary  member  of  the  Sociedad  Astronomica 
de  Mexico,  etc.,  etc.  He  is  the  author  of  "Die  Entwickelung 
der  Doppelsternsysteme "  (Berlin,  1892);  "Inaugural  Dissertation" 
at  University  of  Berlin;  "Researches  on  the  Evolution  of  the  Stellar 
System"  (Vol.  1,  1896);  "Catalogue  of  Five  Hundred  New  Double 
and  Multiple  Stars  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere,  Discovered  at  the 
Lowell  Observatory,"  published  in  the  Astronomical  Journal  (1898); 
and  of  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  other  scientific  and  popular 
papers  in  technical  journals  and  magazines,  and  in  the  "Proceedings" 
of  learned  societies. 


FRANK  SEWALL 

SEWALL,  FRANK,  S.T.D.,  clergyman,  author  and  educator, 
was  born  in  Bath,  Maine,  September  24,  1837.  His  father,  a 
man  of  "business  enterprise,  independent  thought  and  deep 
religious  convictions,"  was,  by  occupation,  a  ship-builder.  He  held 
the  office  of  representative  in  the  legislature  of  his  state.  The 
influence  of  his  mother  was  of  an  elevating  nature  morally  and 
spiritually.  His  earliest  known  American  ancestor,  Henry  Sewall, 
came  from  Coventry,  England,  to  Newbury,  New  England,  in  1634; 
and  his  great  grandfather,  Colonel  Dummer  Sewall,  an  officer  in  the 
Revolutionary  army,  and  a  man  of  marked  individuality,  was  promi- 
nent among  the  founders  of  Bath,  Maine.  In  his  youth  Frank  had 
vigorous  health  and  found  his  particular  delights  in  nature,  books 
and  music.  He  grew  up  in  the  busy  town  of  Bath,  Maine,  taking  his 
share  of  the  labors  about  the  house  with  his  brothers.  From  the 
private  school  of  the  Misses  Allen,  he  entered  the  regular  grammar 
and  high  school  course  of  the  public  schools,  and  was  admitted 
freshman  at  Bowdoin  college  in  1854,  graduating  from  that  institu- 
tion with  the  degree  A.B.  in  1858.  At  Tubingen  and  Berlin  uni- 
versities he  studied  philosophy  and  theology,  1859-61,  in  Tubingen, 
following  courses  in  both  the  Catholic  and  Protestant  seminaries. 
Among  the  lecturers  he  heard  were  Hefele,  Christian  Baur,  Michelet, 
Ranke  and  Bopp.  In  1862,  Bowdoin  college  gave  him  the  degree  of 
A.M.;  and  in  1902,  that  of  S.T.D. 

He  began  his  active  life-work  in  Glendale,  near  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  as  a  licentiate  in  theology,  1862.  He  was  ordained  a  pastor  in 
the  New  Church  in  1863,  and  remained  in  the  pastorate  of  Glendale 
till  1870.  He  became  president  of  the  New  Church  college  at  Urbana, 
Ohio,  in  1870,  and  held  the  office  until  1886.  Resigning  this  office 
for  a  sojourn  in  Europe,  he  was  a  pastor  at  Glasgow,  Scotland  from 
1886-88.  Since  1889,  he  has  been  pastor  of  the  New  Church,  Wash- 
ington, District  of  Columbia.  He  is  general  pastor  of  the  Maryland 
Association  of  the  New  Jerusalem,  and  chairman  of  the  Board  of 


296  FRANK   SEWALL 

Visitors  of  the  New  Church  Theological  school  in  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts. He  is  president  of  the  York,  Maine,  Historical  society; 
corresponding  member  of  the  Maine  Historical  Society;  member  of  the 
Washington  Society  of  Philosophical  Inquiry;  of  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Association  and  of  the  Cosmos  club,  Washington,  District 
of  Columbia.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  and  of 
the  Alpha  Delta  Phi  college  fraternities;  he  is  president  of  the  New 
Church  Evidence  Society,  and  of  the  Swedenborg  Scientific  Associa- 
tion. In  politics,  he  is  a  Democrat  and  has  never  changed  his 
allegiance. 

The  special  lines  of  reading  most  helpful  to  him  have  been  the 
scientific,  philosophical  and  theological  works  of  Swedenborg,  Plato, 
Aristotle,  Kant,  Taine,  Symonds,  Goethe  and  Janet.  His  relaxation 
has  been  music,  sketching  and  country  walks.  For  physical  culture, 
he  practises  Sandow's  home  exercises.  His  own  personal  preference 
led  him  into  his  profession,  and  he  says  in  regard  to  the  impulse  which 
first  guided  him  in  this  direction,  "  In  Rome  on  the  Pincian  Hill  in 
the  winter  of  1858-59,  I  was  moved  to  devote  myself  to  the  ministry 
of  the  New  Church,  and  to  write  to  Doctor  Immanuel  Tafel,  the 
Swedenborgian  scholar  and  editor,  at  that  time  librarian  of  the 
University  at  Tubingen,  Germany,  with  reference  to  my  coming  to 
enter  as  a  student  at  the  university.  Born  and  baptized  in  infancy 
in  the  New  Church,  my  religious  education  inclined  me  to  the  church, 
and  my  philosophical  studies  in  Germany  led  me  to  the  broader  view 
of  the  theology  of  the  New  Church  in  its  universal  relations."  He 
thinks  young  Americans  will  be  strengthened  by  the  "  possession  of  a 
strong  and  rationally  entertained  Christian  faith,  the  regular  observ- 
ance of  religious  obligations,  the  assertion  of  principle  before  expedi- 
ency, and  the  making  of  conscience  the  guide  in  civil  as  well  as  in 
individual  life." 

Doctor  Sewall  has  published  many  volumes,  among  them  are 
"The  Christian  Hymnal"  (1867);  "The  Pillow  of  Stones"  (1876); 
"The  New  Metaphysics"  (1888);  "The  Ethics  of  Service"  (1889); 
"  Dante  and  Swedenborg  and  other  Essays  in  the  New  Renaissance  " 
(1893);  "The  Angel  of  the  State"  (1896);  "Swedenborg  and  Modern 
Idealism"  (1902).  He  has  translated  from  the  Latin:  Swedenborg's 
"The  Soul,  or  Rational  Psychology"  (1886);  from  the  Italian:  "The 
Poems  of  Giosue  Carducci"  (1892),  and  from  the  French:  "The 
Trophies,"  Sonnets  of  J.  M.  de  Heredia  (1900). 


FRANK   SEWALL  297 

He  was  married,  October  28,  1869,  to  Thedia  Redelia  Gilchrist, 
of  New  York.  They  have  five  children,  the  oldest  of  whom  is  the 
artist  and  writer,  Mrs.  Alice  Archer  Sewall  James. 


SETH  SHEPARD 

SHEPARD,  SETH,  LL.D.,  jurist,  was  born  in  Brenham,  Texas, 
April  23,  1847.  His  parents  were  Chauncey  Berkley  and 
Mary  Hester  (Andrews)  Shepard.  His  father  was  a  lawyer, 
and  afterward  a  farmer;  a  man  of  firmness,  courage  and  a  high  sense 
of  honor,  whose  chief  public  service  was  rendered  as  a  member  of  the 
Texas  state  senate.  His  earliest  known  ancestor  in  this  country  was 
Elder  William  Brewster,  of  Plymouth.  Other  distinguished  members 
of  the  family  were  Samuel  McDowell,  a  member  of  the  house  of 
burgesses,  and  of  the  Virginia  convention,  1775  and  1776,  a  colonel 
in  the  Revolution  and  afterward  a  judge  in  Kentucky;  and  Thomas 
Prince,  who  was  governor  of  Plymouth  colony. 

His  early  life  was  passed  in  the  country.  His  health  was  good 
and  his  tastes  and  interests  were  those  of  the  average  boy.  He  per- 
formed various  tasks  on  the  farm,  and  in  summer  "  Looked  after  the 
flocks  " — an  occupation  which  gave  him  time  for  study  and  reflection, 
of  which  he  made  good  use.  When  the  private  schools  were  in  session 
he  attended  them;  but  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war,  when  he  was 
about  fourteen  years  of  age,  badly  disorganized  the  schools  of  Texas. 
He  studied  at  a  military  institute  for  four  months.  From  July  4, 
1864,  until  the  close  of  the  war,  he  served  as  a  volunteer  private,  in 
Co.  F,  5th  Texas  mounted  volunteers  in  the  Confederate  States  army. 
Chiefly  because  his  father  desired  that  he  should  enter  this  profession, 
he  afterwards  studied  law.  For  this  purpose  he  attended  Washington 
college  (now  Washington  and  Lee  university) ,  from  which  institution 
he  was  graduated  in  1868.  In  the  following  year  he  commenced  the 
practice  of  law  at  Brenham,  Texas;  and  later  he  was  in  active  practice 
at  Galveston,  and  at  Dallas  in  the  same  state.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Texas  state  senate,  1874-75,  regent  of  the  University  of  Texas, 
1884-92;  and  from  May  1,  1893,  he  was  associate  justice  of  the 
court  of  appeals  of  the  District  of  Columbia  until  January  5,  1905, 
when  he  was  made  chief  justice  of  that  court.  For  several  years  he 
has  also  been  a  lecturer  at  the  Georgetown  university  school  of  law. 


SETH    SHEPARD  299 

He  was  married  first  to  Caroline  Nelson  Goree,  January  18,  1882; 
and  second  to  Etta  Knowles  Jarvis,  March  15,  1891.  Of  his  four 
children  all  are  now  living.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Cosmos  club  of 
Washington;  of  the  Mayflower  Society;  of  the  Sons  of  the  American 
Revolution;  of  the  United  Confederate  Veterans;  the  Southern  His- 
tory Association,  and  fellow  of  the  Texas  Historical  Association.  He 
has  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Georgetown  university.  His 
religious  connection  is  with  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church.  His 
favorite  forms  of  relaxation  are  walking,  rowing,  sailing  and  fishing. 


JAMES  SCHOOLCRAFT  SHERMAN 

SHERMAN,  JAMES  SCHOOLCRAFT,  lawyer,  financier,  mayor 
of  Utica,  representative  from  New  York  in  the  fiftieth  to  the 
fifty-ninth  Congresses,  1887-1907,  was  born  in  Utica,  Oneida 
county,  New  York,  October  24, 1855.  His  father,  Richard  U.  Sherman, 
was  a  prominent  journalist  in  central  New  York;  a  member  of  the  New 
York  assembly  1858,  1875  and  1876,  and  a  member  of  the  convention 
that  amended  the  constitution  of  the  state  of  New  York  in  1867. 
His  mother,  Mary  Frances  Sherman,  was  a  woman  of  strong  mental 
and  moral  character  and  to  her  the  son  owes  much  for  the  cultiva- 
tion in  his  life  of  strong  traits  of  character.  His  great  grandfather, 
Colonel  Lawrence  Schoolcraft,  was  a  soldier  in  the  American  army  in 
the  Revolution  and  an  officer  in  the  army  during  the  war  of  1812, 
and  married  Margaret  Anne  Barbara  Rowe;  his  great2  grandfather, 
John  Schoolcraft,  married  Anna  Barbara  Bass  and  his  great8  grand- 
father, James  Calcraft,  came  from  England  to  Canada  as  an  officer 
in  the  British  army  in  1727  and  subsequently  settled  in  Albany  county 
in  the  province  of  New  York,  where  he  was  a  surveyor  and  school 
teacher  and  changed  his  name  from  Calcraft  to  Schoolcraft.  Colonel 
Lawrence  Schoolcraft  was  the  father  of  Henry  Rowe  Schoolcraft 
(1793-1864)  the  celebrated  ethnologist,  explorer  and  author.  James 
Schoolcraft  Sherman  passed  his  boyhood  on  the  farm  of  his  father 
and  performed  the  light  farm  work  usually  assigned  to  farmers'  sons. 
In  1867  his  parents  removed  to  Utica,  New  York,  and  he  was  trans- 
ferred from  the  country  district  school  to  Utica  academy  and  when 
graduated,  to  Whitestown  seminary,  where  he  was  also  graduated. 
He  then  entered  Hamilton  college  and  was  graduated  there  A.B. 
1878.  He  took  a  course  in  law  at  Hamilton  for  one  year  and  in  1879 
continued  the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of  Beardsley,  Cookinham 
and  Burdick  in  Utica,  New  York,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
July,  1880.  He  formed  a  law  partnership  with  Mr.  Cookinham  as 
Cookinham  and  Sherman  in  Utica;  and  his  law  practice  bringing  him 
in  touch  with  financial  and  business  enterprises,  he  became  president 
of  the  Utica  Trust  and  Deposit  Company  and  of  the  New  Hartford 


JAMES   SCHOOLCRAFT   SHERMAN  301 

Canning  Company  and  a  director  in  various  local  railroads,  the  Utica 
City  National  Bank  and  the  Troy  Public  Works.  He  was  the  Re- 
publican candidate  for  mayor  of  Utica  in  1884  and  was  elected  in 
March  of  that  year  by  a  substantial  majority  although  the  city  had 
for  years  been  carried  by  the  Democrats.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Republican  national  convention  of  1892  and  chairman  of  the  state 
Republican  conventions  of  1895  and  1900.  He  was  elected  Repub- 
lican representative  from  the  twenty-third  congressional  district  of 
New  York  to  the  fiftieth  Congress  in  November,  1886  by  a  plurality 
of  one  thousand  four  hundred  and  ninety-four  votes,  and  he  took  his 
seat  December,  1887,  and  served  on  the  committee  on  Expenditures 
in  the  Department  of  Justice  and  on  that  on  the  eleventh  Census.  He 
was  reelected  to  the  fifty-first  Congress  in  November,  1888,  by  a 
plurality  of  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  thirty-one  votes  and  on 
the  assembling  of  that  congress  he  was  made  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  Expenditures  in  the  Department  of  Justice  and  a  member 
of  the  committee  on  the  Judiciary.  He  was  defeated  for  the  fifty- 
second  Congress  in  the  twenty-fifth  district  in  November,  1890,  by 
Henry  W.  Bentley,  Democrat,  who  received  five  hundred  and  sixteen 
plurality.  He  was,  however,  reelected  from  that  district  to  the  fifty- 
third  Congress  over  Representative  Bentley  by  a  plurality  of  eight 
hundred  and  forty-six  votes;  and  was  made  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittee on  Indian  Affairs  and  Reform  in  the  Civil  Service.  He  was 
reelected  to  the  fifty-fourth,  fifty-fifth  and  the  fifty-sixth  Congresses 
and  in  the  fifty-fourth  Congress  he  was  made  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  Indian  Affairs  and  a  member  of  the  committee  on  Inter- 
state and  Foreign  Commerce  and  of  the  joint  committee  on  the 
Washington  Centennial.  Reelected  to  the  fifty-seventh  Congress,  in 
addition  to  the  standing  committees  on  which  he  had  served  in  the 
fifty-sixth,  he  was  made  a  member  of  the  special  committee  on  In- 
dustrial Arts  and  Expositions.  He  was  reelected  to  the  fifty-eighth 
Congress  in  1902,  and  served  on  the  same  committees.  He  became 
a  member  and  served  as  president  and  governor  of  various  fraternities, 
societies  and  clubs  including  the  Sigma  Phi,  Royal  Arcanum,  Elks, 
University  and  Republican  of  New  York  and  the  Fort  Schuyler, 
Yahurdasis  and  Sadaquad  of  Utica,  New  York.  As  a  member  of  the 
Presbyterian  church  he  has  been  interested  in  all  the  movements  of 
that  denomination  toward  the  spread  of  the  gospel  and  the  ameliora- 
tion of  the  condition  of  mankind. 


302  JAMES    SCHOOLCRAFT    SHERMAN 

He  was  married  January  26,  1881,  to  Carrie  Babcock,  at  Orange, 
New  Jersey.  Mr.  Sherman  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  Hamilton  college  in  1903. 

He  found  his  most  profitable  reading  as  a  young  man,  in  American 
history  (including  the  biographies  of  notable  Americans)  and  Ameri- 
can politics  as  recorded  in  the  "Federalist"  and  in  the  "American 
Statesman"  series.  The  principal  incentives  that  determined  his 
success  in  life  were  the  influence  on  his  young  life  of  his  mother's 
precepts,  and  the  example  of  his  father  as  witnessed  in  his  domestic 
and  political  life.  Public  office  was  urged  upon  him  rather  than 
sought,  as  his  desire  was  to  remain  at  home  and  give  his  attention  to 
his  law  practice  and  to  the  management  of  the  banking,  manufac- 
turing and  railroad  interests  with  which  he  was  connected.  He 
accepted  public  office  as  a  duty  that  could  not  be  neglected,  and  has 
performed  it  at  a  sacrifice  of  comfort,  domestic  inclination  and  finan- 
cial advantage.  He  credits  his  success  in  life  to  temperate  habits, 
truthfulness,  honesty,  industry  and  perseverance,  all  of  which  con- 
tributed to  building  up  stability  of  character.  His  expectations  and 
ambitions  as  a  boy  he  feels  have  been  greatly  exceeded  in  the  accom- 
plishments of  his  life. 


GEORGE   SHIRAS,  Jr. 

SHIRAS,  GEORGE,  Jr.,  graduate  of  Yale,  class  of  1853;  law- 
yer in  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  1856-92;  presidential  elector, 
1888,  associate  justice  United  States  Supreme  court  for  eleven 
years,  1892-1903;  was  born  in  Pittsburg,  Allegheny  county  Penn- 
sylvania, January  26,  1832.  His  father,  George  Shiras,  was  a  man 
of  standing  in  his  community,  possessed  a  knowledge  of  men  to  an 
uncommon  degree  and  had  a  local  reputation  as  a  wit.  His  mother 
was  Eliza  Blaine,  daughter  of  Francis  and  Elizabeth  (Blaine)  Herron. 
His  paternal  grandparents  were  George  and  Hannah  (Perry)  Shiras. 
George  Shiras,  Jr.,  was  a  student  in  the  preparatory  department 
of  Ohio  Wesleyan  university,  Athens,  Ohio,  and  was  graduated  at 
Yale  university  in  the  class  of  1853,  the  class  graduating  one  hundred 
and  eight  men  and  the  roll  including  Wayne  MacVeagh,  Edmund 
Clarence  Stedman,  Andrew  Dickson  White,  Edward  Coke  Billings, 
Charlton  Thomas  Lewis  and  Randall  Lee  Gibson,  men  who  like  Shiras 
have  acquired  a  wide  national  reputation.  He  studied  in  Yale  law 
school  one  year,  1854;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1856,  and  prac- 
tised in  Pennsylvania,  1857-92.  He  acquired  a  reputation  that 
established  him  as  one  of  the  leading  lawyers  of  western  Pennsylvania. 
His  name  was  presented  to  the  Republican  members  of  the  legislature 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1881  as  candidate  for  United  States  senator  after 
a  deadlock  had  made  it  necessary  to  select  a  third  candidate,  and 
when  proposed  he  was  nominated  by  a  majority  of  two,  but  the  vote 
was  reconsidered  and  John  Inscho  Mitchell,  of  Wellsboro,  was  made 
the  candidate  of  the  party  and  elected  as  successor  to  William  A. 
Wallace,  Democrat.  He  was  a  presidential  elector  on  the  Harrison 
and  Morton  ticket  in  1888,  and  in  1892  when  a  vacancy  occurred 
on  the  bench  of  United  States  Supreme  court  by  reason  of  the  death 
of  Mr.  Justice  Bradley  on  January  22  of  that  year,  President  Harrison, 
appointed  Mr.  Shiras  to  be  associate  justice  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  court.  The  appointment  was  confirmed  by  the  senate  and 
he  took  the  oath  of  office  October  10,  1892.  When  the  question  as  to 
the  constitutionality  of  the  income  tax,  (created  by  the  bill  imposing 
a  tax  upon  all  incomes  above  four  thousand  dollars  which  became  a 


304  GEORGE   SHIRAS,   JR. 

law  by  receiving  the  signature  of  President  Cleveland,)  was  brought 
before  the  supreme  court  for  adjudication,  Justice  Shiras  voted 
against  its  constitutionality  and  the  question  was  so  decided  by  a 
majority  of  one.  A  strong  dissenting  opinion  was  submitted  by  the 
minority,  and  the  incident  brought  the  name  of  Mr.  Justice  Shiras 
prominently  before  the  public  as  he  was  at  the  time  the  junior 
member  of  the  supreme  bench  in  time  of  service.  Having  reached 
the  age  limit  under  the  retirement  act,  he  resigned  from  the  bench, 
February  18,  1903,  after  eleven  years  service,  and  after  reaching  the 
age  of  seventy-one  years.  His  resignation  took  effect  February  24, 
1903,  and  Judge  William  R.  Day  of  the  United  States  Circuit  court 
was  appointed  his  successor  by  President  Roosevelt. 

Mr.  Shiras  was  married  December  31,  1857,  to  Lillie  E.  daughter 
of  Robert  and  Charlotte  (Hambright)  Kennedy,  of  Pittsburg,  and 
they  had  two  sons  living  in  1906.  At  the  thirtieth  reunion  of  his 
class  in  1883  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Yale, 
the  faculty  having  requested  that  the  class  designate  the  member 
deemed  most  worthy  for  the  degree.  In  the  life  of  Mr.  Shiras  we 
find  an  example  of  steady  development  in  one  direction.  His 
mind  was  trained  in  the  channel  of  his  chosen  profession  and  he  does 
not  appear  to  have  wandered  far  from  the  path  apparently  marked 
out  by  himself  from  his  early  boyhood.  Brought  up  with  no  anxiety 
as  to  earning  a  livelihood,  provided  with  an  excellent  classical  educa- 
tion and  enjoying  the  advantages  of  the  best  instructors  both  in  the 
arts  and  in  law,  he  developed  a  judicial  mind  and  for  thirty-six 
years  was  in  constant  practice  before  the  bar  in  the  highest  courts 
of  his  native  state.  While  affiliated  with  the  Republican  party  he 
took  no  active  part  in  politics,  contenting  himself  with  the  duty  he 
owed  the  many  clients  who  entrusted  the  safety  of  their  property  to 
his  hands,  when  forced  into  litigation.  The  Republican  state  com- 
mittee when  looking  for  strong  men  to  place  on  the  electoral  ticket 
in  the  presidential  election  of  1888  selected  him,  and  this  appears  to 
be  the  only  time  his  name  was  brought  before  the  voters  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. His  learning  and  knowledge  of  the  law  pointed  him  out  as  a 
suitable  member  of  the  United  States  Supreme  court,  and  President 
Harrison  named  him  to  the  position.  His  eleven  years  service  on 
the  supreme  bench  fully  justified  the  wisdom  of  the  chief  executive. 

His  opinions,  between  two  hundred  and  three  hundred  in  number, 
are  to  be  found  in  the  "  Reports  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States"  (Vols.  246-292). 


CHARLES  DWIGHT  SIGSBEE 

SIGSBEE,  CHARLES  DWIGHT,  rear-admiral  in  the  United 
States  navy,  was  born  in  Albany,  New  York,  January  16, 
1845,  son  of  Nicholas  and  Agnes  (Orr)  Sigsbee.  His  early 
inclinations  led  him  toward  a  naval  career,  and  he  received  appoint- 
ment to  the  United  States  naval  academy  at  Annapolis,  in  1859, 
from  which  he  was  graduated  in  the  class  of  1863.  He  served 
throughout  the  Civil  war,  first  in  the  West  Gulf  squadron  and  later 
with  the  North  Atlantic  squadron.  He  was  on  board  the  Monon- 
gahela  at  the  battle  of  Mobile,  and  took  part  in  the  preliminary  and 
final  assaults  on  Fort  Fisher. 

The  war  over,  he  was  assigned  to  various  duties  until  1874, 
having  in  the  meantime  been  promoted  lieutenant  and  lieutenant- 
commander,  the  latter  in  1868.  In  1874  he  was  placed  in  command 
of  the  Blake,  and  during  the  succeeding  four  years  was  engaged  in 
deep  sea  explorations  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  in  the  Gulf  of  Maine. 
During  part  of  the  time  Professor  Alexander  Agassiz,  was  upon  the 
Blake  directing  the  deep  sea  dredging. 

Shortly  after  taking  command  of  the  Blake,  Commander  Sigsbee 
began  the  institution  of  improvements  in  the  instruments  for  deep 
sea  sounding,  and  virtually  designed  a  new  machine  for  that  purpose, 
which  has  since  been  widely  adopted  throughout  the  world.  The 
results  of  the  deep  sea  soundings  made  by  the  Blake,  under  his  com- 
mand, were  published  in  an  appendix  to  the  report  of  the  United 
States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  for  1880,  under  the  title  "Deep 
Sea  Sounding  and  Dredging:  A  Description  and  Discussion  of  the 
Methods  and  Appliances  used  on  board  the  Coast  and  Geodetic 
Survey  steamer  Blake."  This  work  has  proved  valuable  in  many 
ways,  especially  with  reference  to  the  intricate  problems  involved  in 
the  study  of  the  Gulf  Stream.  The  report  is  recognized  as  a  compre- 
hensive and  standard  treatise  on  deep  sea  exploration. 

In  recognition  of  his  scientific  work,  Admiral  Sigsbee  has  re- 
ceived medals  and  diplomas  from  the  British  government,  and  decora- 
tions have  been  presented  to  him  by  the  late  Queen  Victoria,  and  by 


306  CHARLES    DWIGHT  SIGSBEE 

William  I.,  of  Germany.  These  justly  prized  possessions  went  down 
with  the  Maine  into  the  waters  of  Havana  harbor,  but  were  recovered 
by  divers  who  searched  the  wreck  of  that  ill-fated  vessel.  He  was 
promoted  commander  in  1882;  and  captain  in  March,  1897,  and  in  the 
following  April  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  battleship  Maine, 
which  was  so  dramatically  destroyed  in  the  harbor  at  Havana,  Febru- 
ary 15,  1898.  This  tragic  episode  brought  him  into  international 
fame,  not  only  as  a  brave  officer  and  true  patriot  but  as  an  officer  who 
had  shown  admirable  self-restraint  and  judicial  temper  under  the 
most  trying  of  all  conceivable  circumstances.  Upon  his  return  to 
Washington,  after  the  destruction  of  the  Maine,  he  was  tendered  a 
brilliant  reception  attended  by  one  of  the  most  distinguished  assem- 
blages ever  brought  together  at  the  national  capital,  including  the 
president  and  vice-president  of  the  United  States,  statesmen,  diplo- 
mats, scientists,  military  and  naval  officers  and  many  other  distin- 
guished guests. 

During  the  war  with  Spain  he  commanded  the  auxiliary  cruiser, 
St.  Paul,  and  on  May  24,  1898,  cut  off  the  Spanish  fleet  from  its  coal 
supply  by  capturing  the  collier  Restormel.  From  September,  1898, 
to  January,  1900,  he  was  in  command  of  the  battleship  Texas;  he 
was  the  head  of  the  Naval  Intelligence  Bureau  during  1900-02; 
in  command  of  the  League  Island,  Pennsylvania,  navy  yard,  in  1903; 
and  subsequently  he  served  on  the  Naval  Construction  Board  and 
the  Naval  General  Board.  He  was  made  rear-admiral  August  10, 
1903.  Probably  the  best  account  of  all  the  circumstances  surround- 
ing the  Maine  enigma  and  its  consequences  is  contained  in  his 
"Personal  Narrative  of  the  Battleship  Maine." 

For  several  years  prior  to  his  taking  command  of  the  Maine, 
Captain  Sigsbee  was  hydrographer  of  the  navy  department.  While 
thus  in  charge  of  the  hydrographic  office,  he  developed  many  improve- 
ments tending  to  simplify  and  strengthen  the  hydrographic  work  of 
the  navy — the  data  and  material  furnished  the  marine  from  both 
the  practical  and  scientific  sides.  On  the  whole,  his  contributions 
to  our  knowledge  of  the  sea  bottom  and  its  topography,  place  him  in 
the  front  rank  of  scientific  hydrographers.  During  his  detail  in 
charge  of  the  hydrographic  office,  he  was  a  member  of  the  United 
States  Board  of  Geographic  Names. 

In  November,  1870,  Admiral  Sigsbee  was  married  to  Eliza  Roger 
Lockwood. 


. 


*9  fffi*, 


CHARLES  EMORY  SMITH 

SMITH,  CHARLES  EMORY,  LL.D.  Prominent  among  the 
men  who  have  made  their  mark  upon  the  history  of  our  days 
by  the  trenchant  pen  of  the  journalist,  and  whose  statesman- 
ship has  been  manifested  in  the  public  service  of  the  United  States, 
may  be  named  Charles  Emory  Smith,  late  postmaster-general  of  the 
United  States,  and  editor  of  the  Philadelphia  "  Press,"  who  has  made 
himself  widely  known  by  the  commanding  position  which  he  has 
given  the  journal  under  his  control,  by  his  powers  as  an  orator,  his 
skill  as  a  diplomatist,  and  his  ability  as  a  man  of  affairs. 

There  is  much  in  the  career  of  Mr.  Smith  to  illustrate  his  charac- 
ter and  to  indicate  the  cause  of  his  success.  Born  in  Mansfield, 
Tolland  county,  Connecticut,  February  18,  1842,  he  seems  to  have 
inherited  from  his  father,  Emory  Boutelle  Smith,  an  excellent  native 
judgment  and  skill  in  controversy,  while  some  of  his  finer  mental 
qualities  seem  to  have  come  to  him  from  his  mother,  Arvilla  T. 
(Royce)  Smith.  Farther  back  in  his  ancestral  line  we  meet  with  the 
name  of  Captain  Isaac  Smith,  one  of  the  patriots  who  fought  for 
American  liberty  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  While  still  quite  young, 
the  boy  showed  an  active  mind,  love  of  study  and  an  interest  in 
politics  which  was  to  become  the  molding  force  in  his  career.  The 
family  moved  to  Albany,  New  York,  when  he  was  seven  years  of 
age,  his  mother  dying  two  years  later.  Here  amid  the  stirring 
scenes  of  the  capital  of  the  Empire  State,  his  education  was  obtained. 
He  passed  from  the  public  schools  to  the  Albany  academy,  and  thence 
to  Union  college,  at  Schenectady,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1861. 
While  in  his  senior  year  at  the  Albany  academy,  a  strong  prevision 
of  the  coming  man  was  shown  in  the  boy — though  but  sixteen  years 
of  age — he  became  connected  with  a  daily  newspaper,  the  "  Evening 
Transcript,"  and  for  six  months  he  contributed  editorial  articles  to 
j  its  pages — a  marked  instance  of  precocity  of  intellect  and  journalistic 
genius.  While  at  Union  college  he  did  editorial  work  on  the  "  Univer- 
sity Review,"  an  intercollegiate  quarterly.  His  early  interest  in 
political  questions  was  further  shown  by  his  becoming  captain  of  the 
"Wide  Awakes,"  an  undergraduate  Republican  club  in  college. 


308  CHARLES    EMORY   SMITH 

Immediately  after  graduation  Mr.  Smith  received  an  appoint- 
ment as  military  secretary  to  General  John  F.  Rathbone,  who  was 
engaged  in  enlisting  recruits  for  the  Civil  war.     While  in  this  employ- 
ment he  was  promoted  to  judge  advocate-general,  with  the  rank  of 
major,  and  for  a  period  was  engaged  in  the  office  of  the  adjutant- 
general  of  the  state.     After  the  election  of  Horatio  Seymour,  a 
Democrat,  as  governor,  in  1862,  Mr.  Smith's  connection  with  this 
service  ended,  and  he  became  a  teacher  in  the  Albany  Boys'  academy, , 
retaining   the   position   for  several   years.     At  the   same   time   he  i 
resumed  editorial  work,  contributing  to  the  pages  of  the  Albany 
"Express";  and  in  1865  he  purchased  an  interest  in  this  paper  andi 
gave  up  the  profession  of  teaching  for  that  of  journalism.     At  thatr 
time  the  "Express"  was  a  local  journal,  of  little  influence;   but  the 
presence  of  fresh  editorial  force  was  quickly  manifested,  and  the 
paper  rose  into  rivalry  with  the  Albany  "Journal,"  then  the  recog- 
nized organ  of  the  Republican  party  at  the  New  York  State  capital 
His  editorship  of  the  "Express"  continued  until   1870,  and  was 
diversified,  1866-68,  by  service  as  secretary  to    Governor  Fenton. 
In  1870  he  accepted  a  position  as  associate  editor  of  the  "Journal," 
of  which  he  afterward  became  editor-in-chief.     Before  engaging  in 
newspaper  work  Mr.  Smith  had  married  Miss  Ella  Huntly,  June  30, 
1863. 

His  position  as  editor  of  the  influential  Albany  "Journal"  made 
Mr.  Smith  still  more  prominent  in  the  political  field.  He  became 
an  influential  force  in  the  state  conventions  of  his  party.  He  was 
especially  active  in  preparing  the  annual  platforms  of  the  Republi-: 
cans;  and  in  1877  he  inserted  in  the  platform  a  plank  in  favor  of 
civil  service  reform,  New  York's  earliest  endorsement  of  the  measure. 
For  five  years  of  the  interval  between  1874  and  1880,  he  was  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  resolutions;  and  in  1879  he  was  president 
of  the  convention.  In  1876  he  also  served  as  a  delegate  to  the 
Republican  national  convention,  and  as  a  member  of  the  committee 
on  resolutions  he  drafted  a  large  part  of  the  party  platform.  Mean- 
while his  pen  was  making  itself  vigorously  felt  on  the  editorial  page 
of  the  "Journal,"  with  which  he  remained  connected  for  ten  years 
from  1870  to  1880.  His  leading  position  as  an  editor  was  recognizee 
by  his  election  as  president  of  the  New  York  State  Press  Associatioi 
in  1874.  He  was  also  made  a  regent  of  the  University  of  the  Stat< 
of  New  York,  1879-80. 


CHARLES    EMORY   SMITH  309 

In  1880  Mr.  Smith  left  Albany  for  Philadelphia,  which  has  since 
been  his  place  of  residence,  exchanging  the  "Journal"  for  the  Phila- 
delphia "  Press,"  of  which  he  has  been  the  editor  for  the  last  twenty- 
five  years.     The  "Press"  long  made  prominent  by  the  forceful  pen 
of  its  original  proprietor  and  editor,  John  W.  Forney,  in  1880  needed 
fresh  vitality;    and  Mr.  Smith  proved  himself  the  right  man  in  the 
right  place.     The  paper  was  quickly  brought  back  to  its  old  position 
as  the  leading  Republican  organ  of  eastern  Pennsylvania.     It  took 
an  advanced  stand  in  the  presidential  campaign  of  1880,  and  in  1884 
attained  a  national  position  by  its  aggressive  support  of  Blaine  and 
Logan  as  the  Republican  candidates.     Since  then  the  "Press"  has 
maintained  its  standing  as  a  dignified  and  resolute  champion  of 
Republican  aims  and  interests,  and  has  long  been  outspoken  in  the 
cause  of  municipal  reform.     Its  editor  has  frequently  been  called 
from  the  sanctum  to  perform  important  political  duties.     In  1887 
he  was  chairman  of  the  Union  League  committee  which  was  mainly 
instrumental  in  selecting  a  candidate  for  the  first  mayor  of  Phila- 
delphia under  its  new  reform  charter.     This  official,  Edwin  H.  Fitler, 
was  named  by  Mr.  Smith  as  a  candidate  for  the  presidency  in  the 
i    national  convention  of  1888.     In  1890  Mr.  Smith  was  nominated  by 
President  Harrison  for  the  important  diplomatic  post  of  United 
States  Minister  to  Russia,  the  appointment  being  quickly  confirmed 
by  the  senate.     Two  years  were  spent  by  him  in  St.  Petersburg, 
where  he  maintained  with  efficiency  the  interests  of  the  United 
States.     It  fell  to  him  to  distribute  to  the  famine  sufferers  in  Russia 
the  money  and  provisions  contributed  for  their  relief  by  the  people 
of  the  United  States;    and  he  made  an  earnest  though  ineffective 
I    effort  to  mitigate  the  severity  of  the  "May  Laws"  directed  against 
■    the  Russian  Jews.     He  resigned  in  1892  to  resume  his  editorial  duties 
on  the  "Press,"  which  became  very  active  in  the  ensuing  presidential 
campaign.     In  1895  Mr.  Smith  extended  his  labors  on  the  political 
?    platform  to  the  West,  speaking  with  Governor  William  McKinley  in 
Ohio;  and  in  the  national  convention  of  the  following  year  a  large  part 
of  the  platform  came  from  his  facile  pen.     On  April  21,  1898,  Presi- 
!    dent  McKinley  appointed  him  to  the  cabinet  position  of  postmaster- 
i    general,  which  post  he  held  until  the  death  of  the    president    by 
!    assassination,  and  continued  to  hold  under  the  Roosevelt  administra- 
)    tion  until  January  15,  1902,  when  the  demands  upon  his  time  of  his 
journal,  the  "Press,"  obliged  him  to  resign.     During  his  nearly  four 


310  CHARLES   EMORY   SMITH 

years'  control  of  the  postal  interests  of  the  United  States,  Mr.  Smith 
did  much  to  improve  the  operation  of  the  department,  especially  in 
its  new  feature  of  rural  free  delivery,  which  received  a  large  develop- 
ment under  his  supervision. 

These  are  the  leading  events  of  Mr.  Smith's  career.  What 
is  the  significance  of  that  career?  What  influences  molded  the  man? 
In  a  word,  for  what  does  his  life  stand?  As  a  boy  he  had  excellent 
advantages  of  education;  as  a  young  man,  he  was  at  once  brought  into 
active  relation  with  public  events.  In  his  youthful  years  he  had 
been  much  more  given  to  study  than  to  sport,  and  was  especially 
fond  of  historical  reading,  and  particularly  of  American  history.  In 
his  school  life  we  find  pronounced  indications  of  his  native  bent,  in  his 
editorial  work  while  still  a  school  boy,  in  his  interest  in  college 
politics,  and  in  his  precocious  editorial  proclivities.  That  his  pro- 
fession would  be  that  of  a  journalist,  and  that  he  would  mingle 
largely  in  public  events  in  later  life,  seemed  foretold  in  these  early 
influences,  studies  and  inclinations.  He  was  thrown  into  the  current 
of  political  life  from  the  period  of  his  boyish  editorial  venture.  And 
so  clearly  did  he  see  the  trend  of  the  political  forces  of  the  time,  and 
so  wisely  did  he  contribute  to  them  and  guide  them,  that  he  reached 
some  of  the  highest  positions  in  the  gift  of  the  nation,  and  used 
his  opportunities  and  his  powers  for  the  good  of  the  nation. 

As  regards  the  conditions  and  limitations  of  his  career  we  cannot 
do  better  than  to  quote  from  words  spoken  by  himself:  "If  I  have 
fallen  below  what  I  might  have  done  (and  this  is  surely  true)  I  think 
it  due  to  an  easy  disposition  to  be  satisfied  without  coming  up  to  my 
own  standards.  Every  man  has  his  limitations,  greater  or  less,  but 
he  ought  in  the  long  run  to  measure  up  to  his  own  best." 

The  truth  of  this  remark  by  no  means  applies  especially  to  Mr. 
Smith.     It  is  true  of  most  men. 

The  essentials  of  success,  in  his  view,  are  a  well-ordered  life,  in 
which  one  does  his  best  instead  of  being  content  to  do  fairly  well, 
concentrates  his  labors  instead  of  wasting  his  forces  in  scattered 
efforts,  and  devotes  himself  to  constant  instead  of  intermittent  work 
in  his  chosen  field  of  life-labor. 

Mr.  Smith's  standing  in  the  public  life  of  the  nation  has  been 
recognized  by  college  honors  from  several  sources.  Union  college, 
his  alma  mater,  conferred  on  him  in  1889  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.;  and  this  degree  was  also  given  him  by  Lafayette  college  in 


CHARLES    EMORY    SMITH  311 

1899,  by  Knox  college  in  1900,  and  by  Wesleyan  university  in  1901. 
His  social  alliances  are  with  the  Union  League  of  Philadelphia  and  the 
Union  League  club  of  New  York,  both  partaking  of  political  charac- 
ter; and  he  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  order.  His  religious  affiliation 
is  with  the  Baptist  denomination. 


WILLIAM  ALDEN  SMITH 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  ALDEN,  lawyer,  legislator,  member  of  the 
United  States  house  of  representatives,  from  the  fifth  Michi- 
gan district,  was  born  at  Dowagiac,  Michigan,  May  12,  1859. 
During  youth  his  educational  advantages  were  limited  to  the  common 
schools,  and  when  twelve  years  of  age,  his  parents  removed  to  Grand 
Rapids,  Michigan,  where  for  some  time  he  was  a  newsboy,  and  mes- 
senger in  the  employ  of  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company.  In 
1879,  he  received  an  appointment  as  page  in  the  Michigan  house  of 
representatives,  and,  after  three  years  of  service  with  that  body,  was 
made  assistant  secretary  of  the  Michigan  State  senate.  During  this 
time  he  had  taken  up  the  study  of  law  and  in  1883,  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar.  He  entered  at  once  upon  the  active  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession, advancing  with  rapid  strides  until  he  attained  a  prominent 
position  at  the  bar  of  his  state. 

During  the  years  1888,  1890  and  1892  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Republican  state  central  committee;  and  in  1895  he  was  elected  a 
representative  in  congress  from  the  fifth  Michigan  district.  He  has 
served  in  the  fifty-fourth,  fifty-fifth,  fifty-sixth,  fifty-seventh  and 
fifty-eighth  Congresses,  and  has  been  reelected  to  the  fifty-ninth 
Congress.  He  is  chairman  of  the  house  committee  on  Pacific  Rail- 
roads, and  a  member  of  the  committee  on  Foreign  Affairs. 

From  1886  to  1901,  Mr.  Smith  was  general  counsel  for  the  Chicago 
and  West  Michigan,  and  Detroit,  Grand  Rapids  and  Western  Rail- 
road companies.  He  is  now  the  president  of  the  Grand  Rapids 
"Herald,"  and  first  vice-president  of  the  Peoples  Savings  Bank  of 
Grand  Rapids,  his  home  city.  His  ability  as  a  lawyer,  his  readiness 
in  debate,  his  calm  judgment  on  public  issues,  and  his  sterling  per- 
sonal qualities  have  made  him  a  valued  member  of  the  national 
legislative  body.  In  June  1901,  Dartmouth  college  conferred  on  him 
the  honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Arts.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
committee  having  in  charge  the  memorial  exercises  of  the  late  Presi- 
dent McKinley  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 

In  1886,  Mr.  Smith  married  Nana  Osterhaut. 


NEHEMIAH   DAY  SPERRY 

S  PERRY,  NEHEMIAH  DAY,  son  of  a  farmer  and  manufac- 
turer, was  brought  up  in  the  country,  attended  the  district 
school  and  a  private  school  in  New  Haven,  Connecticut, 
became  a  school  teacher,  a  mason  and  a  builder  and  contractor  in 
New  Haven;  was  councilman,  alderman,  selectman,  secretary  of 
state  of  Connecticut,  postmaster  of  New  Haven  for  twenty-eight 
years,  and  representative  in  congress  since  1895.  He  was  born  in 
Woodbridge,  New  Haven  county,  Connecticut,  July  10,  1827.  His 
father,  Enoch  Sperry,  was  a  farmer  and  manufacturer,  known  for 
integrity,  sobriety,  and  strict  uprightness  in  all  his  dealings.  His 
mother  Atlanta  (Sperry)  Sperry,  was  the  daughter  of  Asa  and  Eunice 
(Johnson)  Sperry.  His  paternal  grandparents  were  Simeon  and  Ra- 
chel Sperry  and  his  first  ancestor  in  America,  Richard  Sperry,  who 
came  from  Wales  to  New  Haven  colony  about  1643.  Nehemiah 
Day  Sperry  was  the  third  son  of  a  family  of  four  boys  and  one  girl, 
and  worked  on  the  farm  and  in  the  mill  and  attended  the  district 
school  in  the  winter  months  until  he  was  himself  fitted  to  teach. 
He  then  taught  in  the  neighboring  district  school  until  he  was  four- 
teen years  old.  He  went  to  New  Haven  in  1841,  where  he  worked 
to  pay  his  board  and  tuition  while  attending  the  school  kept  by 
Professor  Amos  Smith.  He  also  learned  the  trade  of  mason  and 
builder  and  made  that  business  his  occupation.  He  became 
selectman  of  the  town  of  New  Haven  in  1853;  member  of  the  common 
council  of  the  city,  1853;  alderman,  1854;  president  of  the  New 
Haven  chamber  of  commerce;  secretary  of  the  state  of  Connecticut, 
1855-56;  postmaster  of  New  Haven,  1861-85  and  1889-93;  and  repre- 
sentative from  the  second  district  of  Connecticut  in  the  fifty-fourth 
and  following  congresses,  serving  on  the  committee  on  Post  Offices 
and  Post  Roads,  and  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  Alcoholic 
Liquor  Traffic.  He  was  originally  a  Whig,  was  a  delegate  to  the 
American  national  convention  that  met  in  Philadelphia  in  June,  1855, 
to  formulate  a  party  platform,  and  was  made  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittee on  platform.     The  question  of  slavery  divided  the  conven- 


314  NEHEMIAH   DAT   SPERRY 

tion  and  led  to  a  minority  (antislavery)  report  on  platform,  and  many 
of  the  antislavery  men  withdrew  and  joined  the  Republican  party 
then  also  in  a  formative  state.  Mr.  Sperry  was  a  leader  of  the  bolters. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  national  convention  of  1856 
that  met  in  Philadelphia  June  17,  and  nominated  John  C.  Fremont 
for  president.  He  became  chairman  of  the  Republican  state  com- 
mittee and  was  continued  at  the  head  of  the  state  committee  for 
many  years.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Republican  national  com- 
mittee of  1860  and  served  as  its  secretary  through  the  presidential 
campaign  that  elected  Abraham  Lincoln  president  of  the  United 
States;  secretary  of  executive  committee  chosen  to  conduct  Lincoln's 
campaign — seven  members — with  headquarters  at  the  Astor  House, 
New  York;  and  he  served  during  the  Civil  war  as  chairman  of  the 
recruiting  committee.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  national 
convention  of  1864  which  assembled  at  Baltimore,  Maryland  in  June, 
and  renominated  President  Lincoln,  with  Andrew  Johnson  for  vice- 
president.  When  there  was  pressing  need  to  complete  the  Monitor 
as  planned  by  John  Ericsson  he  became  bondsman  for  its  builders. 
He  declined  the  appointment  by  Postmaster-General  Randall  as  a 
commissioner  to  examine  the  postal  systems  of  Europe;  and  on  the 
election  of  President  Garfield  he  was  favorably  presented  as  a  candi- 
date for  the  postmaster-generalship  in  Garfield's  cabinet,  but  when 
the  secretary  of  state  was  selected  from  New  England  he  was  not 
available.  He  became  a  member  of  the  National  Board  of  Trade,  a 
member  of  the  Quinnipiac  club  of  New  Haven  and  was  affiliated  with 
the  Masonic  and  Odd  Fellows  fraternities.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Congregational  church. 

He  was  married  in  1847  to  Eliza  H.,  daughter  of  Willis  and 
Catherine  Sperry,  of  Woodbridge,  Connecticut,  who  died  in  1874, 
leaving  two  daughters;  and  he  was  married  a  second  time  in  1875 
to  Minnie  B.,  daughter  of  Erastus  and  Caroline  Newton,  of  Lockport, 
New  York. 


AINSWORTH  RAND  SPOFFORD 

SPOFFORD,  AINSWORTH  RAND,  LL.D.,  librarian,  author, 
lecturer,  was  born  in  Gilmanton,  New  Hampshire,  September 
12,  1825.  He  is  the  son  of  L.  A.  Spofford  and  Grata  Rand 
Spofford.  His  father  was  a  clergyman,  and  a  man  of  "industry, 
probity,  studiousness  and  piety."  His  mother's  influence  over  him 
was  "chiefly  moral."  His  earliest  known  ancestor  in  America  was 
John  Spofford,  who  settled  in  1638  in  Essex  county,  Massachusetts, 
coming  from  Yorkshire,  England,  where  "Spofford  Castle"  still 
stands,  although  in  ruins. 

In  early  life,  young  Spofford's  health  was  almost  uniformly  good, 
but  his  strength  was  slight.  In  his  village  life  he  found  books,  and 
games  his  chief  recreation,  and  his  mode  of  life  "fostered  habits  of 
industry  and  fidelity  to  business,"  for  he  had  the  customary  tasks  of 
light  manual  labor  which  fall  to  boys  in  a  country  town,  "working  in 
the  garden,  preparing  wood  for  fuel,  carrying  post-office  mail,  and 
other  household  tasks."  Part  of  his  preparation  for  college  he  made 
under  the  private  tuition  of  his  brother,  who  was  a  student  at  Am- 
herst college,  and  assisted  him  in  the  classics.  But  his  eyes  being 
impaired  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  he  was  prevented  from  entering  that 
institution.  He  also  studied  in  boyhood  at  Bradford  academy, 
Massachusetts,  in  1836;  and  in  1843,  he  took  a  six  month's  course  at 
Williston  seminary,  Easthampton,  Massachusetts. 

He  began  the  active  work  of  life  in  1844,  when  he  became  a  clerk 
in  a  book  store  in  Cincinnati,  and  in  1850  he  became  partner  in  a 
publishing  house,  which  business  he  continued  until  1858.  A  journa- 
list, associate  editor  of  the  Cincinnati  "  Daily  Commercial,"  for  three 
years,  1859-61,  he  finally  found  in  the  duties  of  librarian  the  life-work 
in  which  he  has  been  engaged  for  forty-five  years.  In  1864  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  Abraham  Lincoln  librarian  of  congress,  at  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia.  From  1898  to  1904  he  was  Professor  of  Library 
Science  in  Columbian  university  at  Washington.  His  principal  pub- 
lic services  have  been:  Reorganizing  the  library  of  congress;  aiding 


316  AINSWORTH    RAND   SPOFFORD 

the  researches  of  public  men  and  scholars;  and  concentrating  at 
Washington  the  copyright  records  and  business  of  the  United  States, 
which  has  greatly  enlarged  the  national  library  since  1870,  when  the 
plan  was  carried  into  effect.  He  has  also  lectured  on  library  science, 
and  has  selected  a  vast  number  of  books  for  the  library,  which  in- 
creased during  his  administration  from  seventy  thousand  volumes  in 
1861,  to  seven  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  in  1897. 

Doctor  Spofford  has  been  President  of  the  Cincinnati  and  the 
Washington  Literary  clubs,  of  the  Washington  Library  Association; 
vice-president  of  the  Columbia  Historical  Society,  and  of  the  Wash- 
ington National  Monument  Society.  He  is  a  member  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society,  the  American  Historical  Association,  the 
Washington  Archeological  Society,  and  other  societies  and  clubs  too 
numerous  to  mention. 

He  is  the  author  of  a  "Manual  of  Parliamentary  Rules"  (1884); 
and  "A  Book  for  all  Readers,"  designed  as  an  aid  to  the  collection, 
use  and  preservation  of  books,  (1900).  He  edited  the  "American 
Almanac  and  Treasury  of  Facts"  (12  vols.,  for  the  years  1878-89); 
the  "Library  of  Choice  Literature  (10  vols.,  1881);  the  "Library  of 
Wit  and  Humor"  (5  vols.,  1884);  "Library  of  Historic  Characters" 
(10  vols.,  1893).  He  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Amherst 
college  in  1882.  In  regard  to  politics,  he  says,  "I  hold  a  position 
quite  independent  of  party,  while  cherishing  my  own  views  of  public 
questions."  He  is  unattached  to  any  church  or  ethical  society,  and 
he  is  uncommitted  to  philosophical  movements.  "I  owe  much  to 
the  poets,"  he  says,  "  especially  to  Virgil,  Shakespeare,  Milton  and 
Tennyson;  to  the  biographies  of  Gibbon,  Rousseau  and  Franklin; 
to  the  Bible;  to  Goldsmith  and  Walter  Scott;  and  to  Emerson,  whose 
writings  I  have  found  among  the  finest  intellectual  tonics  in  all 
literature."  "Riding  on  horseback  has  been  for  fifty  years  my 
physical  exercise,  full  of  stimulus  and  delight.  My  favorite  relaxa- 
tion is  travel,  seeking  new  places  and  scenery  every  year."  "Com- 
plex causes  operated  in  influencing  my  career,  but  having  been  ad- 
dicted to  reading  from  childhood,  the  passion  for  books  was  the 
paramount  motive  in  my  choice  of  a  life-work";  and  he  adds,  "I  owe 
more  to  private  study  than  to  any  other  influence."  "Postpone- 
ment to  more  convenient  seasons  that  fail  to  arrive,  is  what  ails  us 
all;  and  to  young  Americans  he  further  says,  "the  love  of  labor 
carried  through  life  is  the  best  sheet-anchor." 


AINSWORTH    RAND    SPOFFORD  317 

Doctor  Spofford  was  married  to  Sarah  P.  Partridge,  September 
15,  1852.  She  died  in  1892.  They  have  had  three  children,  two  of 
whom  are  living  in  1906. 


JOHN  COIT  SPOONER 

SPOONER,  JOHN  COIT,  lawyer,  statesman,  United  States 
senator  from  Wisconsin,was  born  in  Lawrenceburg,  Dearborn 
county,  Indiana,  on  January  6,  1843,  the  son  of  Judge  Philip 
L.  Spooner.  His  father,  a  lawyer  and  jurist  of  recognized  ability, 
was  a  native  of  New  Bedford,  Massachusetts,  of  English  descent, 
whose  forefathers  came  from  the  vicinity  of  Colchester,  England,  to 
Massachusetts,  in  1637.  His  mother's  name  was  Coit,  a  descendant 
of  a  Welsh  family  which  settled  in  New  England  several  generations 
ago. 

Philip  Spooner  (great-grandfather  of  John  C.)  and  his  brother 
took  part  in  the  battle  of  Lexington,  and  both  rendered  patriotic 
service  in  subsequent  revolutionary  conflicts.  His  maternal  great- 
grandfather, Samuel  Coit,  was  also  a  soldier  in  the  Colonial  army,  a 
man  of  exceptional  courage  and  powers,  and  during  the  early  history 
of  the  New  England  states  wielded  a  positive  and  salutary  influence 
in  the  formation  of  their  civil  institutions.  The  Spooners  and  Coits 
were  also  participants  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  in  the  Mexican  war. 

Judge  Spooner  removed  with  his  family  to  Madison,  Wisconsin, 
in  1859,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life,  and  where  John  C, 
completed  his  preparation  for  college,  as  well  as  his  collegiate 
education.  He  was  graduated  from  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  in 
1864,  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  received  the  degree  of  A.M.,  in  1867, 
and  was  subsequently  honored  with  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  After 
graduation  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  Company  D,  40th  Wis- 
consin volunteer  infantry,  recruited  largely  from  Wisconsin  colleges 
and  other  educational  institutions.  At  the  close  of  a  hundred  days 
service,  in  Tennessee  he  reenlisted  for  three  years,  or  "during  the 
war",  as  captain  of  Company  A,  50th  Wisconsin  infantry,  and 
was  assigned  to  duty  in  Missouri  and  later  to  frontier  duty  in 
Dakota.  He  was  mustered  out  of  service,  July  1866,  with  the 
rank  of  brevet  major,  and  a  record  for  faithful,  efficient  discharge 
of  duty  such  as  has  subsequently  characterized  his  entire  public  life. 


JOHN   COIT   SPOONBR  319 

At  the  close  of  his  military  service,  he  was  appointed  military  and 
private  secretary  to  Governor  Fairchild  of  Wisconsin,  with  the  rank 
of  colonel.  About  the  same  time  he  began  the  study  of  law  under  the 
direction  of  his  father,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1867.  His 
success  in  the  law  was  immediate,  and,  in  the  following  year,  he 
was  appointed  assistant  attorney-general  of  the  State,  serving  in 
this  capacity  until  1870,  when  he  removed  to  Hudson,  Wisconsin, 
and  resumed  private  practice.  In  1872,  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  lower  house  of  the  State  legislature,  from  St.  Croix  county, 
and  took  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  legislation  which  at  that  time  was 
necessary  to  place  the  State  university  upon  a  sound  financial  and 
educational  basis.  While  in  active  general  practice  at  Hudson,  he 
became  general  solicitor  for  the  West  Wisconsin  Railway  Company, 
afterward  and  now  the  Chicago  and  Minneapolis  Railway  Com- 
pany, not  abandoning  however  his  general  practice.  His  experience 
in  corporation  and  general  practice  was  varied  and  extensive,  and 
brought  him  increased  reputation  as  a  profound,  careful  and  re- 
resourceful  lawyer. 

Mr.  Spooner's  congressional  career  began  in  1885,  when  at  the 
age  of  forty-two  he  was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate  to 
succeed  Honorable  Angus  Cameron.  The  Republican  nomination  for 
this  position  had  narrowed  down  to  Ex-governor  Fairchild  and  Mr. 
Spooner,  resulting,  after  a  friendly  contest  devoid  of  personal  rancor 
or  animosity,  in  the  selection  of  the  latter,  who  received  in  the  legisla- 
ture 76  votes  to  48  for  his  Democratic  competitor.  At  the  end  of  his 
first  term  in  the  United  States  senate,  in  1891,  the  Democrats  having 
obtained  control  of  the  legislature,  he  was  succeeded  in  that  office  by 
Honorable  William  F.  Vilas.  In  the  following  year,  he  received  the 
Republican  nomination  for  governor,  but  was  defeated  and  shortly 
thereafter  he  removed  to  Madison,  and  resumed  the  practice  of  law. 

As  the  term  of  Senator  Vilas  drew  toward  its  close,  public 
sentiment  again  favored  the  return  of  Mr.  Spooner,  and  he  received 
the  unanimous  vote  of  the  Republican  caucus.  He  was  accordingly 
reelected  for  the  term  beginning  March  4,  1897;  and  was  again 
elected   in    1903. 

Sometime  prior  to  the  last  senatorial  election,  Mr.  Spooner  wrote 
a  letter  declining  reelection,  inspired  mainly  by  the  condition  of  his 
wife's  health.  He  was  reelected  to  the  Senate,  notwithstanding, 
and  without  competition. 


320  JOHN    COIT    SPOONER 

From  1882  to  1885,  Mr.  Spooner  was  a  regent  of  the  State 
university.  He  was  chairman  of  the  Wisconsin  delegation  to  the 
Republican  national  conventions  of  1888  and  1892;  was  offered  the 
Interior  portfolio  by  President  McKinley ,  in  1898,  in  place  of  Cornelius 
N.  Bliss  resigned,  a  place  which  he  declined,  as  he  also  did  the  chair- 
manship of  the  Joint  High  Commission  (British  and  American) 
in  the  same  year.  At  the  beginning  of  President  McKinley 's  second 
term  he  was  offered  the  attorney  generalship  of  the  United  States 
but  declined  it.  His  industry,  intelligence  and  wisdom  in  the 
discharge  of  legislative  duties  soon  marked  him  as  one  of  the  most 
influential  leaders  of  that  body.  Subsequent  years,  and  eminent 
services  in  law-making  have  confirmed  his  reputation  as  a  truly 
national  figure  and  a  public  servant  of  the  highest  type.  He  is  an 
effective  and  valuable  worker  on  committes;  and  probably  he  is  the 
first  debater  in  congress.  His  views  have  been  expressed  with  clear- 
ness and  force,  and  few  if  any  of  his  compeers  have  brought  to 
the  consideration  of  public  questions  greater  breadth  of  legal 
learning  or  a  more  just  view  of  the  proper  scope  of  legislation. 
Much  of  his  effectiveness  in  the  Senate  is  due  to  the  fact  that  he 
frees  himself  from  the  thraldom  of  trivial  things  and  gives  his 
energies  to  real  statesmanship.  He  has  never  been  a  specialist; 
but  his  willingness  to  work,  his  eagerness  to  investigate,  his 
tirelessness,  alertness,  sincerity  and  poise  of  judgment,  have 
drawn  all  the  specialists  to  him.  As  a  lawyer  and  a  lawmaker, 
as  a  practical  deviser  of  plans  to  meet  existing  conditions, 
as  a  partisan  of  stronger  and  better  methods,  and  as  a  censor  of  the 
furtive  slippings  and  the  blunders  of  routine  legislation,  he  has  no 
superior  in  either  house  of  congress.  When  he  speaks  for  party 
he  rarely  descends  to  partisanship,  though  he  is  capable  of  the 
sharpest  repartee  and  the  most  witty  rejoinder.  The  spontaniety 
of  his  intellect  never  fails  him,  and  rarely  does  he  write  out  his 
speeches;  so  encyclopedic  is  his  general  knowledge,  and  so  perfectly 
under  control  are  his  faculties.  He  is  genial  in  social  intercourse,  in- 
tensely devoted  to  his  family,  honorable  and  pure  in  all  the  relations 
of  life,  and  has  won  high  esteem  both  for  his  personal  worth  and  for 
his  official  ability. 

Senator  Spooner  was  married  on  September  10,  1868,  to  Annie 
E.  Main,  of  Madison,  Wisconsin.  Four  children  have  been  born  to 
them,    three    of    whom    are    now    living. 


DENIS  J.  STAFFORD 

STAFFORD,  DENIS,  J.,  D.D.,  Roman  Catholic  priest,  Shake- 
spearean scholar  and  lecturer,  was  born  in  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia,  in  1860.  His  father  was  a  prominent 
contractor,  a  man  of  high  character  and  of  marked  business  ability. 
His  mother  was  a  woman  of  deep  piety  who  gave  much  of  her  time 
to  religious  services. 

He  studied  in  the  schools  of  Washington,  and  later  at  the  Niagara 
university,  Niagara  Falls,  New  York.  His  active  work  as  a  priest 
was  begun  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  where  he  was  ordained  in  1885.  He 
afterward  took  an  advanced  course  of  study  at  Georgetown  univer- 
sity, Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  where  his  high  attainments 
in  scholarship  secured  for  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  For  several  years 
he  served  with  great  acceptance  at  St.  Peter's  church  in  Baltimore, 
Maryland.  In  1892  he  was  transferred  by  Cardinal  Gibbons  to  St. 
Patrick's  church,  in  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  where  he  still 
remains.  His  congregations  are  large,  and  not  infrequently  when  he 
preaches  people  are  unable  to  find  even  standing  room  in  the  church. 
His  ability  and  eloquence  attract  many  hearers  from  outside  his  own 
parish. 

While  he  is  famed  as  a  preacher  he  is  still  more  widely  known  as 
a  lecturer.  He  is  a  devoted  student  of  the  principal  plays  of  Shake- 
speare, and  is  held  by  his  admirers  to  be  one  of  the  finest  interpreters 
of  the  chief  characters  in  the  most  famous  of  these  plays.  In  addition 
to  great  dramatic  ability  he  has  remarkable  command  of  language; 
and  his  voice,  sweet,  powerful,  and  under  perfect  control,  adds  to  the 
charm  of  his  finished  elocution.  Although  he  makes  a  specialty  of 
Shakespearean  studies  and  interpretation,  he  also  lectures  upon 
theological,  philosophical,  political,  and  historical  subjects.  He  has 
addressed  large  meetings  of  Young  Men's  Christian  Associations,  of 
Jews,  and  of  professed  unbelievers  in  religion,  as  well  as  great  audi- 
ences composed  of  Catholics  and  Protestants;  and  at  important  public 
meetings  in  Washington,  in  which  representative  men  of  the  city 
participate,  his  services  as  a  speaker  are  in  demand. 


GEORGE  MILLER  STERNBERG 

STERNBERG,  GEORGE  MILLER,  son  of  a  clergyman  and 
teacher,  surgeon-general,  United  States  army,  commissioner 
for  the  study  of  yellow  fever,  author  and  scientific  worker; 
was  born  at  Hartwick  seminary,  Otsego  county,  New  York,  June  8, 
1838,  the  oldest  of  eleven  children.  His  father,  the  Reverend  Doctor 
Levi  Sternberg,  was  a  Lutheran  clergyman  and  principal  of  Hart- 
wick seminary,  1851-64.  His  mother,  Margaret  Levering  (Miller) 
Sternberg,  was  the  daughter  of  the  Reverend  Doctor  George  B.  and 
Delia  Bray  (Snyder)  Miller.  His  great  grandfather,  Nicholas  Stern- 
berg, was  a  member  of  the  committee  of  safety  in  Schoharie  county 
during  the  war  of  the  revolution;  and  his  son,  John,  married  Anna 
Schafer.  They  were  the  parents  of  the  Reverend  Doctor  Levi 
Sternberg. 

George  Miller  Sternberg  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of 
Buffalo,  New  York,  and  at  Hartwick  seminary;  taught  country 
schools,  1855-58;  and  was  graduated  in  medicine  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York  city  in  1860.  He  practised 
medicine,  1860-61,  and  on  May  28,  1861,  was  appointed  assistant 
surgeon,  United  States  army.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  first 
battle  of  Bull  Run,  July  21,  1861,  but  effected  his  escape.  He  was 
officially  commended  for  service  at  Bull  Run,  Gaines  Mill  and  Malvern 
Hill.  He  was  assistant  medical  director  of  the  Department  of  the 
Gulf  from  August,  1862,  to  January,  1864;  was  in  charge  of  the  United 
States  general  hospital,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  from  January,  1864,  to 
April,  1866;  and  was  commissioned  captain  and  assistant  surgeon, 
United  States  army,  May  28,  1866.  He  served  at  Fort  Harker, 
Kansas,  during  the  cholera  epidemic  of  1867;  and  his  wife  who 
assisted  him  during  the  epidemic  fell  a  victim  to  the  disease.  He  also 
served  at  Fort  Barrancas,  Florida,  during  the  yellow  fever  epidemics 
of  1873  and  1875;  and  he  was  commended  by  the  chief  of  his  corps  for 
service  in  the  South.  He  received  promotion  to  major  and  surgeon, 
United  States  army,  December  1,  1876;  was  brevetted  lieutenant- 
colonel,  United  States  army,  July  12,  1877,  "for  gallant  services  in 


GEORGE    MILLER    STERNBERG  323 

the  performance  of  his  professional  duty  under  fire  in  the  action 
against  the  Indians  at  Clearwater,  Idaho";  and  served  as  post  sur- 
geon at  Fort  Walla  Walla  until  1879,  when  he  was  placed  upon  the 
yellow  fever  commission  of  the  national  board  of  health  and  sent  to 
Havana,  Cuba.  In  1885  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  international  sani- 
tary conference  at  Rome,  Italy.  President  Cleveland  appointed  him 
as  an  expert  to  make  investigations  in  Brazil,  Mexico  and  Cuba 
relating  to  the  etiology  and  prevention  of  yellow  fever  by  inoculation, 
and  he  spent  two  years  in  this  investigation  (1887-89).  He  was 
appointed  deputy  surgeon-general,  January  12,  1891,  and  brigadier- 
general  and  surgeon-general,  United  States  army,  May  30,  1893. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  international  medical  congress  at  Moscow, 
Russia,  August  19-26,  1897;  directed  the  medical  department  of  the 
United  States  army  during  the  war  with  Spain,  1898;  and  addressed 
the  American  medical  association  on  the  "Sanitary  Lessons  of  the 
War"  June  8,  1899.  He  was  retired  from  the  United  States  army 
by  operation  of  law  on  his  sixty-fourth  birthday,  June  8,  1902. 

He  was  elected  president  of  the  American  public  health  associa- 
tion in  1886,  of  the  American  medical  association  in  1897,  and  of  the 
Association  of  Military  Surgeons  in  1900.  During  his  administra- 
tion of  the  medical  department  of  the  army  he  established  the  army 
medical  school  and  the  hospital  for  tuberculosis  cases  at  Fort  Bayard, 
New  Mexico;  greatly  improved  the  military  hospitals,  and  made  the 
service  especially  efficacious  during  the  war  with  Spain  both  on  land 
and  on  the  sea  by  the  use  of  hospital  ships.  Through  investigations 
:  made  under  his  direction  the  important  discovery  that  yellow  fever 
is  transmitted  by  mosquitos  was  made  in  1898.  He  found  his 
inspiration  to  work  hard  to  gain  an  education  and  to  continue  to  work 
hard  through  his  entire  career,  in  his  desire  to  succeed  in  adding 
something  to  the  store  of  human  knowledge.  His  tastes  for  scientific 
studies  he  inherited  from  his  father.  His  most  helpful  reading  was 
history,  biography,  geology  and  natural  history;  and  his  recreation 
he  found  in  his  garden  and  at  the  billiard  table.  To  young  men  he 
says:  "  Practise  self  reliance,  have  right  ideals  of  duty  and  honor,  love 
truth,  and  be  assured  that  perseverance  and  industry  will  infallibly 
1  lead  to  success."  He  was  married  in  1866,  to  Maria  Louisa,  daughter 
;  of  Robert  and  Louisa  (Armstrong)  Russell,  of  Cooperstown,  New 
|  York.  She  died  of  cholera  in  Fort  Harker,  Kansas,  in  1867;  and  he 
was  married  September  1,  1869,  to  Martha  L.,  daughter  of  Thomas 


324  GEORGE    MILLER   STERNBERG 

Thurston  Nelson  and  Elizabeth  (Mauzy)  Pattison  of  Indianapolis, 
Indiana. 

He  is  a  member  of  many  American  and  foreign  medical  and 
scientific  societies,  and  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1894  and  from  Brown  uni- 
versity in  1897.  He  is  the  author  of  "Bacteria"  (1884);  "Photo- 
micrographs and  How  to  Make  Them  "  (1884);  "  Malaria  and  Malarial 
Diseases"  (1884);  "Report  Upon  the  Prevention  of  Yellow  Fever  by 
Inoculation"  (1888);  Report  on  the  Etiology  and  Prevention  of 
Yellow  Fever  (1890);  "A  Manual  of  Bacteriology"  (1892);  "Immun- 
ity of  Serum-Therapy  "  (1895) ;  "  Infection  and  Immunity  with  Special 
Reference  to  the  Prevention  of  Infectious  Diseases"  (1903). 


■ 

■   .   ■ 


f 


WILLIAM  SULZER 

SULZER,  WILLIAM,  lawyer  from  1884;  member  of  the  assem- 
bly of  the  state  of  New  York  five  consecutive  terms,  1890-94; 
speaker  of  the  assembly,  1893  (being  the  youngest  speaker 
in  the  history  of  the  state);  delegate  to  the  Democratic  national 
conventions  of  1896,  1900  and  1904;  representative  from  the  tenth 
district  of  New  York  to  the  fifty-fourth  to  fifty-ninth  Congresses,  was 
born  in  Elizabeth,  Union  county,  New  Jersey,  March  18,  1863.  His 
father,  Thomas  Sulzer,  a  native  of  Germany,  while  a  student  at 
Heidelberg,  joined  the  patriots,  engaged  in  the  Revolution  of  1848, 
was  captured  and  imprisoned,  making  his  escape  to  Switzerland,  and 
then  emigrated  to  America,  landing  in  New  York  in  1851,  where  he 
was  soon  after  married.  Thomas  Sulzer  subsequently  became  a  con- 
tractor and  farmer  near  Elizabeth,  New  Jersey,  and  was  assisted  in 
his  farm  work  by  his  son  William  until  the  boy  was  fourteen  years 
old.  William  Sulzer  attended  the  public  schools  and  was  graduated 
from  the  grammar  school  in  1877.  He  attended  lectures  at  Columbia 
College  law  school,  and  studied  in  the  law  office  of  Parrish  and  Pen- 
dleton, in  New  York  city.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  on  reaching 
his  majority  in  1884  and  began  the  active  practice  of  the  law  in  New 
York  city.  He  early  achieved  success  as  a  lawyer,  and  soon  became 
recognized  as  an  eloquent  public  speaker  and  rendered  effective 
service  to  the  Democratic  national  committee  as  a  campaign  orator 
in  the  campaigns  of  1884  and  1888  and  in  every  state  and  national 
contest  since.  He  was  elected  to  the  New  York  assembly  in  1889 
and  was  reelected  each  successive  year  for  five  terms,  serving  as 
speaker  of  the  assembly  in  1893,  and  as  leader  of  the  Democratic 
minority  in  1894.  He  made  a  brilliant  record  during  his  term  in  the 
New  York  assembly  for  honesty,  ability  and  industry.  In  1894  he 
was  elected  from  the  tenth  district  of  New  York  a  representative  to 
the  fifty-fourth  Congress,  and  was  reelected  by  an  increased  majority 
at  each  successive  election.  His  present  term  will  expire  in  March, 
1907.  His  service  in  congress  was  conspicuous  for  his  championship 
of  popular  rights,  and  especially  his  defense  of  the  cause  of  the  people 


326  WILLIAM  SULZER 

against  the  growing  evil  of  combinations  and  trusts.  He  pleaded 
the  cause  of  the  Cuban  insurgents  before  the  house  in  several  eloquent 
speeches.  His  reelection  in  1896  was  by  three  times  the  majority 
he  received  at  his  first  election,  and  he  has  always  run  far  ahead  of 
his  ticket.  In  the  fifty-fifth  Congress  he  introduced  the  measure 
by  which  was  established  the  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor 
with  a  secretary  having  a  seat  in  the  cabinet.  He  also  intro- 
duced a  bill  creating  a  Department  of  Labor  intended  to  regulate 
and  control  the  corporations  and  trusts,  and  the  bill  as  originally 
introduced  by  him,  made  the  first  scientific  classification  of  labor  ever 
attempted  in  this  country.  He  introduced  the  first  resolution  sym- 
pathizing with  the  Cubans,  the  first  granting  to  them  belligerent  rights, 
the  first  favoring  the  independence  of  the  Cubans  and  the  first  declar- 
ing war  against  Spain.  He  also  championed  the  rights  of  the  Boers 
in  congress  by  introducing  a  number  of  resolutions  of  sympathy  for 
their  cause,  and  denouncing  in  several  pointed  speeches  the  con- 
duct of  the  war  by  the  British.  He  is  the  author  of  resolutions 
providing  for  an  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  so 
that  United  States  senators  shall  be  elected  by  the  people,  and  of  the 
measures  known  as  the  eight-hour  law  and  the  anti-injunction  bill. 
He  was  the  ranking  Democrat  on  the  committee  on  Military  Affairs 
and  also  on  the  committee  on  Patents.  He  is  a  forceful  debater, 
and  one  of  the  prominent  leaders  on  the  floor  of  the  house.  It  is 
claimed  for  him  that  he  fought  more  battles  before  the  house  for  the 
various  bodies  of  organized  labor,  in  the  face  of  strong  opposition, 
than  any  other  representative  in  congress.  In  national  politics  he 
was  sent  as  a  delegate  from  New  York  to  the  Democratic  national 
conventions  of  1896,  1900  and  1904,  and  was  one  of  the  most  active 
supporters  of  William  J.  Bryan's  nomination  before  the  convention; 
and  when  Mr.  Bryan  was  nominated,  Mr.  Sulzer  was  one  of  his  most 
persistent  and  effective  advocates  before  the  people  in  the  presiden- 
tial canvass.  He  was  a  prominent  candidate  for  the  nomination  for 
governor  of  New  York  at  the  state  conventions  of  1898  and  1902. 

During  the  war  with  Spain  he  organized  a  regiment  of  volun- 
teers and  was  elected  colonel;  but  the  regiment  was  not  called  into 
active  service. 

He  is  a  thirty-second  degree  Mason,  has  held  all  the  honors,  and 
years  ago  became  a  life  member.  He  was  elected  to  membership  in 
the  Democratic,  Manhattan,  Masonic  and  other  clubs  in  New  York 


WILLIAM  SULZER  327 

city.  His  church  affiliations  were  always  with  the  Presbyterian 
denomination.  His  most  profitable  reading  has  been  history,  ro- 
mance, philosophy  and  political  economy;  and  his  advice  to  young 
men  is  to  work  hard,  cultivate  good  habits,  have  a  motive  and 
aim  in  life  and  a  positive  determination  to  succeed.  Mr.  Sulzer  is  at 
present  engaged  in  writing  a  book  on  "Political  Economy." 


THOMAS  WILLIAM  SYMONS 

SYMONS,  THOMAS  WILLIAM,  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  corps 
of  engineers  of  the  United  States  army,  is  now,  1906,  stationed 
in  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  and  is  in  charge  of  public 
buildings  and  grounds,  including  the  White  House,  is  military  aide  to 
President  Roosevelt,  and  is  in  general  charge  of  all  the  large  social 
and  official  functions  at  the  White  House.  Before  coming  to  Wash- 
ington in  1903,  he  had  designed  and  built  at  Buffalo,  New  York,  the 
largest  breakwater  in  the  world.  He  has  been  consulting  engineer 
for  the  United  States  government  and  for  states,  cities  and  corpora- 
tions, notably  as  a  member  of  the  advisory  board  on  the  policy  of 
New  York  state  regarding  its  canals,  1898-99;  consulting  engineer 
on  canal  work  and  high  lift  locks,  in  New  York,  1899-1900;  member 
of  the  advisory  board  of  consulting  engineers  by  appointment  of  the 
governor  of  New  York  and  special  authority  of  congress,  1904;  and 
member  of  the  Electric  Canal  Towage  commission  of  New  York. 

He  was  born  at  Keesville,  New  York,  February  7,  1849.  His 
father  was  a  merchant,  devoted  to  his  family  and  his  work.  His 
mother  was  a  woman  who  exercised  the  best  influence  over  her  son. 
Not  very  strong  in  childhood  he  was  strengthened,  no  doubt,  by  such 
tasks  as  usually  fall  to  a  boy's  share  in  a  small  town.  "Farm  and 
garden  work,  sawing  wood  and  other  manual  labor  he  performed, 
with  the  effect  of  rendering  him  unafraid  of  work."  He  studied  in  the 
common  schools  in  Flint,  Michigan,  and  was  for  one  year  in  the  State 
Agricultural  college  at  Lansing,  Michigan.  In  1874,  he  was  graduated 
from  the  United  States  military  academy  at  West  Point,  New  York. 
From  1874  to  1876,  he  pursued  a  post-graduate  course  at  the  Torpedo 
school  at  Willetts  Point,  New  York,  now  Fort  Totten.  He  began  the 
active  work  of  his  life  as  second  lieutenant  in  the  corps  of  engineers, 
United  States  army,  and  has  since  that  time  performed  continuously 
all  the  duties  of  an  officer  in  that  corps,  up  to  his  present  rank.  Since 
1874  he  has  been  in  charge  of  civil  and  military  engineering  works  in 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  Oregon,  California,  Nevada, 
Idaho,  Washington,  Montana  and  on  the  Great  Lakes  and  their 


THOMAS    WILLIAM    SYMONS  329 

connecting  and  tributary  waters.  For  many  years  he  has  had  the 
charge  of  United  States  lighthouses  from  Detroit,  Michigan,  to 
Ogdensburg,  New  York. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers; 
honorary  member  of  the  Western  Society  of  Civil  Engineers;  member 
of  the  Metropolitan,  and  the  Chevy  Chase  clubs  at  Washington,  and 
of  the  Fort  Orange  club,  at  Albany,  New  York;  honorary  member  of 
the  Buffalo  club;  of  the  Ellicott  club;  of  the  Buffalo  Yacht  club;  and 
of  the  Erie  Yacht  club,  Erie,  Pennsylvania.  He  has  held  the  office 
of  director  in  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers.  He  is  the 
author  of  "The  Columbia  River"  (1882);  "A  Ship  Canal  from  the 
Great  Lakes  to  the  Sea"  (engineering  report,  1897,)  and  very  many 
official  reports.  He  is  affiliated  with  the  Episcopal  church.  The 
choice  of  his  profession  was  "his  own  act  in  taking  advantage  of 
circumstance."  The  source  of  his  first  strong  ambition  in  life  was 
"the  desire  to  excel  and  the  discovery  of  his  ability  to  excel."  He 
accounts  his  contact  with  men  in  active  life  as  the  most  forcible 
influence  in  the  early  part  of  his  career.  "To  learn  to  think  clearly, 
to  investigate  thoroughly,  to  talk  fluently  and  with  confidence,  and 
always  to  do  one's  duty  as  well  as  possible,  and  something  more  than 
the  task  set,"  is  the  aim  he  would  set  before  young  people.  The  doing 
of  something  more  than  one's  allotted  duty  he  regards  as  one  of  the 
most  important  secrets  of  success. 

He  was  married  to  Letitia  V.  Robinson  in  October,  1884.  They 
have  three  children  living  in  1905. 


CHARLES  SUMNER  TAINTER 

TAINTER,  CHARLES  SUMNER,  inventor  of  the  grapho- 
phone, and  associate  inventor  of  the  radiophone,  an  instru- 
ment for  transmitting  sounds  to  a  distance  through  the 
agency  of  light,  was  born  at  Watertown,  Massachusetts,  April  25, 
1854,  the  son  of  George  and  Abigail  (Sanger)  Tainter.  His  father 
was  an  inventor  and  manufacturer,  characterized  by  a  progressive, 
energetic  and  upright  spirit.  His  mother  was  a  very  strong  influence 
in  developing  her  son's  moral  and  spiritual  life.  His  earliest  known 
ancestor  in  America,  settling  in  Watertown,  Massachusetts,  in  1638, 
was  Joseph  Tayntor.  Major  Samuel  Barnard,  Eaires  Tainter,  Wil- 
liam Sanger  and  Daniel  Goodnow,  his  great  grandfathers,  all  served 
in  the  Revolutionary  war. 

In  youth  his  health  was  not  robust,  but  at  an  early  age  he  showed 
great  fondness  for  reading  and  study,  especially  upon  mechanical 
and  scientific  subjects.  When  about  sixteen  years  old  he  began  a 
practical  course  in  electrical,  philosophical  and  astronomical  instru- 
ment making.  His  education  was  received  at  the  public  schools  of 
Watertown,  Massachusetts.  In  1871  he  began  the  work  of  electrical 
instrument  making  in  the  establishment  of  Charles  Williams,  Jr.,  of 
Boston,  Massachusetts.  In  1873  he  became  connected  with  the 
establishment  of  Alvan  Clark  and  Sons,  of  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts, the  celebrated  telescope  makers;  and  with  them  he  worked 
in  making  astronomical  and  optical  apparatus.  In  1874,  he  was  a 
member  of  the  United  States  government  expedition  sent  to  the 
Southern  hemisphere  to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus,  December  8, 
of  that  year.  From  1879  to  1886  he  was  associated  with  Professor 
Alexander  Graham  Bell  in  experimental  and  scientific  work.  From 
1886  to  1898  he  was  with  the  American  Graphophone  Company. 
In  1881  he  was  awarded  a  gold  medal  at  the  electrical  exposition, 
Paris,  France,  for  work  in  connection  with  the  photophone  and 
radiophone.  In  1889  he  was  given  the  decoration  of  Ofncier  de 
l'lnstruction  Publique  by  the  French  government  for  the  invention 
of  the  graphophone.     In  1900  he  was  awarded  the  John  Scott  medal 


CHARLES    SUMNER   TAINTER  331 

by  the  city  of  Philadelphia  for  the  invention  of  the  graphophone.  As 
inventor  in  connection  with  the  photophone  and  the  graphophone 
he  has  taken  out  twenty-four  patents. 

He  is  a  fellow  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Cosmos  club  of  Washington,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.  He  early  belonged  to  the  Republican  party  and 
has  never  changed  his  party  allegiance.  Books  and  papers  on 
physics,  optics,  acoustics,  electricity  and  mechanics  are  his  favorite 
and  most  helpful  reading.  Billiards,  pool  and  travel  are  his  modes  of 
recreation  and  relaxation.  His  own  personal  preference  led  him  to 
choose  scientific  invention  as  his  particular  field  of  labor;  and  "  private 
study  and  contact  with  active  minded  men"  he  has  found  to  be  the 
strongest  factors  in  his  success.  He  says,  "if  I  had  my  life  to  live 
over  again,  I  would  certainly  commence  with  a  scientific  course  in 
some  technical  school." 

He  was  married  to  Lila  R.  Monroe,  June  22,  1886. 


ZERA  LUTHER  TANNER 

TANNER,  ZERA  LUTHER,  farmer's  boy,  1841-52;  machinist, 
1852-55;  a  seaman  and  officer  in  the  merchant  marine, 
1855-62,  an  officer  in  the  United  States  volunteer  navy, 
1862-68;  an  officer  in  the  United  States  navy  through  all  the  grades 
to  commander,  1868-97;  commander  Pacific  mail  steamers,  1874-78; 
engaged  in  scientific  deep  sea  explorations,  1879-94;  special  duty 
1895-98;  was  born  in  Warsaw,  Wyoming  county,  New  York,  Decem- 
ber 5,  1835.  His  father,  Zera  Tanner  (1810-36)  was  a  farmer  and 
died  in  1836,  and  his  mother,  Ruth  Emeline  Tanner  was  a  daughter 
of  Luther  and  Ruth  (Hedges)  Foster.  His  first  known  ancestor  in 
America  was  his  great  great-grandfather,  Thomas  Tanner,  Sr., 
(1705-50)  who  came  to  Rhode  Island  about  1705-10,  and  had  four 
children.  His  great  grandfather,  Thomas  Tanner,  Jr.  (1743-1817) 
was  the  father  of  seven  children,  and  served  in  the  French  and  Indian 
and  in  the  Revolutionary  wars.  His  grandfather,  Zera  Tanner 
(1770-1837)  married  Jennette  McWhorter.  His  father  died  before 
he  was  one  year  old,  and  his  mother  was  left  with  an  only  child,  with 
but  slender  means,  and  was  obliged  to  seek  work  wherever  she  could 
obtain  it.  He  found  shelter  with  his  mother's  relations,  and  was 
brought  up  a  farmer's  boy  and  allowed  to  attend  the  primitive  dis- 
trict school  in  the  winter  season.  He  found  work  in  a  machine  shop, 
1852-55,  his  special  taste  and  interest  in  boyhood  and  youth  being  for 
mechancis.  He  went  to  England  in  1855,  in  connection  with  a  me- 
chanical device  which  he  wished  to  introduce  there;  and  also  for  the 
benefit  of  his  health.  As  his  health  did  not  improve,  he  made  a  sea  voy- 
age from  Liverpool  to  Bombay,  India,  and  return,  as  a  sailor.  This 
occupied  one  year  and  he  accepted  the  position  of  third  officer  and 
repeated  the  trip.  On  returning  to  Liverpool  in  1859,  he  joined  the 
American  ship  Bridgewater,  as  boatswain,  and  sailed  for  New  York, 
where  he  shipped  as  second  officer  of  the  clipper  ship  Game  Cock 
bound  for  the  East  Indies.  He  returned  to  the  United  States  as 
second  officer  of  the  King  Fisher  by  way  of  Yokohama  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, in  1861,  was  promoted  to  first  officer  and  proceeded  to  Boston 


Wash 


ZERA    LTJTHER   TANNER  333 

via  Cape  Horn,  arriving  in  that  port  in  November,  1861.  His  ship 
then  engaged  in  transporting  troops  and  horses  for  General  Butler's 
expedition  to  Ship  Island.  He  was  first  officer  on  the  government 
transport  Western  Empire  on  a  like  trip  with  troops  and  horses,  and 
the  transport  followed  the  United  States  fleet  to  New  Orleans. 
Being  convinced  that  the  war  would  be  fought  to  the  bitter  end  and 
feeling  that  every  man  owes  something  to  his  government  in  times  of 
great  emergency,  he  applied  for  and  received  appointment  as  acting 
ensign  in  the  volunteer  navy,  August  18,  1862,  and  was  promoted  to 
acting  master,  September  29,  1864.  He  was  commissioned  ensign, 
United  States  navy,  March  12,  1868;  master,  December  18,  1868; 
lieutenant,  March  21,  1870;  lieutenant-commander,  February  22, 
1883;  commander,  February  7,  1893;  and  was  retired  by  age  limit 
December  5,  1897.  While  he  was  attached  to  the  United  States 
steamship  Augusta  that  steamer  convoyed  the  monitor,  Miantono- 
moh,  with  Assistant  Secretary  Fox,  United  States  navy,  on  board,  to 
Russia,  to  convey  the  congratulations  of  the  United  States  govern- 
ment to  Alexander  II.  on  his  escape  from  assassination;  and  after 
visiting  the  chief  ports  of  Europe,  the  monitor  and  her  convoy 
reached  New  York,  May  6,  1867.  Lieutenant  Tanner  served  as 
navigator  and  astronomer  of  the  Dewey  expedition  on  the  lower 
California  coast  in  1872.  He  commanded  the  Pacific  Mail  steamer 
Colon  on  thirteen  voyages  between  New  York  and  Aspinwall,  1874-75, 
and  was  in  command  of  the  City  of  Peking  of  the  same  company 
between  San  Francisco  and  Japan  and  China,  1876-78.  He  returned 
to  regular  duty  in  1878,  and  commanded  the  United  States  steam- 
ship Speedwell,  on  special  service  in  1879  under  the  United  States 
Fish  Commission,  engaged  in  deep  sea  exploration.  He  supervised 
the  construction  of  (and  afterward  commanded)  the  United  States 
Fish  Commission  steamer,  Fish  Hawk,  1879-82,  and  the  Albatross, 
built  from  his  designs,  1882-87,  employed  in  deep  sea  exploration  on 
the  Atlantic  coast,  British  North  America,  and  the  Caribbean  sea; 
and  1888-94  on  a  scientific  voyage  around  Cape  Horn  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  in  the  exploration  of  Alaskan  fishing  grounds  and  those  of 
the  Pacific  coast  from  the  Bering  sea  to  Panama.  He  also  made  a 
cable  survey  between  the  coast  of  California  and  the  Sandwich 
Islands.  After  a  continuous  work  on  the  Albatross  of  eleven  and 
One-half  years,  he  was  detached,  and  on  January  1,  1895,  was  ordered 
to  special  duty  with  the  United  States  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fish- 


334  ZERA  LUTHER  TANNER 

eries  in  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  where  he  prepared  a  record 
of  his  experiences  in  deep-sea  investigation,  embracing  a  general 
description  of  the  Albatross,  her  equipment,  her  scientific  apparatus 
and  her  method  of  work,  published  by  the  government.  His  con- 
nection with  the  United  States  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries 
terminated  October  31,  1896,  after  a  service  of  seventeen  years, 
fifteen  of  which  were  spent  in  deep-sea  investigations;  and  on  Decem- 
ber 5,  1897,  when  he  reached  the  age  of  sixty-two,  he  was  placed  on 
the  retired  list.  On  April  8,  1898,  he  made  a  written  application  to 
the  navy  department  for  active  duty  in  event  of  war  with  Spain,  and 
on  May  17  he  was  ordered  as  a  member  of  a  board  to  examine  and 
report  upon  devices  for  coaling  vessels  at  sea ;  on  June  8  as  a  member 
of  the  Naval  Examining  Board;  and  on  July  25  to  special  duty  in  the 
Bureau  of  Equipment.  He  went  to  Honolulu  in  September,  1898, 
to  select  a  site  for  a  coaling  station.  He  was  ordered  to  Norfolk, 
Virginia,  in  December,  1898,  on  inspection  duty;  and  on  January  17, 
1903,  he  was  ordered  to  proceed  to  Annapolis,  Maryland,  for  tem- 
porary duty. 

Commander  Tanner  says  that  he  had  experienced  the  disadvan- 
tage of  a  lack  of  educational  facilities  in  his  childhood  and  youth,  and 
he  fully  realized  the  necessity  for  study  in  his  maturer  years.  This 
became  more  apparent  as  his  experience  broadened,  and  as  more 
duties  and  responsibilities  were  placed  upon  him.  He  was  obliged 
to  study,  during  his  limited  time  for  recreation,  whatever  was  of  the 
greatest  immediate  use,  giving  only  such  attention  to  collateral 
branches  as  the  necessity  of  the  occasion  required.  It  was  in  this 
way  that  he  acquired  his  knowledge  of  mathematics,  mechanics, 
navigation,  nautical  astronomy  and  something  of  ship  building,  and 
maritime  law.  Upon  entering  the  naval  service,  he  was  obliged  to 
add  the  knowledge  of  naval  and  international  law,  also  of  ordnance 
and  gunnery,  naval  drills,  rules  and  regulations,  tactics,  etc.,  in  the 
same  way.  His  preparation  for  and  conduct  of  scientific  explorations 
under  the  Fish  Commission  was  practically  a  new  profession,  for 
which  he  prepared  as  he  had  done  in  the  other  branches  of  maritime 
service;  and  this  new  profession  which  he  followed  for  fifteen  years, 
he  considers  the  most  interesting  and  useful  period  of  his  life.  He  is 
a  companion  of  the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United 
States;  he  was  senior  vice-commander  of  the  California  Commandery, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  council,  Commandery  of  the  District  of  Colum- 


ZERA  LUTHER  TANNER  335 

bia,  comrade  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  a  member  of  the 
"United  States  Naval  Institute,  of  the  Metropolitan  and  Chevy  Chase 
clubs,  of  the  National  Geographic  Society,  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  of  the  United  States  Naval  Athletic 
Association  and  of  the  Society  of  American  Wars.  He  is  affiliated 
with  the  Presbyterian  denomination.  To  young  men  he  says:  "Be 
temperate,  truthful,  honest,  industrious  and  reliable.  Whatever 
you  find  to  do,  strive  to  do  it  a  little  better  than  any  one  else." 

He  was  married  to  Helen  Benedict,  November  11,  1884.  In  1906 
they  had  one  daughter,  Ruth  Francis,  living,  having  lost  one  infant 
child. 


HANNIS  TAYLOR 

TAYLOR,  HANNIS,  son  of  a  North  Carolina  merchant,  edu- 
cated in  the  best  schools  of  his  native  state  from  his  fourth 
to  his  seventeenth  year, student  of  law  all  his  life,  outlining  his 
great  historical  treatise  when  twenty-one  years  old,  lawyer  in  Mobile, 
Alabama,  twenty-two  years,  state  solicitor  of  Baldwin  county,  United 
States  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Spain  for  four  years,  counsel  for 
United  States  in  Alaska  boundary  case  tried  at  London,  England, 
professor  of  constitutional  and  international  law,  Columbian  univer- 
sity, special  counsel  for  the  government  of  the  United  States  before 
the  Spanish  Treaty  Claims  Commission,  diplomat,  author  and  jurist; 
was  born  in  Newbern,  North  Carolina,  September  12,  1851.  His 
father,  Richard  Nixon  Taylor,  son  of  William  and  Mary  Taylor,  was 
a  merchant  of  systematic  industry,  and  temperate  in  all  things.  His 
mother,  Susan  (Stevenson)  Taylor  was  the  daughter  of  James  C.  and 
Elizabeth  Stevenson.  His  first  paternal  ancestor  in  America  was 
William  Taylor,  who  came  from  Paisley  in  Scotland  about  the  date 
of  the  American  revolution.  His  uncle,  also  William  Taylor,  was  the 
inventor  of  submarine  armor. 

Hannis  Taylor  was  a  precocious  but  strong  lad,  having  a  special 
fondness  for  books  and  study.  He  began  attending  school  when  four 
years  old,  was  a  pupil  at  Newbern  academy,  Wilson's  and  Lovejoy's 
schools  and  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  1867-68,  but  did  not 
graduate,  leaving  college  to  take  up  the  study  of  law.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1870  and  practised  in  Mobile,  Alabama,  1870-92. 
He  was  state  solicitor  for  Baldwin  county,  Alabama,  his  first  public 
employment.  In  1893  President  Cleveland  appointed  him  United 
States  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Spain  and  he  served  from  May, 
1893,  to  September,  1897.  He  also  served  as  counsel  for  the  United 
States  in  the  Alaska  Boundary  case,  tried  at  London  during  the  fall 
of  1903.  He  occupied  the  time  between  September,  1897,  and 
December,  1901,  in  completing  his  treatise  on  "International  Public 
Law,"  characterized  by  the  "Harvard  Law  Review"  as  "the  best 
American  work  since  Wheaton,"  and  by  the  "  Law  Quarterly  Review  " 


HANNIS    TAYLOR  337 

of  London,  England,  as  "the  fullest  treatise  in  the  language  on  its 
subject."  He  was  appointed  in  1904  by  President  Roosevelt  as 
special  counsel  of  the  government  of  the  United  States  before  the 
Spanish  Treaty  Claims  Commission.  His  life  work,  the  preparation 
of  his  great  treatise  entitled  "The  Origin  and  Growth  of  the  English 
Constitution,  in  which  is  drawn  out  by  the  light  of  the  most  recent 
researches  the  gradual  development  of  the  English  constitutional 
system,  and  the  growth  out  of  that  system  of  the  Federal  Republic 
of  the  United  States,"  was  begun  in  1872,  the  first  volume  was  pub- 
lished in  1889  and  the  second  volume,  completing  the  work,  in  1898. 
This  work  was  formally  adopted  as  a  text-book  by  the  senate  of  the 
University  of  Dublin  and  is  used  in  the  Universities  of  Oxford  and 
Edinburgh  and  as  a  text-book  or  book  of  reference  by  many  of  the 
leading  American  universities  and  law  schools.  The  seventh  edition 
of  Volume  I  and  the  third  edition  of  Volume  II  had  already  appeared 
in  1904,  and  "A  Treatise  on  the  Jurisdiction  and  Procedure  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States"  was  published  in  1905. 

He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  University 
of  Edinburgh  and  from  the  University  of  Dublin,  in  June,  1904,  in 
person ;  and  from  the  Universities  of  North  Carolina,  of  Alabama,  of 
Mississippi,  Tulane  university  of  Louisiana,  Washington  and  Lee 
university,  and  the  University  of  Virginia. 

He  was  married  May  8,  1878,  to  Leonora,  daughter  of  William 
A.  and  Eliza  Le  Baron  of  Mobile,  Alabama;  and  their  five  children 
were  living  in  1906.  Doctor  Taylor,  taking  his  own  experience  as  his 
authority,  advises  young  men  if  they  desire  to  succeed,  to  take  some 
serious  subject  or  undertaking  and  work  it  out  through  years  of  per- 
sistent effort. 


HENRY  MOORE  TELLER 

TELLER,  HENRY  MOORE,  leader  of  the  state  bar  of  Colo- 
rado; one  of  the  best  equipped  lawyers  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain country;  the  champion  of  free  silver;  elected  to  the 
United  States  senate  on  the  admission  of  Colorado  into  the  Union  in 
1876,  and  kept  in  the  senate  during  the  entire  period  of  the 
state's  existence,  except  for  the  three  years  from  1882-85,  during 
which  he  served  as  secretary  of  the  interior  in  President  Arthur's 
cabinet,  is  a  striking  example  of  a  man  who  has  achieved  success 
through  his  own  exertions.  As  a  gifted  orator,  a  close  thinker,  and  a 
careful  reasoner,  his  reputation  is  well  established. 

He  was  born  May  23,  1830,  in  the  town  of  Granger,  New  York. 
He  is  of  Holland  stock,  his  ancestors  being  among  the  early  Dutch 
settlers  of  Manhattan  Island.  His  earliest  known  ancestor,  William 
Teller,  came  to  Albany,  New  York,  in  1639.  He  is  also  a  descendant 
of  General  Dubois  of  New  York,  who  served  in  the  Revolutionary 
war.  His  father,  John  Teller,  was  born  in  Schenectady,  New  York, 
and  had  removed  to  Granger,  Alleghany  county,  New  York,  a  short 
time  before  the  birth  of  his  son.  His  son  says  of  him,  "he  was  a 
great  reader,  a  good  Methodist,  a  religious  man  and  a  great  student." 
His  mother,  Charlotte  Chapin  Moore  Teller,  who  died  at  her  home  at 
Morrison,  Illinois,  November  17,  1901,  at  the  age  of  ninety-three 
years  was  of  New  England  origin,  a  native  of  Windham,  Vermont. 
Her  son  ascribes  to  her  a  strong  mental  and  moral  influence  over  his 
character.  She  emphasized  "thoroughness";  and  "thoroughness" 
has  been  the  motto  of  his  life. 

His  health  in  boyhood  was  good,  and  he  had  an  especial  taste 
for  books.  Early  in  his  career  he  showed  an  ambition  to  secure  a 
better  education  than  was  afforded  in  the  school  directly  within  his 
reach  at  his  early  home.  He  studied  for  four  years  at  Rushford 
academy,  supporting  himself  by  farm  labor  and  by  teaching  during 
his  vacations.  He  also  took  a  partial  course  at  Alfred  university, 
at  Alfred  Center,  New  York,  and  has  since  received  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  that  institution  and  the  same  degree  from  the  University 


HENRY  MOORE  TELLER  339 

of  Denver.  He  taught  school  for  seven  years  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  Binghamton,  New  York,  in  1858,  having  studied  for  three 
years  in  the  office  of  Honorable  Martin  Grover,  of  Angelica,  New 
York,  who  was  afterward  one  of  the  judges  of  the  court  of  appeals  of 
New  York.  Admitted  to  the  bar,  he  at  once  removed  to  Whiteside 
county,  Illinois;  and  three  years  later  he  removed  to  Central  City, 
Colorado,  where  he  still  retains  his  legal  residence. 

During  his  brief  sojourn  in  Illinois,  he  had  taken  an  active  part 
in  politics,  although  he  was  then  quite  young.  The  period  was  one 
of  keen  political  interest,  embracing  as  it  did  the  Lincoln-Douglas 
debate,  the  presidential  campaign  of  1860,  the  election  of  Mr.  Lincoln 
to  the  presidency,  and  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  war.  He  began  his 
political  life  as  a  Democrat,  but  soon  after  coming  of  age  he  attached 
himself  to  the  newly-formed  Republican  party.  He  was  always  a 
firm  supporter  and  an  ardent  admirer  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  and  was  most 
thoroughly  enlisted  for  him  in  the  campaign  preceding  his  election  as 
president.  He  was  major-general  of  the  Colorado  militia  from 
1862  to  1864.  Well  grounded  in  the  principles  of  law,  he  soon  took 
high  rank  as  a  lawyer;  and  from  the  time  of  his  removal  to  Central 
City,  to  his  election  to  the  United  States  senate  fifteen  years  later, 
he  gave  himself  exclusively  to  the  practice  of  his  profession,  having  a 
very  large  law  business.  He  was  engaged  in  almost  every  lawsuit  of 
importance  tried  in  the  territory  during  that  time.  He  was  interested 
in  all  the  special  questions  of  the  territory.  He  organized  the  Colo- 
rado Central  Railroad  in  1865  and  held  the  position  of  president  of  the 
road,  until  the  line  was  consolidated  with  the  Union  Pacific  five  years 
later.  He  had  become  well  known  by  the  time  Colorado  became  a 
state,  in  1876;  and  he  was  chosen  with  great  unanimity  one  of  the 
two  United  States  senators  from  the  new  state.  The  wisdom  of  this 
choice  is  proved  by  the  fact  that  he  has  since  been  reelected  four 
times,  and  has  been  kept  in  the  senate  almost  without  effort  on  his 
part,  performing  his  official  duties  with  conscientious  fidelity  and 
universally  recognized  ability. 

He  accepted  the  position  of  secretary  of  the  interior  in  1882, 
with  reluctance,  and  after  much  pressure.  His  administration  was 
efficient  and  satisfactory.  His  extensive  legal  practice  and  his 
familiarity  with  the  questions  coming  before  the  department,  from 
his  personal  knowledge  of  affairs  in  the  West,  qualified  him  in  an 
especial  manner  to  act  upon  the  matters  which  claimed  his  attention. 


340  HENRY   MOORE   TELLER 

He  had  acquired  a  national  reputation  through  the  position  he  took 
in  investigating  the  election  frauds  of  1876  in  the  Southern  states; 
and  he  has  kept  this  prominence  by  his  actual  acquaintance  with  all 
questions  coming  before  the  senate,  and  his  force  and  fearlessness  in 
dealing  with  them.  He  has  been  especially  interested  in  all  financial 
questions.  He  has  devoted  his  energies  in  particular  to  the  effort  to 
secure  the  free  coinage  of  silver.  But  he  takes  an  interest  in  all 
matters  of  general  importance  that  come  before  the  senate.  He  is 
heard  very  frequently  in  debate,  and  has  decided  convictions  on 
every  question  of  real  interest.  The  tariff  and  all  subjects  pertaining 
to  United  States  revenues,  legal  questions,  and  questions  of  foreign 
policy,  are  sure  to  receive  his  attention  in  study  and  in  debate. 

He  is  chairman  of  the  senate  committee  on  Private  Land  Claims, 
one  of  the  most  important  of  the  minority  committees  of  the  senate. 
He  is  also  a  member  of  the  committees  on  Finance,  on  Appropria- 
tions, on  Relations  with  Cuba,  on  Indian  Affairs  and  on  Rules,  five 
of  the  most  important  of  the  senate  committees.  During  his  senator- 
ship,  he  has  served  as  chairman  of  seven  different  committees,  viz., 
Pensions,  Mines  and  Mining,  Patents,  Privileges  and  Elections,  Five 
Civilized  Tribes  of  Indians,  Claims  and  Private  Land  Claims.  He  is 
one  of  the  best  informed  real  estate  and  mining  lawyers  in  his  state 
and  without  turning  aside  from  the  law,  he  has  become  an  extensive 
property  owner.  A  warm-hearted  and  generous  friend,  an  open  and 
undisguised  enemy,  however  much  one  may  differ  from  him  in  politics 
or  in  convictions  upon  financial  questions,  he  is  always  regarded  and 
esteemed  for  his  moral  courage,  his  integrity  of  character,  his  courte- 
ous and  modest  bearing,  and  his  steadfast  adherence  to  what  he 
believes  to  be  right. 

Senator  Teller  withdrew  from  the  Republican  national  conven- 
tion held  in  St.  Louis  in  June,  1896,  because  of  his  dissatisfaction  with 
the  financial  platform  of  the  Republican  party.  He  supported 
Bryan  for  the  presidency  in  1896  and  in  1900.  His  election  to  the 
senate  in  1897  was  by  the  Democrats  and  the  silver  Republicans.  He 
received  a  vote  of  ninety-four  out  of  one  hundred,  and  was  reelected 
to  the  senate,  January  24,  1903,  as  a  Democrat,  for  the  term  expiring 
March  3,  1909.  He  is  a  thirty-third  degree  Mason,  and  is  inspector- 
general  of  the  order.  He  is  a  past  grand  commander  of  the  Knights 
Templar,  and  was  for  seven  years  grand  master  of  the  order  in  Colo- 
rado. 


HENRY   MOORE   TELLER  341 

"History,  and  books  such  as  lawyers  use"  are  his  favorite  read- 
ing. He  determined  to  be  a  lawyer,  he  says,  at  fourteen.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church. 

The  text  of  the  Teller  Resolution  on  the  Cuban  question  over 
which  so  much  debate  arose  in  the  senate  and  on  which  various 
senators  have  expressed  their  opinions  as  to  its  effect  in  securing  the 
independence  of  Cuba  and  preventing  foreign  complications,  is  as 
follows:  "That  the  United  States  hereby  disclaims  any  disposition  or 
intention  to  exercise  sovereignty,  jurisdiction,  or  control  over  said 
island  except  for  the  pacification  thereof,  and  asserts  its  determina- 
tion, when  that  is  accomplished,  to  leave  the  government  and  control 
of  the  island  to  its  people." 

In  June,  1862,  Mr.  Teller  was  married  to  Harriet  M.  Bruce, 
daughter  of  Packerd  and  Dolly  Bruce,  of  Cuba,  New  York.  They 
have  three  children  living  in  1906.     His  address  is  Denver,  Colorado. 


SILAS  WRIGHT  TERRY 

TERRY,  SILAS  WRIGHT,  rear  admiral  United  States  navy, 
was  born  in  Trigg  county,  Kentucky,  December  28,  1842, 
son  of  Abner  R.  and  Eleanor  Dyer  Terry.  When  he 
reached  school  age  his  parents  resided  in  Cadiz,  the  county  seat, 
where  he  attended  school.  He  was  admitted  to  the  naval  academy 
as  an  acting  midshipman,  September  28,  1858.  Something  of  his 
strength  of  character  is  evidenced  in  the  decision  he  made  in  the 
spring  of  1861,  when  so  many  midshipmen  were  resigning  from 
the  academy  to  takes  sides  with  the  seceding  states.  When  the 
naval  academy  was  transferred  from  Annapolis  to  Newport,  Rhode 
Island,  early  in  April  1861,  the  midshipmen  were  embarked  in  the 
frigate  Constitution,  which  was  towed  to  New  York  and  thence 
to  Newport.  Up  to  this  time  it  was  well  known  that  Terry  was 
willing  to  resign  had  he  received  the  parental  authority,  without 
which  no  midshipman  was  permitted  to  do  so.  Being  without  in- 
struction from  home,  he  determined  to  act  for  himself.  Immedi- 
ately after  the  Constitution  started  down  Chesapeake  Bay,  Terry 
announced  to  a  group  of  comrades  that  thence-forward  he  would 
be  loyal  and  true  to  the  Union,  and  that  he  should  not  resign 
under  any  circumstances.  Two  days  later,  on  arrival  at  New 
York,  he  received  a  letter  from  Mr.  Burnett,  his  brother-in-law, 
the  member  of  congress  who  had  secured  his  appointment,  saying 
that  it  was  his  mother's  wish  that  he  resign  at  once,  if  ordered 
to  active  service.  This  letter  he  read  and  tore  up  in  presence  of 
his  friends,  and  within  a  week  he  was  ordered  with  his  classmates 
to  active  service.  Whatever  success  he  may  have  attained  in  his 
career  he  attributes  to  this  decision. 

He  was  promoted  ensign  September  16,  1862;  lieutenant 
February  22, 1864;  lieutenant-commander  July  25,  1866;  commander 
July  11,  1877;  captain  January  9, 1893;  rear-admiral  March  24,  1900. 
During  the  Civil  war  he  served  on  the  Atlantic  Coast,  and  for 
thirteen  months  in  the  Mississippi  squadron  on  board  the  flagship 
Black  Hawk.  He  took  part  in  the  expedition  up  Red  river. 
From  his  flagship  Cricket  May  4,  1864,  Admiral  Porter  addressed 


SILAS    WEIGHT  TERRY  343 

this  letter  to  the  Navy  Department.  "I  endeavor  to  do  justice 
to  all  officers  under  my  command,  but  have  failed  to  mention 
the  gallant  conduct  of  Ensign  S.  W.  Terry  on  the  expedition  up 
Red  river.  He  was  placed  on  board  the  transport  Benefit  to 
take  dispatches  to  me  at  Springfield  Landing.  I  had  a  field-piece 
and  a  twenty-four  pound  howitzer  placed  on  this  vessel  and  a 
part  of  the  crew  of  the  flagship  to  go  in  her.  About  fifty  miles 
above  Grand  Ecore  Mr.  Terry  discovered  a  battery  of  four  guns 
facing  down  the  river  on  which  he  opened  fire  with  his  howitzer 
and  steamed  on.  The  battery  opened  a  quick  fire  on  him  strik- 
ing the  little  vessel  almost  every  time.  The  river  captain  was 
killed  together  with  three  other  men,  but  the  little  transport  fought 
her  way  through  and  brought  me  the  dispatches  which  were  im- 
portant. Such  cool  and  brave  conduct  gives  promise  of  a  good 
officer.  I  commend  him  to  the  notice  of  the  Department."  In 
July,  1864  Lieutenant  Terry  received  this  letter  and  its  enclosure 
from  the  secretary  of  the  navy,  dated  22  July,  1864. 

"The  President  of  the  United  States  by  and  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  senate  having  advanced  you  five  numbers  in  your 
grade,  to  take  rank  next  after  Lieutenant  0.  A.  Batcheller,  for 
gallant  conduct  on  the  expedition  up  Red  river,  I  have  the  pleasure 
to  transmit  herewith  your  commission,  dated  30  June  1864,  the 
receipt  of  which  you  will  acknowledge  to  the  Department. 

Very  respectfully, 
Gideon  Welles,  Secretary  of  the  Navy." 

He  was  assigned  to  the  staff  of  Admiral  Porter  in  an  order 
dated  May  20,  1864  as  follows:  "You  are  hereby  placed  in  charge 
of  the  office  of  detail,  and  will  be  a  member  of  my  staff.  You  will 
be  excused  from  all  other  duty  on  the  vessel;  your  duties  will  con- 
sist in  attending  to  all  affairs  relating  to  officers  in  this  squadron, 
dismissals,  appointments,  resignations,  leaves  of  absence,  examina- 
tions, etc.,  receiving  officers  when  calling  on  business  connected 
with  your  office,  and  otherwise  performing  all  the  duties  appertain- 
ing to  the  office  of  detail."  This  assignment  continued  to  the  close 
of  the  war.  He  participated  in  the  attacks  and  capture  of  Fort 
Fisher  and  Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  and  subsequently  in  the 
operations  resulting  in  the  fall  of  Richmond.     He  was  one  of  the 


344  SILAS    WRIGHT  TERRY 

suite  accompanying  President  Lincoln  when  he  entered  Richmond, 
where  he  received  the  commanding  generals  in  Jefferson  Davis'  resi- 
dence. In  November,  1881,  while  commanding  the  Marion  in  the 
River  Plate,  South  America,  he  was  ordered  to  Heard's  Island,  in 
Latitude  53.30  South,  Longitude  73.30  East,  to  "rescue  crew  of 
Barque  Trinity  supposed  to  be  there."  This  service  was  successfully 
performed,  the  entire  crew  of  thirty-three  being  saved.  The  barque 
Trinity  had  sailed  from  New  London,  Connecticut,  June  1880  for 
Heard's  Island  to  catch  sea  elephant  for  their  oil,  and  reached  her 
destination  in  October  following.  The  vessel  was  wrecked  within  a 
week  after  arrival  and  the  crew  of  thirty-five  were  stranded  on  this 
bleak  and  desolate  island  where  they  remained  until  rescued  fifteen 
months  later  by  the  Marion.  Upon  his  return  to  Cape  Town  in 
February  1882,  he  rescued  upon  request  of  owners  the  British  ship 
Poonah,  stranded  on  the  beach  ten  miles  north  of  Cape  Town. 
This  letter  dated  11  March,  1882,  from  Sir  Hercules  Robinson, 
governor-general,  was  written  Commander  Terry:  "I  have  much 
pleasure  in  tendering  you  and  the  officers  and  men  of  the  United 
States  corvette  Marion  the  thanks  of  this  government  for  the  valu- 
able assistance  so  promptly  rendered  by  the  Marion  to  the  British 
ship  Poonah,  lately  stranded  in  Table  Bay.  I  have  the  honor  to 
forward  for  your  perusal  a  copy  of  a  minute  which  I  have  received 
from  my  ministers  on  this  subject,  and  to  inform  you  that  I  intend 
to  request  the  Right  Honorable  the  Secretary  of  the  Colonies  to 
convey  the  acknowledgments  of  this  government  for  your  services  to 
the  government  of  the  United  States. 

Colonial  Secretary's  Office 
No.  393.  Cape  Town,   • 

Minute.  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

9th  March,  1882. 

"In  submitting  for  the  information  of  His  Excellency  the 
Governor  the  accompanying  letter  received  from  the  Port  Captain 
of  Table  Bay,  detailing  the  services  rendered  to  the  stranded 
ship  Poonah  by  Captain  Terry  and  the  officers  and  men  of  the 
United  States  corvette  Marion,  Ministers  desire  to  record  their 
opinion  that  such  conduct  is  worthy  of  the  highest  commenda- 
tion and  respectfully  request  that  his  Excellency  may    be  pleased 


SILAS    WRIGHT    TERRY  345 

to  cause  to  be  conveyed  to  Captain  Terry  and  to  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  the  thanks  of  this  government  for 
the   valuable    services    promptly  rendered  on    the  occasion. 

Thomas  C.  Scanlon." 

The  report  of  the  Port  Captain  concluded,  "I  have  much 
pleasure  in  bearing  testimony  to  the  very  hearty  and  enthusi- 
astic manner  in  which  the  work  was  carried  out  by  Captain  Terry, 
officers  and  crew;  nothing  was  spared,  no  suggestion  of  my  own 
but  was  carried  out  at  once  with  cheerful  good  will,  showing 
how  pleased  they  were  to  be  of  assistance,  and  as  a  sailor  of 
nearly  thirty  years  experience  I  have  never  seen  work  carried 
out  in  a  better  manner  than  was  done  on  the  23d  February  on 
board  the  United  States  corvette  Marion  under  Captain  Terry's 
command." 

This  letter  was  addressed  to  the  secretary  of  state  by  the 
British    Minister  in  Washington,  dated  April  17,  1882. 

"I  have  the  honor  to  inform  you  that  her  Majesty's  Govern- 
ment has  received  a  report  from  Cape  Town  in  which  mention  is 
made  of  the  services  rendered  by  Captain  Terry  of  the  United 
States  ship  Marion,  on  the  occasion  of  the  stranding  of  the  Coolie 
Emigrant  ship  Poonah,  near  that  town,  and  that  Earl  Granville  has 
now  instructed  me  to  convey  to  that  officer  the  thanks  of  Her 
Majesty's  government  for  his  assistance  in  floating  the  vessel  in 
question.  In  requesting  you  to  be  good  enough  to  cause  a  com- 
munication to  this  effect  to  be  made  to  Captain  Terry,  I  have  the 
honor  to  be  with  high  consideration  sir, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

L.  S.  Sackville  West." 

In  this  connection  it  is  known  the  British  Admiral  at  Simons- 
town  nearby  had  been  appealed  to  and  declined  to  render  assist- 
ance. The  British  steamer  City  of  Liverpool  was  engaged  to  endeavor 
to  pull  the  stranded  ship  off  the  beach,  but  owing  to  bad  weather 
and  the  many  difficulties  encountered,  she  remained  only  fifteen 
hours,  collected  sixty  pounds  an  hour,  and  steamed  away,  leaving 
the  Poonah  to  her  fate. 

Rear  Admiral  Terry's  naval  career  is  interesting  in  the  fact  that 
it  includes  service  in  the  old  time  sailing  vessels,  the  sail  and  steam 


346 


SILAS    WRIGHT  TERRY 


vessels,  the  steel  cruiser,  and  the  latest  battleship.  He  has  com- 
manded the  sloops  Portsmouth  and  Jamestown,  built  in  the  forties, 
the  sail  and  steam  corvette  Marion,  the  steel  cruiser  Newark,  and  the 
battleship  Iowa,  the  latter  on  her  interesting  voyage  in  company 
with  the  Oregon  from  New  York  through  the  straits  of  Magellan 
around  to  Puget  Sound. 

Rear  Admiral  Terry,  October  1873,  married  Louisa,  the  elder 
daughter  of  the  late  Judge  J.  Thomson  Mason  of  Annapolis,  Maryland 
and  they  have  a  son  and  a  daughter.  Rear  Admiral  Terry  was 
retired  by  operation  of  law  on  reaching  the  age  of  sixty-two,  Decem- 
ber 28,  1904,  and  resides  in  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 


" 


JOHN  R.  THAYER 

THAYER,  JOHN  R.,  farmer  boy,  graduate  from  Yale,  lawyer 
in  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  city  councilman,  city  alder- 
man, representative  in  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts, 
state  senator,  representative  from  the  third  district  of  Massachusetts 
in  the  fifty-sixth,  fifty-seventh  and  fifty-eighth  Congresses,  was  born 
in  Douglass,  Worcester  county,  Massachusetts,  March  9,  1845.  His 
father,  Mowry  Richardson  Thayer,  was  a  farmer,  selectman,  school 
committeeman  and  a  self-reliant,  independent  and  forceful  citizen. 
His  mother,  Harriet  Morse,  was  the  daughter  of  Chester  and  Lucy 
Morse  and  a  woman  of  healthy  religious  and  moral  sentiment.  His 
grandfather,  John  Thayer,  also  lived  on  the  farm  which  had  been  in 
the  Thayer  family  for  four  generations,  and  married  Ruth,  daughter 
of  Jeremiah  and  Ruth  Mowry.  His  first  ancestor  in  America,  John 
Thayer,  the  great  grandfather  of  John  R.  came  from  Scotland  to 
New  England  in  1732  and  settled  at  Mendon,  Massachusetts. 

The  parents  of  John  R.  Thayer  both  died  when  he  was  sixteen 
years  of  age,  he  having  previously  attended  the  district  school.  He 
then  went  to  live  with  his  uncle,  Charles  D.  Thayer,  of  Thompson, 
Connecticut,  and  attended  Nichols  academy,  Dudley,  Massachusetts, 
where  he  was  prepared  for  college.  He  matriculated  at  Yale  in  the 
class  of  1869  and  was  graduated  A.B.  He  then  took  up  the  study  of 
law  in  the  office  of  Judge  Henry  Chapin  of  Worcester,  Massachusetts, 
his  ambition  to  become  a  lawyer  having  been  aroused  by  attending  a 
justice's  court  with  his  father  when  a  boy.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1871.  He  served  the  city  of  Worcester  as  councilman,  1874-76, 
and  as  alderman,  1878-80,  and  his  native  state  as  a  representative 
in  the  general  court,  1880  and  1881,  and  as  a  state  senator,  1890  and 
1891,  at  a  time  when  the  senatorial  district  was  largely  Republican. 
He  was  the  unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate  for  district  attorney 
of  Worcester  county  in  1876,  and  for  mayor  of  Worcester  in  1886. 
His  success  at  the  bar  was  pronounced;  he  became  known  as  one  of 
the  first  lawyers  in  central  Massachusetts,  and  with  his  law  partner, 
Arthur  P.    Rugby,   he   enjoyed  a  large  and  lucrative  practice.     In 


348  JOHN    R.    THAYER 

1896  Joseph  H.  Walker,  Republican,  had  been  reelected  for  a  fifth 
term  as  representative  in  congress  from  the  third  Massachusetts  dis- 
trict, the  last  time  by  a  plurality  of  11,800  votes.  In  1898  Mr.  Thayer 
was  made  the  Democratic  candidate  for  representative  to  the  fifty- 
sixth  Congress  with  Representative  Walker  as  his  opponent;  and  he 
was  elected,  receiving  11,167  votes  to  11,008  votes  for  Walker.  The 
same  year  Roger  Wolcott,  Republican,  received  in  the  district  6,195 
plurality. 

Representative  Thayer  was  made  a  member  of  the  committees 
on  Banking  and  Currency  and  on  Indian  Affairs.  He  was  reelected 
in  1900  to  the  fifty-seventh  Congress  by  a  majority  of  130  votes,  his 
opponent  being  C.  G.  Washburn,  Republican.  He  was  continued  on 
the  committee  on  Banking  and  Currency  and  was  placed  on  the  com- 
mittee on  Territories  in  the  fifty-seventh  Congress.  He  was  reelected 
in  1902  to  the  fifty-eighth  Congress.  These  repeated  successes  of 
Mr.  Thayer  in  a  strong  Republican  district  which  at  each  election 
went  for  the  remaining  Republican  candidates  on  the  state  and 
national  ticket  with  majorities  ranging  from  seven  to  nine  thousand, 
are  among  the  greatest  political  honors  conferred  upon  any  citizen 
of  Massachusetts  for  the  past  fifty  years,  and  are  to  be  compared  with 
the  phenomenal  success  of  William  E.  Russell,  Democrat,  who  was 
elected  three  successive  terms  as  governor  of  Massachusetts.  Mr. 
Thayer  declined  renomination  in  1904,  from  financial  and  family 
considerations,  and  again  took  up  the  practice  of  his  profession. 
In  1904  his  name  was  prominently  mentioned  as  an  available  Demo- 
cratic candidate  for  governor  of  the  commonwealth.  But  Mr. 
Thayer  took  and  has  adhered  to  the  determination  that  he  would 
accept  no  nomination  to  any  office  until  he  had  served  out  the  full 
congressional  term — that  in  this  way  alone  he  could  best  show  his 
high  appreciation  of  the  exceptional  honor  the  people  of  his  district 
had  conferred  upon  him  by  electing  him  three  times  to  congress  in 
this  immensely  Republican  district.  Had  he  accepted  the  nomina- 
tion for  governor  under  the  conditions  which  existed  in  Massachusetts 
in  1904,  it  seems  probable  that  he  would  have  been  elected. 

Mr.  Thayer  was  married  January  31,  1873,  to  Charlotte  D., 
daughter  of  Pitt  and  Diana  (Perrin)  Holmes  of  Worcester,  Massa- 
chusetts. He  was  brought  up  a  Unitarian  but  became  an  Episco- 
palian with  Unitarian  tendencies.  He  was  a  trustee  of  Worcester 
City  hospital  for  eight    years  and   has    been  a  trustee  of  Nichols 


JOHN    R.    THAYER  349 

academy  for  fifteen  years.  He  has  never  been  a  member  of  any 
secret  society  or  of  any  club  since  leaving  college.  He  determined  to 
see  if  one  could  not  get  on  in  the  world  relying  upon  himself  and  his 
own  resources,  without  the  assistance  of  clubmates  or  society  affilia- 
tions. He  holds  that  his  life  as  a  boy  on  his  father's  farm  trained 
him  to  habits  of  activity  and  unremitting  toil  and  enforced  upon  his 
mind  the  conviction  that  laziness  was  next  to  crime.  He  was  taught 
to  be  a  producer  rather  than  a  mere  consumer,  and  to  be  of  service  to 
others  even  at  the  cost  of  hardship  to  himself.  On  the  farm  he 
learned  to  work,  and  to  rely  upon  habits  of  industry.  He  attributes 
his  success  in  life  to  always  holding  himself  in  readiness  to  help  "the 
under  dog,"  and  never  attempting  to  impress  his  fellowmen  with  a 
sense  of  his  attainments,  of  his  exclusiveness  or  of  any  assumed  claim 
of  superiority.  To  the  youth  of  America  he  says:  "When  you  are 
conscious  of  your  limitations  never  attempt  to  palm  yourself  off  as  a 
greater  person  than  you  really  are;  always  recognize  your  limitations, 
or  you  will  surely  be  detected  and  condemned  to  a  lower  plane  than 
you  really  ought  to  occupy.  There  is  altogether  too  much  veneered 
furniture  on  exhibition  all  the  time." 


nr 


GEORGE    ALFRED   TOWNSEND 

OWNSEND,  GEORGE  ALFRED,  veteran  newspaper  cor- 
respondent, war  correspondent  for  the  New  York  "Herald" 
and  the  New  York  "World,"  author  of  descriptive  daily 
newspaper  correspondence  signed  "  Gath,"  and  writer  of  many  books; 
was  born  in  Georgetown,  Delaware,  January  30,  1841.  His  father, 
the  Reverend  Stephen  Townsend,  M.D.,  D.D.,  a  well  known  physician 
and  clergyman,  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Ralph  Milbourne,  descend- 
ant of  General  Jacob  Milbourne,  who  was  prominent  in  the  early 
history  of  the  colonies  of  New  York,  New  England  and  Maryland 
about  1688.  His  grandfather,  Stephen  Townsend,  was  descended 
from  John  Townsend,  who  came  to  St.  Mary's,  Virginia  in  1686,  as 
interpreter  for  the  Indian  chiefs  from  the  Eastern  shore  of  Maryland, 
and  settled  in  Nassawadox,  Virginia;  and  from  Richard  Townsend, 
the  immigrant,  who  was  indentured  to  Doctor  John  Potts  of  James- 
town, became  a  burgess,  councilor  and  assemblyman,  and  joined 
William  Claiborne  and  Captain  Richard  Ingle's  "Men  of  Kent"  in 
their  efforts  to  restore  to  Virginia  the  land  claimed  by  Lord  Baltimore, 
by  expelling  Governor  Leonard  Calvert  in  1645;  whence  Claiborne 
and  Ingle  went  down  in  history  as  "the  rebels." 

George  Alfred  Townsend  was  prepared  for  college  in  the  schools 
of  his  native  city,  was  graduated  at  the  Philadelphia  high  school, 
A.B.,  1860,  and  at  once  entered  journalism  as  a  reporter  on  the  Phila- 
delphia "Inquirer"  transferring  his  service  soon  after  to  the  Phila- 
delphia "Press."  He  became  local  news  agent  for  the  New  York 
"Herald"  in  Philadelphia  in  1861,  and  was  correspondent  for  the 
"Herald"  in  1862,  notably  in  McClellan's  Peninsular  campaign  and 
in  the  army  of  Pope  in  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run.  He  then  went 
to  Europe  and  while  in  England  wrote  for  English  and  American 
newspapers  and  lectured  on  the  Civil  war  as  observed  by  him  in  the 
field.  On  his  return  to  America  in  1864  he  became  war  correspond- 
ent of  the  New  York  "  World,"  exacting  from  that  paper  the  condition 
that  all  his  articles  should  be  signed  by  his  full  name  and  this  brought 
him  prominently  before  the  American  public  as  a  war  correspondent 
and  an  unusually  lucid  and  effective  descriptive  writer. 


GEORGE   ALFRED  TOWNSEND  351 

He  went  to  the  seat  of  the  Austro-Prussian  war  in  1866,  as 
correspondent  of  the  New  York  "World";  and  from  1867  he  wrote 
from  his  home  in  Maryland,  or  his  office  or  winter  home  in  Washing- 
ton, District  of  Columbia,  daily  letters  of  from  one  to  three  columns 
for  the  Chicago  "Tribune,"  the  Cincinnati  "Enquirer"  and  other 
leading  newspapers.  His  articles  were  largely  descriptive  of  men  and 
places,  and  were  of  considerable  historic  value. 

He  was  married  in  December,  1865,  to  Bessie  E.,  daughter  of 
Samuel  and  Mary  (Vandergrift)  Rhodes.  He  built  a  home  on  the 
battle  ground  of  Crompton  Gap,  South  Mountain,  Maryland,  and 
named  the  place  "Gapland";  and  around  this  picturesque  home  a 
considerable  village  grew  up  which  also  took  the  name  of  Gapland. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  play  entitled  "The  Bohemians"  (1862)  and  of 
books:  "Campaigns  of  a  Non-Combatant"  (1865);  "Life  of  Gari- 
baldi" (1867);  "Real  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln"  (1867);  "The  New 
World  Compared  with  the  Old"  (1868);  "Poems"  (1870);  "Wash- 
ington Outside  and  Inside"  (1871);  "Mormon  Trials  at  Salt  Lake" 
(1872);  "Washington  Rebuilded"  (1873);  "Tales  of  the  Chesa- 
peake" (1880);  "Bohemian  Days"  (1881);  "Poetical  Addresses" 
(1883);  "The  Entailed  Hat"  (1884);  "President  Cromwell"  (A 
drama,  1885) ;  "  Katy  of  Catockin  "  (1886) ;  "  Life  of  Levi  P.  Morton  " 
(1888);  "Tales  of  Gapland;  Mrs.  Reynolds  and  Hamilton"  (1887); 
"Columbus  in  Love"  (1892);   "Poems  of  Men  and  Events"  (1900). 


ROBERT  JOHN  TRACEWELL 

TRACEWELL,  ROBERT  JOHN,  Hanover  college,  A.B.,  1874; 
lawyer  in  Corydon,  Indiana,  1876-94;  representative  from 
the  third  district  of  Indiana  in  the  fifty-fourth  Congress, 
1895-97;  comptroller  of  the  United  States  treasury  since  August  1, 
1897;  was  born  in  Warren  county,  Virginia,  May  7,  1852;  son  of  Wil- 
liam Neal  and  Louisa  V.  (Brown)  Tracewell.  His  father  removed  to 
Corydon,  Indiana,  where  he  practised  law.  Robert  John  Tracewell 
attended  the  common  schools  of  Corydon,  but  says  he  was  dull  and 
indolent  to  the  degree  of  negligence  in  acquiring  the  tasks  set  for  him, 
and  made  no  serious  effort  to  obtain  an  education  until  he  entered 
Hanover  college  in  1870.  Meantime  he  had  worked  in  a  printing 
office  and  there  gained  his  first  knowledge  of  the  value  of  money  self- 
earned.  He  was  graduated  at  Hanover  college  in  1874,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1875,  having  studied  law  in  his  father's  office. 
He  practised  in  Corydon  up  to  the  time  of  taking  his  seat  in  the 
United  States  house  of  representatives,  March  4,  1895.  He  was  the 
Republican  candidate  for  representative  from  the  third  district  of 
Indiana  to  the  fifty-fourth  Congress  in  1894,  and  was  elected  over 
Strother  M.  Stockslager,  Democratic  representative  in  the  forty- 
seventh  and  forty-eighth  Congresses,  by  a  plurality  of  six  hundred 
and  fifty-six  votes,  the  first  Republican  to  be  elected  from  the  dis- 
trict. He  was  defeated  for  reelection  in  1896  by  Judge  William  T. 
Zenor,  of  Corydon,  Democrat,  by  two  thousand  five  hundred  and 
forty-eight  votes,  there  being  no  third  candidate  in  the  field.  On 
August  1,  1897,  he  was  sworn  in  as  comptroller  of  the  United  States 
treasury,  having  been  appointed  to  the  office  by  President  McKinley 
as  successor  to  Robert  B.  Bowler.  He  received  the  honorary  degree 
of  A.M.  from  Hanover  in  1893,  and  that  of  LL.D.  in  1903.  He  asserts 
that  contact  with  his  classmates  in  college  and  his  legal  brethren  at 
the  bar  were  the  strongest  influences  to  direct  his  course  in  life,  and 
that  the  choice  of  a  profession  was  his  personal  preference.  His 
counsel  to  young  men  is  to  "  do  the  thing  however  humble  they  find 
at  hand  better  than  the  average  person."     His  greatest  regret  in  life 


ROBERT  JOHN  TRACEWELL  353 

is  the  time  he  wasted  when  a  boy  at  school  and  during  the  early  years 
of  his  professional  life. 

He  was  married  April  1,  1878  to  Grace  G.  Bean,  daughter  of 
James  M.  and  Mary  Bean  of  Corydon,  Indiana,  and  four  of  their  five 
children  were  living  in  1906. 


HENRY  ST.  GEORGE  TUCKER 

TUCKER,  HENRY  ST.  GEORGE.  Dean  Tucker,  of  George 
Washington  university,  is  a  native  of  Winchester,  Virginia, 
and  a  descendant  of  an  old  Virginia  family,  his  immediate 
ancestors,  back  to  his  great  grandfather,  having  been  lawyers,  judges 
and  authors  in  the  Old  Dominion.  His  earliest  ancestor  in  America, 
St.  George  Tucker,  came  to  Virginia  from  Bermuda.  His  father, 
John  Randolph  Tucker,  was  especially  distinguished,  holding  the 
positions  of  attorney-general  of  Virginia,  member  of  congress  and 
university  professor  of  law.  He  was  a  man  of  logical  acuteness, 
religious  earnestness,  and  a  strong  sense  of  humor,  and  he  exerted  a 
most  beneficial  influence  upon  the  character  of  his  son.  Born  on 
April  5,  1853,  Henry  St.  George  Tucker  lived  in  the  village  or  the 
country  and  during  youth  indulged  in  the  outdoor  sports  of  a  healthy 
lad,  while  he  did  a  wholesome  share  of  useful  labor,  such  as  wood 
cutting,  work  in  the  harvest  field,  "  going  to  mill,"  and  similar  pieces 
of  work  for  boys  in  a  rural  home.  His  early  education  was  obtained 
in  the  Loudoun  school,  and  was  followed  by  a  term  in  Washington  and 
Lee  university,  at  Lexington,  Virginia,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1875.  The  next  year  he  studied  law  in  the  same  institution,  graduat- 
ing B.L.  in  1876.  In  recent  years  he  has  been  honored  with  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  University  of  Mississippi,  and  from  the 
Columbian  (now  George  Washington)  university  at  Washington. 

Mr.  Tucker  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1876,  and  at  once  opened 
an  office  at  Staunton,  Virginia,  where  he  continued  the  practice  of 
law  until  1889,  with  an  ability  that  brought  him  success  and  marked 
eminence  in  his  profession.  Shortly  after  beginning  his  legal  work 
(October  25,  1877)  he  married  Henrietta  P.  Johnston,  who  died  in 
May,  1900,  leaving  six  surviving  children.  He  married  again 
(January  13,  1903)  Martha  Sharpe,  of  Wilkesbarre,  Pennsylvania. 
Mr.  Tucker's  legal  career  was  followed  by  an  eight  years'  period  of 
service  in  the  national  legislature,  where  he  was  a  member  of  the 
house  of  representatives  from  1889  to  1897.     As  a  congressman,  a 


HENRY  ST.  GEORGE  TUCKER  355 

member  of  the  Democratic  side  of  the  house,  he  was  active  and  pro- 
gressive, his  most  notable  service  being  the  origination  and  earnest 
advocacy  of  a  bill  in  favor  of  a  constitutional  amendment  for  the 
election  of  United  States  senators  by  the  people,  and  a  bill  for  the 
repeal  of  the  Federal  election  law.  The  latter  was  passed  and  was 
signed  by  President  Cleveland,  February  8,  1894.  His  congressional 
experience  ending  in  1897,  he  was  elected  to  succeed  his  father  as 
professor  of  Constitutional  and  International  Law  and  Equity  in 
Washington  and  Lee  university.  He  was  also  dean  of  the  law  school 
from  1899  to  1902.  These  positions  he  filled  with  credit  until  1902, 
when  he  resigned;  and  shortly  afterward  he  accepted  his  present 
position,  that  of  dean  of  the  schools  of  Law  and  Diplomacy  in  the 
Columbian  university,  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  now  the 
George  Washington  university.  Mr.  Tucker  is  the  author  of 
"Tucker  on  the  Constitution,"  a  two- volume  work  published  at 
Chicago  in  1899. 

At  the  annual  meeting  in  St.  Louis  in  September,  1904,  of  the 
American  Bar  Association,  Mr.  Tucker  was  elected  president  of  that 
body  for  the  ensuing  year — an  honor  which  his  father  had  so  worthily 
worn  just  twelve  years  before. 

To  this  sketch  of  the  leading  details  of  Dean  Tucker's  life,  a  few 
words  of  comment  as  to  its  guiding  influences  may  be  added.  A 
member  of  the  Presbyterian  church,  his  earnest  study  of  the  Bible 
has  been  one  of  the  strong  forces  bearing  upon  his  moral  development. 
The  works  of  Shakespeare  and  Burns  have  played  a  similar  part  in  his 
intellectual  growth  and  development.  While  his  profession  was  of 
his  own  choice,  he  was  led  to  adopt  it  by  family  traditions;  and  his 
early  impulse  to  strive  for  life's  prizes  undoubtedly  came  from  his 
father.  Home  influence,  indeed,  especially  that  of  his  father,  was 
the  chief  element  in  launching  him  successfully  upon  the  voyage  of 
life.  His  father  taught  him  the  rule  for  attaining  success,  which  he 
offers  toothers:  To  "fix  upon  a  career  early  in  life  and  stick  to' it." 
Asked  for  his  favorite  recreation  Dean  Tucker  says  that  it  consists 
in  what  some  might  deem  the  laborious  exercise  of  "speaking  in  the 
cause  of  public  education  in  the  South" — a  fact  which  speaks 
decisively  for  the  earnestness  and  public  spirit  of  the  man.  His  inter- 
est in  the  advancement  of  education  in  the  South  has  been  untiring, 
and  for  two  years  under  the  direction  of  the  Southern  Educational 
Board  he  was  engaged  in  canvassing  the  state  of  Virginia  and  arousing 


356  HENRY  ST.  GEORGE  TUCKER 

the  people  to  favor  public  schools  for  all.  The  good  effects  of  this 
work  are  seen  in  the  progressive  and  liberal  legislation  of  the  past 
few  years  in  Virginia  for  the  public  schools. 


JAMES  WOLCOTT  WADSWORTH 

WADSWORTH,  JAMES  WOLCOTT,  soldier,  farmer,  legis- 
lator, member  of  the  lower  house  of  congress  from  the 
thirty-fourth  New  York  district,  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania,  October  12,  1846,  son  of  General  James  S.  and  Mary 
(Wharton)  Wadsworth.  He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools,  and 
at  a  college  preparatory  school,  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  for 
entrance  to  Yale  college;  but  instead  of  going  to  college  he  entered 
the  army,  in  1864,  serving  until  the  close  of  the  Civil  war  as  aide-de- 
camp on  the  staff  of  General  G.  K.  Warren.  For  distinguished  serv- 
ice at  the  battle  of  Five  Forks,  April  1,  1865,  he  received  the  brevet 
rank  of  major  in  the  United  States  army.  After  the  war  he  took  up 
his  residence  in  Geneseo,  New  York,  where  he  managed  the  family 
estate,  and  during  the  years  1875,  1876,  and  1877,  he  was  supervisor 
of  the  town.  The  following  year  he  was  elected  to  the  New  York 
state  assembly,  in  which  he  was  continued  two  terms;  and  from  1880 
to  1881,  he  was  comptroller  of  the  state  of  New  York.  In  the  latter 
year  he  was  elected  to  congress  from  the  Geneseo  district,  and  has 
served  as  a  member  of  the  forty-seventh,  forty-eighth,  fifty-second, 
fifty-third,  fifty-fourth,  fifty- fifth,  fifty-sixth,  fifty-seventh  and  fifty- 
eighth  Congresses,  and  has  been  reelected  to  the  fifty-ninth  Congress. 
He  is  the  present  chairman  of  the  important  house  committee  on 
Agriculture,  and  a  member  of  the  committee  on  the  District  of 
Columbia. 

On  September  14,  1876,  he  was  married  to  Louise,  daughter  of 
William  R.  and  Louisa  (Johnson)  Travers  of  New  York.  Their  oldest 
son  is,  in  1906,  speaker  of  the  New  York  assembly. 


ARTHUR  LOCKWOOD  WAGNER 

WAGNER,  ARTHUR  LOCKWOOD,  United  States  army  offi- 
cer, was  born  in  Ottawa,  Illinois,  March  16,  1853.  His 
parents  were  Joseph  Henry  and  Gertrude  Matilda  (Hape- 
man)  Wagner.  His  father  was  a  surveyor.  The  earliest  ancestor 
of  the  family  in  this  country  was  Peter  Wagner,  a  native  of  the 
Bavarian  Palatinate,  who  settled  in  the  Mohawk  Valley,  New  York, 
in  1710.  Of  the  five  paternal  ancestors  in  this  country,  four  served 
in  its  various  wars. 

The  early  years  of  the  life  of  Arthur  Lockwood  Wagner  were 
passed  in  the  small  city  in  which  he  was  born.  As  a  boy  his  health 
was  good.  He  was  fond  of  reading  and  of  the  common  out-of-door 
sports  of  boys.  His  mother  had  been  left  a  widow  with  but  limited 
means  for  support,  and  when  he  was  thirteen  years  old  he  left  the 
public  schools  and  commenced  work  as  clerk  in  a  store.  He  con- 
tinued his  studies  without  a  teacher  until,  at  the  age  of  seventeen, 
he  received  an  appointment  to  the  United  States  military  academy 
at  West  Point,  from  which  institution  he  was  graduated  in  1875.  He 
commenced  active  field  service  (with  the  rank  of  second  lieutenant) 
on  the  frontier,  and  served  in  various  Indian  campaigns  in  1876-77 
and  1881.  He  was  professor  of  military  science  and  tactics  at  the 
East  Florida  seminary  in  Gainesville,  Florida,  1882-85,  and  was  sta- 
tioned at  Fort  Douglas,  Utah,  in  1885-86.  In  the  year  last  named 
he  was  appointed  instructor  in  the  art  of  war  at  the  United  States 
infantry  and  cavalry  school,  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kansas. 

While  holding  this  position  he  visited  Europe  to  investigate 
the  military  methods,  schools  and  organizations  of  Germany,  and  to 
study  the  topography  of  the  great  battlefields  in  Germany,  Austria, 
France  and  Belgium.  In  1897  he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  military 
information  division  of  the  war  department  at  Washington.  In 
the  meantime  he  had  passed  through  the  grades  of  first  lieutenant 
and  captain  of  infantry  and  major  in  the  adjutant  general's  depart- 
ment, being  promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  February  26, 
1898.     In  the  war  with  Spain  he  served  on  the  staff  of  General  Miles, 


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ARTHUR  LOCKWOOD    WAGNER  359 

being  detached  for  duty  on  the  staff  of  General  Lawton  in  the  San- 
tiago campaign.  After  the  surrender  of  Santiago  he  rejoined  General 
Miles  and  served  on  his  staff  in  the  campaign  in  Porto  Rico.  From 
January  to  November,  1899,  he  was  adjutant-general  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Dakota,  after  which  he  served  for  more  than  two  years  in 
the  Philippines,  being  on  the  staff  of  Major-General  Bates  in  the 
campaign  in  Cavite  and  Batangar.  He  was  then  appointed  adjutant- 
general  of  the  Department  of  the  Lakes,  and  on  September  18,  1903, 
became  assistant  commandant  General  Service  and  Staff  College  at 
Fort  Leavenworth,  Kansas.  At  the  combined  maneuvers  of  the 
regular  army  and  the  organized  militia,  at  Fort  Riley,  Kansas;  West 
Point,  Kentucky;  Athens,  Ohio;  and  Manassas,  Virginia,  in  1902, 
1903  and  1904,  he  was  chief  umpire;  and  for  his  skill  and  discretion 
in  this  capacity  he  was  officially  commended.  He  reached  the  rank 
of  colonel  and  assistant  adjutant-general,  June  30,  1901.  On  Janu- 
ary 4,  1904,  he  was  assigned  to  duty  at  the  Army  War  college,  and 
on  the  twenty-ninth  of  the  same  month  he  was  detailed  as  a  member 
of  the  general  staff  and  appointed  chief  of  the  third  division  and 
senior  director  of  the  War  college. 

He  was  married  September  5, 1883,  to  Anne  B.  Howard,  daughter 
of  Andrew  Howard,  of  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania.  Of  their  five  chil- 
dren all  were  living  in  1905.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  Frater- 
nity, of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution,  of  the  Army  and  Navy  clubs  of 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  and  Manila,  Philippine  Islands; 
and  of  the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars,  of  Foreign  Wars,  of  Indian 
Wars;  of  the  Army  of  Santiago,  of  the  Army  of  the  Philippines,  of  the 
Carabao;  and  of  the  National  Geographic,  and  of  the  Military  His- 
torical Society  of  Massachusetts.  He  is  the  author  of  "The  Service 
of  Security  and  Information,"  and  of  "Organization  and  Tactics," 
both  of  which  works  are  used  as  text  books  at  West  Point,  at  the 
United  States  Artillery  school,  at  the  Infantry  and  Cavalry  school 
and  the  Staff  college,  and  in  the  examination  of  army  officers  for  pro- 
motion. He  has  also  written,  "The Campaign  of  Koniggratz :  A  study 
of  the  Austro-Prussian  Conflict  in  the  Light  of  the  American  Civil 
War,"  which  received  the  commendation  of  General  Sherman;  "A 
Catechism  of  Outpost  Duty";  and  many  professional  papers,  includ- 
ing "The  Military  Necessities  of  the  United  States  and  the  Best  Pro- 
visions for  Meeting  Them,"  for  which  he  received  the  gold  medal  of 
the  Military  Service  institution;   "The  Military  and  Naval  Policy  of 


360  ARTHUR   LOCKWOOD    WAGNER 

the  United  States,"  which  was  translated  into  French  and  German 
and  reprinted  in  Europe;  "The  Military  Geography  of  Canada"; 
"The  Origin  and  Development  of  Hasty  Intrencfements" ;  and  "An 
American  War  College."  In  these  various  essays  many  measures, 
since  adopted  by  the  government,  were  recommended.  He  has  never 
identified  himself  with  any  political  party.  His  own  preference  gov- 
erned in  the  choice  of  his  profession.  Among  the  powerful  aids  to 
his  success  he  names  private  study,  and  the  sustaining  encouragement 
of  his  mother,  who  was  a  woman  of  excellent  disposition  and  fine 
character.  The  books  which  have  helped  him  most  are  military  his- 
tories and  works  on  the  art  of  war.  The  first  strong  impulse  to  strive 
for  the  prizes  which  he  has  won  came  largely  from  family  tradition. 
With  the  exception  of  the  war  with  Mexico,  his  family  has  been  repre- 
sented in  all  the  wars  of  this  country  from  the  early  colonial  wars 
with  France;  and  the  Civil  war,  which  was  in  progress  during  his 
youth,  made  a  strong  impression  upon  his  mind  and  had  much  to  do 
in  leading  him  to  choose  the  military  profession. 

General  Wagner  died    at  Asheville,  North  Carolina,  June   17, 
1905. 


RICHARD  WAINWRIGHT 

WAINWRIGHT,  RICHARD,  naval  officer,  is  the  son  of  the 
distinguished  naval  officer,  Captain  Richard  Wainwright, 
who  was  prominent  during  the  Civil  war.  Admiral  Farra- 
gut,  under  whom  the  elder  Wainwright  served,  commended  his 
gallantry  and  heroic  action  especially  during  the  siege  of  New 
Orleans  and  in  the  taking  of  the  Vicksburg  batteries.  He  was  in 
command  of  the  flagship  Hartford,  and  was  ordered  to  attack  Fort 
Jackson.  The  Confederates  set  afloat  a  number  of  firerafts,  by  which 
the  rigging  of  the  Hartford  was  ignited,  but  her  captain  with  con- 
summate skill  and  energy  succeeded  in  beating  off  the  fireraf  t  and  the 
ram  Manassas  as  well.  While  still  commander  of  the  Hartford,  he 
met  with  an  untimely  end  near  New  Orleans,  August  10,  1862.  His 
most  marked  characteristics  were  executive  ability  and  heroism. 
His  son  has  inherited  these  qualities;  and  no  doubt  the  stirring  scenes 
of  the  Civil  war,  and  the  noble  part  taken  by  his  father  in  some  of 
the  most  notable  battles  of  that  war,  made  a  deep  impression  on  his 
mind  as  a  boy.  It  was  also  his  mother's  wish  that  he  should  follow 
the  profession  to  which  his  father  had  given  his  life.  He  counts 
among  his  ancestors  the  distinguished  names  of  Benjamin  Franklin, 
Alexander  Dallas  and  Colonel  R.  D.  Wainwright,  United  States 
Medical  college.  His  mother's  maiden  name  was  Sallie  Franklin 
Bache. 

He  was  born  in  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  December  17, 
1849.  His  education  was  pursued  in  private  schools  in  that  city. 
He  was  moderately  strong  while  young  and  books  were  the  chief 
interest  of  his  earlier  years.  After  the  necessary  preparation,  he 
was  appointed  to  the  naval  academy,  Annapolis,  Maryland,  and  was 
graduated  from  that  institution  in  1868.  Later  in  life  he  took  a 
course  of  law  at  the  Columbian  university  law  school,  graduating  in 
1884;  and  he  has  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  that  university. 

As  midshipman,  after  graduation  from  the  naval  academy,  he 
was  ordered  to  the  Jamestown  in  connection  with  the  Pacific  fleet; 
was  promoted  ensign  April  19,  1869,  and  was  then  attached  to  the 
hydrographic    office    at    Washington,    District    of   Columbia.     The 


362  RICHARD   WAIN  WRIGHT 

following  year  he  was  promoted  master,  and  was  assigned  to  the  flag- 
ship Colorado  of  the  Asiatic  fleet,  from  1870  to  1873.  He  was  pro- 
moted lieutenant,  September  23,  1873;  he  served  again  for  two  years, 
1873-75,  in  the  hydrographic  bureau;  he  was  then  for  three  years, 
1875-78,  in  command  of  the  coast  survey  vessel,  Arago;  after  which, 
for  a  period  of  three  years,  from  1878  to  1881,  he  served  with  Rear- 
Admiral  Thomas  H.  Patterson  of  the  Asiatic  squadron.  He  was  then 
with  the  North  Atlantic  squadron  in  different  capacities  until  1887. 
He  was  promoted  lieutenant-commander  in  1894,  and  during  the 
interval  between  1887  and  1894,  he  was  on  duty  at  the  naval  academy 
and  again  at  the  hydrographic  office  in  Washington.  He  was  put  in 
charge  of  the  battleship  Maine,  December,  1897,  as  executive  officer, 
and  was  on  board  that  vessel  when  she  was  blown  up  in  Havana 
harbor,  February  15,  1898.  His  scientific  knowledge  was  of  great 
assistance  at  this  time  of  excitement  and  distress,  and  his  heroic 
qualities  were  as  evident  as  was  his  scientific  knowledge,  in  his  direc- 
tion of  the  divers  who  undertook  the  recovery  of  the  bodies  of  the 
valiant  men  who  were  the  victims  of  this  disaster.  On  April  5,  he 
pulled  down  the  colors  of  the  wrecked  battleship. 

During  the  blockade  of  the  harbor  of  Santiago,  Cuba,  he  was  in 
command  of  the  Gloucester,  with  the  blockading  fleet  of  Admiral 
Sampson.  July  3,  1898,  he  took  part  in  the  destruction  of  Cervera's 
fleet;  and  he  destroyed  the  torpedo  boats  Pluton  and  Furor.  After 
the  decisive  victory,  the  Gloucester  under  his  command  rescued  the 
drowning  Spaniards  and  took  charge  of  prisoners;  and  he  received 
Admiral  Cervera  on  board  the  Gloucester.  His  heroic  and  efficient 
service  through  these  July  days  of  1898  was  most  highly  appreciated 
by  the  country  at  large.  The  citizens  of  Gloucester,  Massachusetts, 
presented  him  with  a  silver  loving  cup,  and  his  native  city  of  Wash- 
ington gave  him  a  sword  as  memorials  of  his  most  humane  and  bril- 
liant achievements.  In  August,  1898,  he  was  advanced  ten  numbers 
in  rank,  and  on  March  3,  1899,  he  was  promoted  commander. 

Since  the  Spanish  war  he  has  been  in  command  of  several  war- 
ships. For  two  years,  from  1900-02,  he  held  the  superintendency 
of  the  naval  academy;  and  in  1903  he  was  in  command  of  the  Newark. 
Reading  on  military  and  naval  subjects  is  his  recreation. 

On  September  11,  1873,  he  was  married  to  Evelyn  Wotherspoon 
of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia.  They  have  had  three  children, 
two  of  whom  were  living  in  1906. 


CHARLES  DOOLITTLE  WALCOTT 

WALCOTT,  CHARLES  DOOLITTLE.  There  is  no  more 
absorbing  pursuit  than  that  of  scientific  research,  none  that 
more  fully  fills  the  measure  of  a  man's  life,  leading  him 
onward  from  problem  to  problem,  and  affording  satisfactions  which 
money-making  cannot  give.  This  is  well  illustrated  in  the  career  of 
Charles  D.  Walcott.  Born  in  the  village  of  New  York  Mills,  Oneida 
county,  New  York,  March  31,  1850,  the  son  of  Charles  D.  and  Mary 
(Lane)  Walcott,  he  was  a  boy  of  delicate  health  and  studious  habits. 
The  character  of  his  future  career  was  indicated  in  his  thirteenth 
year,  when  he  found  at  once  enjoyment  and  instruction  in  the  collec- 
tion of  fossils  at  Trenton  Falls,  New  York,  and  the  study  of  science 
in  many  branches,  on  winter  evenings.  Mr.  Walcott's  father  was  a 
cotton  manufacturer,  and  a  man  of  business  integrity  and  sagacity, 
who  died  in  1852,  leaving  the  mother  to  care  for  the  children.  Charles 
was  educated  with  a  view  to  business  pursuits,  in  the  public  and  high 
schools  of  Utica,  New  York.  On  leaving  school,  he  spent  two  years 
in  a  business  house;  but  the  boy's  inclination  for  geologic  study  had 
grown  too  strong  to  be  easily  overcome,  and  his  persistent  research 
in  the  rock-world  bore  fruit. 

During  five  years  of  life  on  a  farm  he  had  made  a  valuable  collec- 
tion of  fossils,  which  was  afterward  purchased  by  Professor  Louis 
Agassiz  for  the  Cambridge  museum;  and  in  1876  his  reputation  as  an 
ardent  young  geologist  brought  him  the  offer  of  a  position  as  assistant 
to  Professor  James  Hall,  state  geologist  of  New  York.  During  his 
three  years  of  active  labor  in  this  position,  he  extended  researches 
(begun  upon  New  York's  geological  problems)  to  the  neighboring 
fields  of  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Canada.  Mr.  Walcott  was  appointed  on 
the  United  States  geological  survey  in  1879,  his  early  work  on  the 
survey  carrying  him  into  the  then  unexplored  plateau  country 
extending  through  Utah  and  the  Grand  Canon  of  the  Colorado,  where 
he  made  valuable  investigations.  Later  he  became  deeply  inter- 
ested in  an  investigation  of  the  Cambrian  system  of  the  Appalachians, 


364  CHARLES  DOOLITTLE  WALCOTT 

from  the  St.  Lawrence  river  to  Alabama,  the  results  of  which  he  pub- 
lished in  numerous  works,  and  in  1888  summarized  before  the  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Geologists  in  London.  He  was  especially 
interested  in  the  study  of  remains  of  ancient  life;  and  in  1891  he  was 
appointed  chief  paleontologist  to  the  United  States  geological  survey, 
two  years  later  being  made  geologist  in  charge  of  its  branches  of 
geology  and  paleontology.  The  broad  scope  of  work  given  him  in 
this  position  was  further  widened  in  1894,  when  he  succeeded  Major 
Powell  as  director  of  the  survey.  Shortly  afterward  he  was  awarded 
the  Bigsby  medal  by  the  Geological  Society  of  London,  in  honor  of 
his  long-continued  work  of  research. 

Doctor  Walcott  has  continued  active  in  the  work  of  exploration 
and  the  development  of  the  natural  resources  of  the  arid  region  of 
the  West.  The  great  task  at  present  under  his  direction  is  that  of 
carrying  out  the  immense  plans  for  irrigating  this  enormous  arid 
region  recently  undertaken  by  the  government.  In  1897-98  he 
served  also  as  assistant  secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  in 
charge  of  the  National  Museum;  and  since  1902  he  has  been  secretary 
of  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington.  He  has  added  to  the 
treasures  of  the  National  Museum  several  valuable  collections  of 
invertebrate  fossils. 

Doctor  Walcott  has  been  honored  with  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  Hamilton  college,  and  from  the  universities  of  Chicago,  Johns 
Hopkins,  and  Pennsylvania.  He  has  been  chosen  to  membership 
in  several  foreign  geological  societies;  and  he  is  a  member  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Science,  the  American  Philosophical  Society 
and  of  other  scientific  organizations  of  the  United  States  and  Europe. 
His  several  works  have  become  authorities  on  the  subjects  treated, 
the  most  famous  of  them  being  his  monograph  on  the  fauna  of  the 
Lower  Cambrian,  which  deals  with  the  oldest  known  forms  of  life. 

Married  June  22,  1888,  to  Helena  Burrows  Stevens,  Doctor 
Walcott  has  a  family  of  four  children.  In  religious  affiliation  he  is  a 
Presbyterian.  The  influences  to  which  his  life  work  has  been  due 
were  largely  those  of  his  home  surroundings  and  private  study;  but 
especially  he  was  urged  on  by  an  inborn  passion  for  research.  In 
scientific  research  he  found  recreation  as  well  as  labor;  in  field  work 
in  geology,  in  camping  out,  tramping,  horseback  riding,  quarrying, 
etc.,  he  has  found  a  perennial  source  of  enjoyment  and  of  good 
health.     In  his  view  success  in  life  is  largely  dependent  upon  "  the 


CHARLES   DOOLITTLE    WALCOTT  365 

early  selection  of  a  definite  pursuit,  as  broad  a  training  for  this  as 
possible,  and  subsequent  earnest  devotion  to  it — all  interfering  habits 
or  inclinations  being  sternly  set  aside.  Add  to  this,  strict  obedience 
to  the  Golden  Rule,  and  one  cannot  well  miss  making  an  honorable 
mark  in  life." 


JOHN  GRIMES  WALKER 

WALKER,  JOHN  GRIMES,  LL.D.,  rear-admiral  United 
States  navy,  has  served  his  country  with  fidelity  and 
success,  in  peace  and  in  war,  at  home  and  abroad,  for  more 
than  fifty  years.  He  has  become  eminent  as  an  engineer,  as  well  as 
distinguished  as  a  naval  officer,  and  when,  on  account  of  age,  he  had 
been  for  years  retired  from  active  service  in  the  navy,  he  became 
the  head  of  the  government  commission  for  the  construction  of  an 
isthmian  canal  which  is  one  of  the  most  important  and  most  difficult 
of  all  the  great  works  of  its  kind  ever  projected. 

He  was  born  at  Hillsboro,  New  Hampshire,  March  20,  1835. 
His  parents  were  Alden  and  Susan  (Grimes)  Walker.  Alden  Walker 
was  engaged  in  manufacturing  and  farming.  He  was  noted  for  his 
firmness,  integrity,  and  high  sense  of  justice.  While  most  of  his 
time  was  spent  in  attending  to  his  private  business,  for  a  while  he 
held  the  office  of  sheriff,  the  duties  of  which  he  performed  with  wis- 
dom and  fidelity.  His  wife  was  a  woman  of  fine  mind  and  noble 
character  who  died  while  her  son  was  quite  young.  Rear-Admiral 
Walker  traces  his  ancestry  in  this  country  back  to  1643,  at  which 
time,  according  to  the  records  of  that  place  a  "  Widow  Walker,"  of 
Rehoboth  (now  Seekonk),  Massachusetts,  signed  a  petition  for  the 
division  of  public  lands.  Among  his  ancestors  was  Samuel  Walker, 
who  died  in  1712,  a  captain  in  King  Philip's  war,  a  representative  in 
the  general  court  of  Massachusetts  in  1705,  and  a  man  of  large  posses- 
sions for  that  time.  Other  prominent  members  of  the  family  were 
Aaron  Walker,  a  lieutenant  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  who  died  in 
1775,  and  Samuel  Walker,  who  died  in  1831,  and  had  served  for  a 
number  of  years  in  the  Continental  army. 

Most  of  the  early  life  of  Rear-Admiral  Walker  was  spent  in  a 
country  village  but  for  about  two  years  before  he  entered  the  naval 
academy  he  lived  in  a  town.  In  childhood  and  youth  his  health  was 
delicate,  and  there  was  a  marked  weakness  of  the  lungs;  but  the  boy 
was  always  cheerful  and  during  play  hours  he  was  a  leader  of  his 
companions  in  their  country  games  and  sports.     During  his  boyhood 


JOHN   GRIMES   WALKER  367 

he  had  the  usual  tasks  which  boys  who  lived  on  a  farm  in  those  days 
were  required  to  perform.  In  acquiring  an  education  no  unusual 
difficulties  were  encountered.  The  foundations  were  laid  in  the  dis- 
trict schools  and  in  a  country  academy  at  which  a  brief  course  of 
study  was  taken.  In  1850  he  was  appointed  from  Iowa  and  entered 
the  United  States  naval  academy,  from  which  he  was  graduated  with 
the  highest  honors  in  1856.  After  serving  on  various  ships,  and  being 
promoted,  in  due  course,  master  and  lieutenant,  he  was  instructor  in 
the  naval  academy,  1859-60.  During  the  civil  war  he  served  for 
more  than  two  years  on  gunboats  on  the  Mississippi  river  and  took  a 
leading  part  in  many  battles.  He  commanded  the  ironclad  Baron 
de  Kalb  in  various  engagements,  including  the  attacks  upon  Vicks- 
burg,  and  was  reported  for  gallantry  by  Admiral  Porter,  the  officer 
in  command  of  the  fleet.  While  in  command  of  the  same  boat,  he 
rendered  valuable  service  in  the  expedition  to  Yazoo  Pass.  Subse- 
quently he  was  in  command  of  other  boats  and  took  part  in  opera- 
tions on  the  North  Atlantic  coast.  In  1866  he  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  commander  and  became  assistant  superintendent  of  the  naval 
academy.  After  serving  in  this  capacity  for  three  years  he  took  a 
class  of  midshipmen  to  Europe.  In  1873  he  became  secretary  of  the 
lighthouse  board  which  office  he  retained  for  five  years.  He  was  the 
head  of  the  bureau  of  navigation  1881-89,  and  in  this  capacity  he 
rendered  important  services  to  the  secretary  of  the  navy.  He  was  in 
command  of  the  white  squadron  in  its  visit  to  Europe  and  at  the 
Atlantic  stations  1889-93,  and  in  1894  he  was  promoted  rear-admiral. 
In  this  year  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  Pacific  squadron  and 
proceeded  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands  to  guard  American  interests  which 
at  that  time  were  seriously  imperiled.  In  this  mission  he  was  very 
successful.  He  held  the  highly  responsible  positions  of  chairman  of 
the  Lighthouse  Board  and  chairman  of  the  board  for  the  Location  of 
a  Deep  Water  Harbor  in  Southern  California  1896-97,  and  in  the 
year  last  named,  having  reached  the  legal  age-limit,  he  was  retired 
from  active  naval  service.  In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  presi- 
dent of  the  Nicaragua  canal  commission  in  which  capacity  he  served 
for  two  years.  He  was  then  appointed  president  of  a  commission  to 
investigate  the  various  proposed  routes  for  an  isthmian  canal  and 
report  upon  the  same.  After  the  selection  of  the  Panama  route,  he 
was  appointed  in  1904,  by  President  Roosevelt,  president  of  the  board 
which  was  charged  with  the  construction  of  the  canal  and  he  entered 


368  JOHN   GRIMES   WALKER 

upon  the  active  duties  of  the  office  in  the  spring  of  that  year.  In 
addition  to  his  other  services  Rear-Admiral  Walker  has  been  very 
earnest  and  efficient  in  his  efforts  to  build  up  the  new  navy. 

Rear-Admiral  Walker  was  married  September  12,  1866,  to 
Rebecca  White  Pickering.  They  have  had  seven  children  of  whom 
five  are  now  living.  The  degree  of  LL.D.  has  been  conferred  upon 
him  by  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Metropolitan  club  of  Washington,  and  of  the  University  club  of  New 
York  city.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati,  of 
the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United  States,  of  the 
Sons  of  the  Revolution,  of  the  Military  Order  of  Foreign  Wars,  of  the 
Naval  Order,  the  Military  Order  of  the  French  Alliance,  and  of  the 
Masonic  Order.  In  several  of  these  organizations  he  has  held  promi- 
nent positions.  He  has  been  president  of  the  Metropolitan  club  of 
Washington,  general  commander  of  the  Naval  Order,  commander  of 
the  District  of  Columbia  Commandery  Loyal  Legion,  commander  of 
the  District  of  Columbia  Society  of  Foreign  Wars,  and  vice  com- 
mander-general of  the  Military  Order  of  the  French  Alliance .  During 
almost  his  entire  active  life  he  has  been  connected  with  the  navy.  He 
has  never  identified  himself  with  any  political  party.  While  not  an 
active  member  of  any  religious  denomination  he  is  in  sympathy  with 
the  liberal,  or  Unitarian  faith. 

In  childhood  and  youth  he  says  that  he  was  ambitious;  and 
a  desire  to  excel  has  had  much  to  do  with  his  success  in  making 
his  way  in  the  world.  Such  tasks  as  he  was  required  to  perform 
not  only  accustomed  him  to  labor  but  also  gave  him  an  idea 
of  responsibility  which  has  influenced  him  in  all  his  subsequent  life. 
In  the  choice  of  a  profession  he  was  allowed  to  follow  his  own  prefer- 
ence. He  has  never  followed  any  system  of  physical  culture  or  given 
attention  to  athletics.  His  principal  relaxations  have  been  found  in 
the  exercise  and  the  sports  of  country  life.  His  reading  has  been 
varied  but  he  has  found  historic  and  biographic  works  the  most 
helpful  to  him  in  winning  success.  In  estimating  the  various  forces 
which  have  had  a  determining  influence  upon  his  career  Rear-Admiral 
Walker  mentions  contact  with  men  in  active  life  as  the  strongest. 

Among  the  important  means  for  obtaining  success  which  experi- 
ence and  observation  have  led  Rear-Admiral  Walker  to  recommend, 
are  "good  habits,  persistent  and  determined  effort,  and  a  reasonable 
degree  of  confidence  in  one's  own  powers  of  accomplishment."     In 


JOHN   GRIMES   WALKER  369 

addition  to  these,  as  a  point  upon  which  especial  stress  is  laid,  he 
names  the  unswerving  integrity  which  tends  to  make  a  strong  char- 
acter and  which  wins  and  permanently  holds  the  respect  and  confi- 
dence of  acquaintances  and  friends. 


THOMAS  F.  WALSH 

WALSH,  THOMAS  F.,  mining  engineer,  capitalist,  was  born 
in  1851,  on  a  farm  in  Baptist  Grange,  near  Fethard,  county 
of  Tipperary,  Ireland,  son  of  Thomas  and  Bridget  (Scully) 
Walsh.  He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools,  learned  the  mill- 
wright and  carpenter's  trade,  and  came  to  the  United  States  in  1870, 
locating  at  Worcester,  Massachusetts.  From  there  he  went  to  Colo- 
rado, in  1872,  where  he  engaged  in  mining  and  at  the  same  time  made 
a  close  practical  study  of  geology,  mineralogy  and  metallurgy.  He 
introduced  new  methods  in  the  treatment  of  ores,  and  subsequently 
became  an  extensive  operator  of  mines  in  many  of  the  mining  states 
and  territories  of  the  West,  including  the  celebrated  Camp  Bird 
mines  and  mills,  at  Ouray,  Colorado,  of  which  he  was  sole  owner.  He 
is  now  one  of  the  richest  mine  owners  of  the  United  States,  a  director 
in  a  number  of  financial  and  other  institutions,  and  a  large  owner  of 
real  estate  in  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  where  he  now  resides. 
In  1894,  he  was  delegate-at-large  from  Colorado  to  the  Repub- 
lican national  convention  at  Chicago.  He  was  one  of  the  national 
commissioners  to  the  Paris  exposition  of  1900.  He  is  in  1906  presi- 
dent of  the  Irrigation  Association  of  America.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  American  Academy  for  the  Advancement  of  Science;  Washing- 
ton Academy  of  Science;  National  Geologic  Society;  American 
Association  of  Mining  Engineers;  Washington  Board  of  Trade; 
Washington  Business  Men's  Association;  American  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, Paris,  France;  American  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Naples, 
Italy;  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Hellenic  Travelers  club, 
of  London;  and  the  American  Political  Science  Association.  He  is 
also  a  member  of  the  following  clubs:  Metropolitan  and  Cosmos,  of 
Washington;  Metropolitan  of  New  York;  Denver  club,  Denver;  El 
Paso  club,  Colorado  Springs;  Automobile  club  of  America;  life  mem- 
ber of  the  Automobile  club  of  France;  the  Pilgrims  club,  of  London, 
and  others.  Few  self-made  men  have  gained  such  genuine  social 
distinction,  both  in  this  country  and  abroad,  as  has  Mr.  Walsh;  and 
for  the  past  decade  the  members  of  his  family  have  been  familiar 


THOMAS   F.    WALSH  371 

figures  in  the  social  life  of  Washington,  Newport  and  other  fashionable 
centers.  He  is  of  a  sunny,  optimistic  temperament;  has  always 
recognized  the  dignity  and  rewards  of  honest  labor  and  is  held  to 
be  loyal  to  the  friends  of  his  early  days. 

In  October,  1879,  he  married  Carrie  Belle  Reed  of  Leadville, 
Colorado.     Three  children  have  been  born  to  them. 


LESTER   FRANK  WARD 


WARD,  LESTER  FRANK,  sociologist,  geologist,  paleontolo- 
gist, was  born  at  Joliet,  Illinois,  June  18,  1841.  He  re- 
ceived his  early  education  in  the  schools  of  his  native  state, 
and  at  Towanda,  Pennsylvania,  where  he  resided  from  1860  to  1862. 
He  enlisted  in  the  Federal  army  during  the  Civil  war  and  was  wounded 
in  the  engagement  at  Chancellorsville.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he 
was  appointed  to  a  position  in  the  United  States  treasury  department, 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  and  was  subsequently  chief  of 
the  division  of  navigation  and  immigration,  and  librarian  of  the 
bureau  of  statistics,  both  of  which  were  at  that  time  under  the  control 
of  the  treasury  department.  His  connection  with  the  department 
continued  until  1872,  during  which  period  he  was  graduated  from 
Columbian  (now  George  Washington)  university,  with  the  degree  of 
A.B.,  in  1869,  and  from  the  law  department  of  the  same  institution, 
in  1871.  In  1881  he  became  assistant  geologist  of  the  United  States 
geological  survey,  and  after  1888  was  chief  paleontologist  of  that 
bureau. 

He  made  extensive  researches  in  the  field  of  paleobotany,  during 
his  scientific  work,  which  also  stimulated  a  deep  interest  in  the 
broader  aspects  of  evolution,  especially  in  its  sociologic  relations. 
While  accepting  the  main  theses  of  Spencer's  work  in  philosophy  he 
radically  modified  them  in  their  application  to  human  society.  This 
led  to  the  publication  of  a  large  work  in  two  volumes,  entitled  "  Dy- 
namic Sociology  "  presenting  a  complete  system  of  cosmic  philosophy 
in  outline,  which  has  been  recognized  as  a  work  of  unusual  force  and 
originality.  His  "Psychic  Factors  of  Civilization"  was  an  expo- 
sition of  the  psychologic  character  of  social  phenomena,  and  certain 
views  set  out  in  both  these  works  were  further  developed  in  his 
"Outlines  of  Sociology,"  and  in  "Pure  Sociology." 

His  principal  writings  include:  "Guide  to  the  Flora  of  Wash- 
ington and  Vicinity"  (1881);  "Dynamic  Sociology"  (2  vols.,  1883); 
"Sketch  of  Paleobotany"  (1885);  "Synopsis  of  the  Flora  of  the 
Laramie  Group"  (1886);  "Types  of  Laramie  Flora"  (1887);  "Geo- 


LESTER    FRANK    WARD  373 

graphical  Distribution  of  Fossil  Plants"  (1888);  "Psychic  Factors 
of  Civilization";  "Psychological  Basis  of  Social  Economics";  "Po- 
litical Ethics  of  Spencer";  "Principles  of  Sociology";  and  "Outlines 
of  Sociology"  (1898);  "Sociology  and  Economics"  (1899);  "Pure 
Sociology  "  (1903) ;  and  more  than  two  hundred  other  scientific  titles. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Economic  Association;  Ameri- 
can Philosophical  Society;  American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social 
Science;  fellow  of  the  American  Academy  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science;  honorary  curator  of  botany  and  fossil  plants,  United  States 
National  Museum;  member  of  the  Cosmos  club,  Washington,  and  in 
1903,  was  president  of  the  Institut  Internationale  de  Sociologie,  at 
Paris.  He  received  the  degree  of  A.M.  from  Columbian  university, 
in  1873,  for  advanced  scientific  work,  and  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.,  from  the  same  institution  in  1897. 


BRAINARD   HENRY  WARNER 

WARNER,  BRAINARD  HENRY,  was  the  founder  and  first 
president  of  the  Washington  Loan  and  Trust  Company 
and  also  of  the  Columbia  National  Bank,  and  has  aided 
greatly  in  developing  the  City  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia, 
in  which  city  the  larger  part  of  his  life  has  been  spent.  Many  of  the 
public  organizations  of  the  District  of  Columbia  owe  their  origin  and 
success  in  no  small  part  to  him.  This  is  particularly  true  of  some 
of  the  leading  charitable  and  religious  institutions  of  the  capital. 
In  the  Washington  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  which  has 
become  a  great  power  for  good  and  numbers  over  twenty-two  hundred 
young  men  in  its  membership,  Mr.  Warner  has  been  warmly  inter- 
ested for  years,  is  at  present  a  director  and  was  formerly  president. 
He  is  also  identified  with  the  Red  Cross  Auxiliary  Association  of  the 
District,  and  was  chairman  for  the  District  of  Columbia  during  the 
Spanish  war.  He  was  for  many  years  president  of  the  Central  dis- 
pensary and  Emergency  hospital  and  during  his  administration  their 
building  was  erected. 

He  was  born  at  Great  Bend,  Pennsylvania,  May  20,  1847,  the 
son  of  Henry  Warner,  a  carpenter  and  builder,  and  a  man  of  decided 
religious  character.  His  mother's  maiden  name  was  Julia  Truesdell; 
and  her  strong  and  elevated  character  was  formative  in  its  effect 
upon  her  son.  On  his  father's  side,  David  Jennings  Warner  of 
Massachusetts,  Captain  Henry  Dudley  Warner  of  Connecticut,  and 
on  his  mother's  side,  Carter  H.  Truesdell,  of  Connecticut,  were  men 
of  worth  and  standing. 

Until  he  was  sixteen,  he  worked  with  his  father  or  helped  in  a 
store;  and  he  feels  that  these  duties  helped  to  form  a  reliable  and 
aggressive  character.  Even  in  his  boyhood  he  was  interested  in 
public  affairs;  and  his  early  proclivities  in  this  direction  led  him 
toward  the  beneficent  public  service  which  has  marked  his  later 
years.  He  says,  "  I  had  little  time  and  money  to  take  an  extended 
education."     He  attended  the  public  schools  and  Great  Bend  Semi- 


BRAINARD   HENRY   WARNER  375 

nary,  and  later,  after  some  years  of  active  life,  he  took  a  course  of 
study  in  Columbian  college,  and  also  in  its  law  school,  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia,  and  was  graduated  from  that  institution  in 
1869.  While  he  has  since  been  a  member  of  the  bar  of  the  District 
of  Columbia,  he  has  never  been  in  active  practice. 

He  came  to  Washington,  when  sixteen  years  old,  and  obtained 
a  clerkship  in  the  Judiciary  Square  hospital,  serving  in  the  position 
four  months,  when  he  was  transferred  to  another  branch  of  the  service 
and  promoted  to  a  clerkship  in  the  war  department.  In  December, 
1866,  he  obtained  a  clerkship  in  the  treasury  department;  and  six 
months  afterward  he  was  made  deputy  collector  of  Internal  Revenue 
for  the  ninth  district  of  Pennsylvania,  having  his  headquarters  at 
Lancaster,  Pennsylvania.  While  in  that  city  he  studied  law  with 
Thaddeus  Stevens,  at  that  time  congressman  from  that  district. 
But  his  desire  to  perfect  himself  led  him,  after  a  stay  of  eighteen 
months,  to  return  to  Washington  and  pursue  a  regular  law  course. 
A  good  business  opportunity  soon  after  offering  itself,  he  gave  up 
the  law  entirely,  and  became  a  member  of  the  real  estate  firm  of 
Joshua  Whitney  and  Company,  continuing  the  business  for  himself, 
after  Mr.  Whitney's  death.  Mr.  Warner  founded  the  business  of  the 
B.  H.  Warner  Company,  and  for  years  was  its  active  head.  He 
sold  his  interest  in  this  firm  in  1902.  He  also  founded  the  firm  of 
J.  H.  Chesley  and  Company  which  was  afterward  changed  to  Rudolph 
West  and  Company.  Mr.  Warner  in  1868  traveled  through  the  West 
as  correspondent  of  the  Harrisburg  "Telegraph,"  and  at  various 
times  he  has  been  interested  in  newspaper  enterprises. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Columbia  and  Republican  clubs  of  Wash- 
ington, District  of  Columbia.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
church  and  for  some  years  has  been  chairman  of  the  Presbyterian 
Alliance  of  the  District.  His  reading  has  been  chiefly  law,  history 
and  romance;  and  he  is  fond  of  athletic  exercise  and  especially  of 
golf.  The  early  associations  of  home  and  school  and  the  circum- 
stances of  his  life  have  all  had  an  influence  upon  his  character.  He 
names  as  early  spurs  to  effort,  "necessity  and  ambition  to  improve 
my  condition."  Speaking  in  self-criticism  he  says,  "I  scattered  my 
energies  too  much,  and  did  not  sufficiently  concentrate  my  powers." 
To  young  people  he  offers  this  counsel:  "Follow  one  occupation  or 
profession;  work  hard  and  persistently.  You  will  thus  get  more 
happiness  and  less  worry." 


376  BRAINARD    HENRY    WARNER 

Mr.  Warner  has  done  much  to  develop  Kensington,  Maryland, 
a  suburb  of  Washington,  where  he  has  a  delightful  country  home. 
He  has  been  twice  married  and  has  nine  children  living. 

Mr.  Warner  is  one  of  the  charter  members  of  the  Second  National 
and  Central  Banks;  and  has  been  at  various  times  a  director  in  the 
Central  National,  the  Metropolitan  National,  the  Columbia  National, 
and  the  National  Savings  Bank,  now  the  National  Savings  and  Trust 
Company.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Columbia  Fire  Insur- 
ance Company,  and  organized  the  syndicate  which  erected  the 
Atlantic  building,  and  constructed  the  Marlborough,  Montgomery, 
Kensington  and  Leamington  apartment  houses,  and  more  than  a 
thousand  dwellings  in  different  sections  of  the  city. 

Mr.  Warner  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Board  of  Trade  and 
its  second  president.  He  was  also  a  trustee  of  the  public  schools  and 
president  of  the  School  Board.  Was  one  of  the  builders  of  the 
Eckington  and  of  the  Anacostia  Railways. 

He  is  a  member  of  many  boards  of  directors  of  different  institu- 
tions, among  them  being  the  American  university,  and  Howard  uni- 
versity. 


JOHN   CRITTENDEN  WATSON 

WATSON,  JOHN  CRITTENDEN.  In  preparing  biographies 
of  officers  in  our  army  and  navy,  it  is  interesting  to  note 
how  many  of  these  men  of  mark  point  the  young  men  not 
merely  to  the  highest  standards  of  honor  and  integrity,  but  explicitly 
to  a  life  of  distinctly  Christian  faith  and  principle,  based  on  the  Bible. 
In  making  a  study  of  the  lives  of  the  men  who  have  helped  to  give 
dignity,  stability  and  expansion  to  our  country,  one  can  not  help 
noticing  for  the  encouragement  of  parents  and  teachers  the  large 
number  who  regard  the  moral  and  religious  training  of  their  early 
years  as  one  of  the  principal  causes  of  their  success  in  active  life. 
Admiral  John  Crittenden  Watson  is  one  of  those  whose  successful 
life-record  may  be  traced  in  large  part  to  the  influence  of  his  home 
and  of  his  teachers.  He  was  born  in  Frankfort,  Kentucky,  August 
24,  1842.  His  father,  Edward  Howe  Watson,  he  refers  to  as  a  man 
of  "great  gentleness,  with  sympathetic  kindness  of  heart  and  love 
of  people,  combined  with  the  highest  courage  and  with  universal 
charm  of  manner."  His  mother's  influence  on  the  formation  of  his 
character  was  such  as  to  ennoble  all  that  was  fine  in  his  natural 
qualities.  Isaac  Allerton  and  Fear  Brewster,  who  came  over  in  the 
Mayflower,  were  among  her  ancestors.  John  J.  Crittenden  of  Ken- 
tucky, author  of  the  Crittenden  Compromise,  was  also  of  his  kin. 

As  a  child  he  was  somewhat  delicate,  though  this  did  not  pre- 
vent his  enjoying  athletic  games,  swimming  and  dancing;  while  books 
and  the  society  of  young  people  were  particularly  attractive  to  him. 
His  early  life  was  passed  at  the  capital  of  Kentucky,  with  visits  to 
the  country  and  to  Louisville,  Washington,  and  Liverpool,  England. 
His  education  was  largely  at  the  famous  school  of  Mr.  B.  B.  Say  re, 
who  was  also  the  teacher  of  Justice  Harlan,  Senators  Vest  and  Black- 
burn, and  of  others  prominent  in  public  life.  He  was  graduated  from 
the  United  States  naval  academy  in  1860.  The  summer  of  1860  he 
spent  on  board  the  United  States  steamship  Susquehanna  in  West 
Indian  waters.     He  made  his  first  voyage  as  midshipman  in  the  same 


378  JOHN    CRITTENDEN    WATSON 

vessel,  cruising  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Mediterranean.     He 
served  also  in  the  flagship  Richmond  in  the  Mediterranean  in  1861. 

During  the  Civil  war  he  was  in  service  on  board  the  flagship 
Hartford  with  Farragut,  on  the  Mississippi  river  and  in  Mobile  bay. 
From  the  time  Farragut's  flag  was  hoisted  until  it  was  hauled  down 
near  the  end  of  the  war,  most  of  the  time  Lieutenant  Watson  was 
flag  lieutenant  to  Farragut.  In  the  Civil  war  he  took  part  in  the 
bombardment  and  passage  of  Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip  and  Chal- 
mette  batteries,  April,  1862;  in  the  passage  of  Vicksburg  batteries, 
June  and  July,  1862;  in  the  passage  of  Port  Hudson,  March  14,  1863; 
and  in  the  engagement  at  Grand  Gulf,  the  same  month;  and  he  was 
in  the  battle  of  Mobile  bay,  August  5,  1864.  He  was  wounded  by 
the  fragment  of  a  shell  at  Warrington.  After  the  war  he  held  various 
commands  at  sea  and  ashore.  He  has  seen  naval  service  in  all  grades 
of  the  United  States  navy,  from  acting  midshipman  in  1856  to  rear- 
admiral  in  1899,  and  in  the  latter  grade  until  August  24,  1904,  the 
date  of  his  retirement.  Immediately  after  the  Civil  war  he  served 
as  watch  division  officer,  navigator,  and  flag  lieutenant  on  board 
Rear-Admiral  Goldsborough's  flagship,  the  Colorado,  and  was  trans- 
ferred as  flag  lieutenant  to  Admiral  Farragut's  staff  on  board  the 
Franklin  in  Europe.  He  was  commander  of  the  United  States  sloop 
of  war  Wyoming  on  the  European  station  and  on  the  Black  sea.  He 
held  the  position  of  equipment  officer,  New  York  Navy  Yard,  from 
1883-86.  Later  he  commanded  the  United  States  sloop,  Iroquois, 
in  the  South  Pacific,  and  became  captain  of  the  United  States  flagship 
San  Francisco,  in  the  Pacific;  and  later  in  the  Atlantic  (in  the  Inter- 
national Review  Fleet)  and  under  Admiral  Benham's  flag  in  the  bay 
of  Rio  Janeiro.  From  1895  to  1898  he  was  commodore,  and  governor 
of  the  United  States  naval  home. 

In  the  war  with  Spain,  he  commanded  the  blockading  squadron 
on  the  North  Cuban  coast,  receiving  his  appointment  May  6,  1898, 
and  serving  in  that  capacity  until  June  27,  1898,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief  of  the  Eastern  squadron.  On  the  fourth 
of  July,  1898,  he  transferred  his  broad  pennant  to  the  United  States 
battleship  Oregon.  He  held  the  position  of  commandant,  Mare 
Island  navy  yard  and  station,  from  October  9,  1898  to  May  15,  1899. 
He  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  naval  forces  on  the  Asiatic  station 
from  June  15,  1899  to  April  19,  1900,  as  the  successor  of  Admiral 
Dewey.     He  was  made  president  of  the  naval  examining  board  Octo- 


JOHN   CRITTENDEN    WATSON  379 

ber  15,  1900;    and  president  of  the  naval  examining  and  retiring 
boards,  July  21,  1902. 

Admiral  Watson  is  a  member  of  the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal 
Legion  of  the  United  States;  the  Kentucky  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the 
American  Revolution;  the  Aztec  Society;  the  Associated  Veterans 
of  Farragut's  Fleet,  and  the  Military  Society  of  Foreign  Wars.  He 
has  been  Commander  of  the  California  Commandery  of  the  Military 
Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United  States;  and  in  1904  he  held 
the  vice-commandership  of  the  Military  Society  of  Foreign  Wars. 
He  is  an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  church.  He  has  found  the  follow- 
ing books  most  helpful  in  fitting  him  for  his  life-work;  the  Bible; 
"Professional  Recollections"  by  Captain  Francis  Liardet,  R.  N.; 
"Totten's  Naval  Text  Book"  by  Commander  B.  I.  Totten,  United 
States  navy;  international  law  and  the  lives  of  distinguished  officers. 
As  exercise  he  most  enjoys  riding  and  croquet. 

It  was  his  personal  preference  which  determined  his  choice  of 
the  naval  profession.  His  career  proves  the  wisdom  of  his  early 
choice.  His  talents,  his  industry,  his  high  principle  and  his  thorough 
education  have  combined  to  make  his  life-work  useful  to  his  country. 
He  names  as  one  of  the  mainsprings  of  action  in  his  life  the  desire  to 
please,  first  of  all  his  mother,  and  also  the  general  desire  to  win  ap- 
proval and  gain  affection  and  admiration.  His  love  of  home  was 
very  strong,  and  he  places  it  first  among  the  influences  which  reacted 
with  power  upon  his  life.  Farragut  as  flag-officer  and  admiral  had 
a  very  strong  influence  in  shaping  the  character  of  his  flag-lieutenant 
Watson.  Where  he  failed  to  do  more  for  the  navy,  Admiral  Watson 
says,  it  has  been  for  the  reason  that  he  was  too  fond  of  agreeable  and 
congenial  company. 

From  his  long  observation  and  varied  experience  on  land  and 
sea,  Admiral  Watson  is  especially  qualified  to  speak  to  young  men. 
When  such  a  commander  gives  as  practical  suggestions,  the  maxims 
which  have  been  the  working  principles  of  his  own  life,  true  patriots 
and  ambitious  young  men  will  do  well  to  listen.  Highest  of  all  he 
places  "righteousness;"  and  he  gives  as  "test  questions"  for  any 
proposed  course  of  action:  "Is  it  right  as  regards  others?  Is  it 
right  as  regards  myself?"  "Begin,  continue  and  end  each  day  with 
the  prayerful  consideration  of  some  helpful  verse  or  text  from  the 
Bible,"  he  says;  and  "resist  most  stubbornly  all  habits  which  tend 
to  encourage  the  doing  of  anything  without  proper  care.     Form  the 


380  JOHN    CRITTENDEN  WATSON 

habit  of  considering  and  preparing  in  advance  for  contingencies. 
Avoid  with  scrupulous  care  reading  or  listening  to  anything  unclean 
or  impure." 

The  achievements  of  Admiral  Watson  speak  for  themselves. 
The  art  of  success  in  life  may  be  summed  up  as  concentration  on  chose 
things  that  are  best  worth  knowing  and  doing;  and  he  early  those 
a  course  suited  to  his  ability,  and  devoted  his  energy  most  directly 
to  perfecting  himself  in  everything  pertaining  to  the  naval  profession. 
His  high  purpose  and  his  ability  to  see  and  seize  opportunity  when  it 
presented  itself,  led  to  his  rapid  promotion.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  war  he  was  very  young;  yet  he  did  good  service  as  an  officer; 
and  his  life  of  uninterrupted  patriotic  service  in  the  navy  spans  the 
period  between  that  war  and  the  Spanish  war,  when  the  powers  of 
his  mature  judgment  were  again  at  the  disposal  of  the  government 
in  war,  and  when  he  was  fully  equipped  for  the  carrying  out  of  the 
high  responsibilities  of  trust  and  authority  imposed  upon  him.  All 
his  military  capacity  and  ambition  were  set  on  fire  in  the  earlier  stages 
of  his  career,  by  his  proximity  to  Farragut.  Their  friendship  illus- 
trates the  high  qualities  of  both  men.  The  loyal  admiration  of  the 
younger  man  for  his  superior  officer  made  it  possible  for  Watson  to 
receive  something  of  Farragut's  spirit  and  power,  and  so  to  become 
one  of  those  who  have  helped  to  continue  the  line  of  heroes  to  our 
own  day. 

He  was  married  in  May,  1873,  to  Elizabeth  Anderson  Thornton, 
his  cousin,  the  daughter  of  Judge  James  Dabney  Thornton,  of  San 
Francisco.  They  have  had  eight  children,  seven  of  whom  were  liv- 
ing in  1905. 


■       -■■  hing  Company. 


K 


-^^^C^UD  ^«rw»— 


iifl^f'. 


HENRY  LITCHFIELD  WEST 

WEST,  HENRY  LITCHFIELD,  journalist  and  commissioner 
of  the  District  of  Columbia,  was  born  at  Factory  ville,  Staten 
Island,  New  York,  August  20,  1859.  His  father,  Robert 
Athow  West,  was  editor  of  the  "Commercial  Advertiser"  and  a  man 
of  strongly  marked  literary  tastes.  His  death,  when  his  son  was  six 
years  old,  left  to  his  widow  the  care,  education  and  bringing  up  of 
their  son.  She  sent  him  to  a  private  school  "at  great  sacrifice  to 
herself,"  until  he  was  between  twelve  and  thirteen.  Her  influence 
over  her  son  was  of  the  most  helpful  and  elevating  character,  and 
more  particularly,  as  her  son  says,  "  upon  his  spiritual  nature."  Both 
his  parents  were  of  English  birth,  and  his  grandfather  was  a  personal 
colleague  of  John  Wesley,  and  was  widely  known  as  a  founder  of 
Methodism  in  England.  Both  physically  and  mentally  Mr.  West  is 
an  instance  of  the  transmission  of  high  principles  and  marked  apti- 
tudes to  descendants  in  the  third  and  fourth  generation.  Fond  of 
books  and  out-of-door  life,  at  an  early  age  he  began  to  work  in  a 
printing  office,  and  he  swept  the  floors,  made  the  fires,  and  while 
learning  the  trade  of  printing,  attended  night  school  to  study  geome- 
try, algebra  and  chemistry.  His  school  course  was  completed  at  the 
West  Street  academy,  Georgetown,  District  of  Columbia,  for  it  was 
not  practical  for  him  to  pursue  a  college  or  a  university  course.  His 
work  began  on  the  "  Georgetown  Courier,"  a  weekly  paper,  at  three 
dollars  per  week.  Newspaper  work  of  all  kinds,  from  that  of  a 
reporter,  to  that  of  managing  editor  of  the  "  Washington  Post,"  has 
been  his  life  work. 

President  Roosevelt  on  October  13,  1902,  appointed  him  com- 
missioner of  the  District  of  Columbia,  reappointing  him  on  October 
13,  1905,  at  the  expiration  of  the  term.  He  had  been  a  member  of 
the  board  of  commissioners  representing  the  District  of  Columbia  at 
the  Tennessee  exposition  in  1897.  Mr.  West  has  not  written  books, 
but  has  been  in  charge  of  the  department  of  American  Politics  in  the 
"Forum."  Contributing  frequently  to  magazines  and  journals,  his 
themes  are  politics,  and  topics  of  interest  in  congressional  legislation, 


382  HENRY   LITCHFIELD   WEST 

and  in  diplomatic  and  executive  affairs.  His  articles  are  written 
with  true  insight  and  from  the  experience  of  one  who  has  been  con- 
stantly at  the  center  of  national  life  and  on  terms  of  friendly  acquaint- 
ance with  men  who  are  in  control  of  affairs;  and  thus  he  is  enabled  to 
judge  shrewdly  of  the  probable  effects  of  measures  of  policy  and 
statesmanship.  As  a  speaker,  he  is  gifted  with  a  ready  and  urbane 
wit  and  a  quick  sense  of  humor;  and  the  fact  that  he  was  unanimously 
elected  president  of  the  "Gridiron  Club  of  Washington  Correspond- 
ents," of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  in  1900,  shows  the  appre- 
ciation in  which  he  is  held  by  his  fellow-members  of  that  famous  club. 

In  early  life  a  Methodist,  he  is  now  connected  with  the  Congrega- 
tional church.  His  political  affiliations  are  with  the  Democratic  party. 
When  a  boy  he  was  especially  fond  of  Ruskin,  Emerson  and  Thoreau. 
Ruskin  was  to  him  most  helpful,  and  he  speaks  of  Smiles'  "  Self  Help  " 
as  a  book  which  encouraged  him  in  his  life-work.  Out-of-door  amuse- 
ment, tramping,  camping,  fishing  attract  him.  He  was  for  two 
years  president  of  the  Columbia  Golf  club  in  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia.  The  choice  of  his  vocation  was  a  matter  of  necessity, 
he  says,  for  he  "was  determined  to  earn  something  for  his  mother's 
support,"  and  the  opening  he  wished  came  to  him  in  the  offer  of  work 
in  a  printing  office.  His  "ambition  has  always  been  to  be  a  leader 
or  at  the  top,"  and  his  career  has  shown  the  possibility  of  rising  which 
is  open  to  every  young  American,  who  makes  use  of  the  opportunities 
which  come  in  his  way,  and  by  industry  and  application  "  creates 
circumstances"  by  force  of  his  personal  character. 

Mr.  West  speaks  of  his  "home  training  as  thoroughly  good." 
He  remembers  little  of  school  as  a  strong  influence;  his  companions 
were  good,  but  not  especially  helpful.  The  "reading  of  books"  was 
an  important  factor  in  his  education,  and  "the  study  of  men,  to  see 
what  qualities  made  for  advancement,"  has  always  had  great  interest 
for  him. 

Mr.  West  was  married  to  Mary  Hope  White,  July  25, 1882.  They 
had  three  children  living  in  1905. 


GEORGE  WESTINGHOUSE 

WESTINGHOUSE,  GEORGE,  inventor,  manufacturer,  capi- 
talist, was  born  at  Central  Bridge,  Schoharie  county,  New 
York,  October  6,  1846,  son  of  George  and  Emeline  (Vedder) 
Westinghouse.  He  is  descended  on  his  father's  side  from  German 
ancestry,  the  American  branch  of  which  first  settled  in  Massachusetts. 
His  father  was  a  successful  manufacturer  of  agricultural  machinery, 
an  inventor  of  some  note,  who  subsequent  to  1856  and  until  his 
death,  resided  in  Schenectady,  New  York,  where  he  established  the 
firm  of  George  Westinghouse  and  Company. 

His  education  was  obtained  in  the  public  schools,  in  his  father's 
machine  shop,  and  at  Union  college,  Schenectady,  which  latter  institu- 
tion he  attended  until  the  close  of  the  sophomore  year.  While  still 
a  boy  he  joined  the  Union  forces  during  the  Civil  war,  and  served  in 
the  12th  New  York  infantry,  afterward  in  the  16th  New  York  cavalry, 
and  finally  as  an  engineer  officer  in  the  United  States  navy,  where 
his  mechanical  aptitude  found  congenial  occupation. 

He  exhibited  a  marked  bent  for  practical  mechanics  at  an  early 
age  and  when  but  fifteen  he  invented  and  constructed  a  rotary  engine 
that  clearly  marked  him  as  a  mechanical  genius.  From  this  time 
forward  his  career  was  one  of  evolutionary  growth.  In  1865,  he 
invented  a  railroad  frog,  which  was  quite  successful,  and  while  ex- 
ploiting this  his  attention  was  drawn  to  a  number  of  railroad  prob- 
lems, chief  of  which  was  that  of  car  brakes,  in  connection  with  which 
his  name  is  now  universally  known.  At  that  time  the  brake  was  a 
very  crude  affair,  and  his  first  thought  was  to  manipulate  it  through 
the  application  of  steam,  but  his  knowledge  as  an  engineer  soon 
demonstrated  that  condensation  would  make  this  a  failure.  Com- 
pressed air  was  the  next  agency  tried,  and  the  result  was  the  air 
brake.  The  first  invention  was  of  course  very  different  from  the 
perfected  brake  of  today,  but  it  revolutionized  railroading  by  greatly 
increasing  the  safety  of  operation  and  by  making  higher  speed  possi- 
ble. His  later  invention  of  the  triple  valve  and  of  setting  the  brakes 
by  releasing  the  pressure  in  the  train-pipe,  was  almost  as  important 


384  GEORGE  WESTINGHOUSE 

as  that  of  the  air  brake  itself,  securing  as  it  does  simultaneous  action 
of  all  the  brakes  in  a  train  with  the  added  benefit  that  if  the  train 
separates,  the  brakes  are  set  at  once.  These  inventions  alone  entitle 
him  to  a  high  rank  among  the  benefactors  of  humanity;  and  strange  to 
say  like  other  discoveries  of  large  importance  they  were  at  first 
received  by  the  railroad  world  with  much  skepticism,  if  not  actual 
distrust.  The  brake  was  first  thoroughly  tested,  in  1868,  on  an 
accommodation  train  of  the  Pittsburg,  Cincinnati  and  St.  Louis  Rail- 
road, running  from  Pittsburg  to  Steubenville,  Ohio.  The  first  patent 
was  secured  April  13, 1869,  and  the  Westinghouse  Air  Brake  Company 
was  formed  for  its  manufacture  on  June  20,  1869. 

Mr.  Westinghouse 's  mastery  of  pneumatic  devices  led  him  to 
adapt  compressed  air  to  railway  switches  and  signals;  and  out  of  this 
invention  came  the  Union  Switch  and  Signal  Company,  which  has 
installed  the  switching  and  signaling  plant  in  such  complicated  sta- 
tions as  the  great  South  Terminal,  at  Boston,  and  the  Union  station 
at  Pittsburg.  Electricity  came  to  take  a  place  in  this  work  for  the 
automatic  signals  and  it  was  through  the  acquaintance  thus  gained 
that  he  was  led  into  the  field  of  electric  development,  where  his  work 
has  been  even  more  pronounced  than  in  the  development  of  the  brake. 

In  the  face  of  great  opposition  he  introduced  alternating  cur- 
rent machinery  in  America,  through  the  purchase  of  the  Gaulard 
and  Gibbs  patents,  and  controlling  them  he  organized  the  Westing- 
house Electric  Company,  now  one  of  the  greatest  manufacturing  con- 
cerns in  the  world.  Through  the  Westinghouse  alternating  dynamo, 
water-powers  have  been  rendered  operative  through  long  distance  by 
electric  transmission,  and  the  great  generators  at  Niagara  Falls,  and 
those  for  the  elevated  railroad  and  rapid  transit  system  of  New  York 
and  other  cities,  were  made  possible  of  construction  and  practical 
operation.  The  lighting  of  the  Chicago  World's  Fair  was  another 
illustration  of  the  use  of  the  alternating  current.  To  show  what 
could  be  done  in  electric  lighting  with  the  alternating  current,  he 
organized  the  United  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  of  New 
York,  the  Allegheny  County  Light  Company  in  Pittsburg,  and 
another  in  Baltimore.  After  these  had  all  been  made  successful,  he 
withdrew  from  them,  that  he  might  be  able  to  give  more  attention  to 
other  undertakings. 

Besides  the  plants  already  mentioned,  there  are  the  great  shops 
of  the  Westinghouse  Machine  Company  at  East  Pittsburg,  for  building 


GEORGE   WESTINGHOUSE  385 

steam  and  gas  engines  and  steam  turbines,  of  which  Mr.  Westing- 
house  is  principal  owner;  and  there  have  been  for  years  works  for 
making  air  brakes  in  England,  France  and  Germany,  while  electric 
works  were  established  at  Havre  in  1898.  The  most  important  of  his 
works  outside  of  the  United  States,  is  the  plant  of  the  British  West- 
inghouse  Electric  and  Manufacturing  Company  at  Manchester,  Eng- 
land, which  is  almost  a  duplicate  of  the  works  at  East  Pittsburg. 
He  is  also  the  principal  in  large  foundries  and  manufactories,  at 
Trafford  City  near  Pittsburg,  at  Newark,  New  York,  and  Pittsburg. 
A  Russian  Westinghouse  Company  has  also  been  organized  for  hand- 
ling the  products  of  these  various  factories.  It  is  estimated  that  the 
various  works  and  companies  which  bear  his  name  represent  a  capi- 
talization of  about  one  hundred  million  dollars,  and  give  employ- 
ment to  more  than  thirty  thousand  people. 

Mr.  Westinghouse  is  a  member  of  the  Union  League  and  Lawyers 
clubs  of  New  York  city;  the  Duquesne  and  Pittsburg  clubs  of  Pitts- 
burg; honorary  member  of  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical 
Engineers;  member  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science;  and  has  received  several  foreign  decorations,  including 
the  Order  of  Leopold,  from  the  King  of  Belgium  in  1884,  and 
the  Royal  Order  of  the  Crown  from  the  King  of  Italy,  in  1889.  In 
1890,  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  Ph.D.,  from  Union  univer- 
sity. 

He  was  married,  August  6,  1887,  to  Marguerite  Erskine  Walker, 
of  Brooklyn,  New  York. 

Mr.  Westinghouse  is  a  man  of  attractive  personality,  modest, 
sincere  and  entirely  averse  to  personal  publicity.  His  life  has  been 
a  strenuous  one,  and  has  entitled  him  to  be  called  eminently  success- 
ful as  an  inventor,  as  an  executive  and  organizer,  and  as  a  financier. 
His  ambition  is  summed  up  in  the  remark  he  once  made  when  the  air 
brake  had  saved  a  train  from  disaster:  "  If  some  day  they  say  of  me 
that  with  the  air  brake  I  contributed  something  to  civilization, 
something  to  the  safety  of  human  life,  it  will  be  sufficient." 


GEORGE  PEABODY  WETMORE 

WETMORE,  GEORGE  PEABODY.  The  Wetmore  family 
of  America  had  its  first  representative  in  Thomas  Whit- 
more,  who  emigrated  from  England  and  settled  in  Middle- 
town,  Connecticut,  in  1635.  A  descendant  of  his,  Seth  Wetmore, 
early  in  the  nineteenth  century,  was  a  member  of  the  governor's 
council  in  Vermont  and  a  fellow  of  the  University  of  Vermont;  and 
his  son  William  Shepard  Wetmore,  became  a  prominent  and  wealthy 
merchant,  conducting  a  business  house  for  some  years  in  Valparaiso, 
Chile,  and  in  1833  founding  a  mercantile  establishment  in  Canton, 
China,  which  became  the  very  prominent  house  of  Wetmore  &  Com- 
pany. He  returned  to  America  in  1837,  his  son  (now  Senator  George 
Peabody  Wetmore)  being  born  during  a  visit  of  his  parents  to  London, 
England,  on  August  2, 1846.  The  mother  of  the  subject  of  our  sketch 
Anstiss  D.  (Rogers)  Wetmore,  was  a  descendant  of  John  Rogers,  a 
former  president  of  Harvard  college. 

Mr.  Wetmore  obtained  his  early  education  in  Newport,  Rhode 
Island,  where  his  father  became  a  resident  in  1850.  He  subsequently 
entered  Yale  university,  graduating  in  1867,  and  afterward  pursued 
a  course  of  legal  study  in  Columbia  law  school.  On  December  22, 
1869,  he  married  Edith  Malvina  Keteltas,  of  New  York,  and  in  the 
same  year  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Rhode  Island  and  New  York. 
His  first  political  honor  was  as  head  of  the  electoral  ticket  of  Rhode 
Island  for  Garfield  and  Arthur  in  1880,  followed  by  a  similar  service 
for  Blaine  and  Logan  in  1884.  In  1881,  on  the  occasion  of  the  cele- 
bration of  the  surrender  of  the  British  at  Yorktown  a  century 
before,  Mr.  Wetmore  was  a  member  of  the  state  committee  to  receive 
the  French  delegation  to  the  ceremonies,  during  its  visit  to  Rhode 
Island.  He  gave  a  brilliant  reception  to  President  Arthur  on  his 
visit  to  Newport  in  1883. 

Mr.  Wetmore  began  his  official  career  in  1885,  when  he  was 
elected  governor  of  Rhode  Island.  He  was  elected  for  a  second  term 
in  1886,  but  sustained  defeat  in  1887,  and  in  1889  was  defeated  in  the 
election  contest  for  the  United  States  senate.     His  aspiration  and 


GEORGE    PEABODY   WETMORE  387 

his  evident  fitness  for  this  honor,  however,  led  to  his  election  by  the 
unanimous  vote  of  both  legislative  bodies  in  1894,  and  he  was 
reelected  to  the  senate  in  1900  for  the  term  ending  March  4,  1907. 
Aside  from  his  official  and  legislative  duties,  Senator  Wetmore  has 
been  active  in  other  directions,  having  served  as  trustee  of  the  Pea- 
body  Museum  of  Natural  History  and  the  Peabody  Educational 
Fund.  He  has  also  served  as  president  of  the  Newport  Hospital 
and  as  a  member  of  the  commission  to  build  the  state  house  at 
Providence,  completed  in  1904. 


i 


JOSEPH  WHEELER 

WHEELER,  JOSEPH,  cadet  at  West  Point,  New  York,  at 
seventeen;  second  lieutenant  United  States  cavalry  at 
twenty-two;  first  lieutenant  Confederate  States  Artillery 
and  colonel  of  infantry  at  twenty-four;  brigadier-general  Confeder- 
ate States  army  at  twenty-five;  major-general  and  corps  commander 
at  twenty-six;  lieutenant-general  at  twenty-eight;  planter  and  law- 
yer in  Alabama  after  the  close  of  the  Civil  war;  elected  a  representa- 
tive from  the  eighth  district  of  Alabama  to  the  United  States  congress 
ten  times,  1880-1900;  major-general  and  corps  commander  United 
States  volunteers,  1898;  brigadier-general  United  States  army  1900; 
was  born  in  Augusta,  Georgia,  September  10,  1836;  son  of  Joseph 
and  Julia  Knox  (Hull)  Wheeler.  His  father  was  a  planter  and  mer- 
chant in  Augusta,  Georgia,  having  removed  from  Derby,  Connecticut 
where  his  grandparents,  Joseph  and  Lucy  (Smith)  Wheeler,  resided. 
His  mother  who  died  when  he  was  five  years  of  age,  was  a  daughter  of 
General  William  (1753-1825)  and  Sarah  (Fuller)  Hull,  of  Derby, 
Connecticut  and  Newton,  Massachusetts.  His  first  American  ances- 
tors were  Moses  Wheeler,  born  in  Kent,  England,  January  5,  1598; 
John  and  Lydia  Newdigate,  who  came  from  London,  England,  to 
Boston  in  1632;  Richard  Hull  of  Derbyshire,  England,  who  was  a  free- 
man of  Dorchester,  Massachusetts  Bay  colony,  in  1634,  removed  to 
New  Haven  Colony  in  1639  "because  he  would  not  endure  Puritan- 
ism," and  of  Thomas  Clark  of  Plymouth  said  to  have  been  a  mate  of 
the  Mayflower.  Joseph  Wheeler  was  a  student  at  the  Cheshire  acade- 
my, Cheshire,  Connecticut,  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  mili- 
tary academy  with  the  class  of  1859  and  was  assigned  to  the  1st  regi- 
ment dragoons  United  States  army.  He  was  in  the  cavalry  school, Car- 
lisle, Pennsylvania,  1859,  and  was  appointed  to  the  3d  regiment  United 
States  cavalry  June  26,  1860.  He  resigned  from  the  United  States 
army  April  22,  1861,  and  was  at  once  commissioned  first  lieutenant 
in  the  Confederate  States  army  and  assigned  to  the  artillery.  On 
September  4,  1861,  he  was  transferred  to  the  infantry  with  the  rank 
of  colonel.     He  commanded  the  19th  Alabama  regiment  in  the  3d 


■ 


(7  /l^CJ^dy 


JOSEPH  WHEELER  389 

brigade,  2d  division,  2d  army  corps  under  Bragg  at  the  opening  of 
the  battle  of  Shiloh,  April  6-7,  1862,  but  was  placed  in  command  of 
the  brigade  and  was  selected  to  cover  the  withdrawal  of  Beauregard's 
army  from  the  field  on  April  7,  General  A.  S.  Johnston  having  been 
killed  at  two  p.  m.  on  the  sixth.  He  commanded  the  troops  con- 
fronting the  Federal  army  before  Corinth,  April  and  May,  1862,  and 
formed  the  rear  guard  during  the  retreat  from  Corinth  to  Tupelo, 
Mississippi,  during  which  he  repeatedly  engaged  the  advancing  Fed- 
eral column.  On  the  transfer  of  Bragg's  army  of  Mississippi  to 
Chattanooga,  Wheeler  with  a  brigade  of  cavalry  rode  from  Holly 
Springs,  Mississippi,  to  Bolivar,  Tennessee,  where  he  attacked  the 
Federal  outposts  and  interrupted  the  Federal  communication  between 
that  place  and  Jackson.  He  was  with  General  Bragg  in  the  Ken- 
tucky campaign  and  by  desperate  fighting  September  8  to  16  pre- 
vented the  Federal  force  under  Buell  from  reaching  Munfordville 
until  Bragg  had  captured  the  place  and  taken  four  thousand  Federal 
troops  prisoners.  He  was  in  command  of  the  Confederate  cavalry 
at  Perryville,  October  8,  1862,  and  on  October  13  as  chief-of-cavalry 
of  Bragg's  army  covered  the  retreat  to  Cumberland  Gap,  which 
occupied  thirteen  days,  during  which  time  he  fought  twenty-six 
engagements.  On  October  30,  1862,  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  brigadier- general,  Confederate  States  army,  being  at  the  time 
twenty-six  years  of  age.  On  December  29,  1862,  Wheeler  led  his 
brigade  around  the  left  flank  of  Rosecran's  army  at  Murfreesboro 
and  captured  a  corps  supply  train  at  Laverque  and  another  at  Nolens- 
ville  and  in  twenty-four  hours  had  captured  four  hundred  wagons, 
over  one  thousand  prisoners,  destroyed  over  one  million  dollars  worth 
of  Federal  supplies  and  obtained  for  his  army  many  fine  horses.  At 
Stones  River  he  commanded  the  entire  force  of  Confederate  cavalry 
and  for  his  distinguished  service  in  that  battle  and  in  independent 
engagements  incident  thereto  received  the  thanks  of  the  Confederate 
congress.  He  received  promotion  January  19,  1863,  to  major-general; 
and  after  numerous  cavalry  engagements  during  the  spring  and  sum- 
mer he  commanded  the  cavalry  corps  at  the  battle  of  Chickamauga, 
Georgia,  September  19-20,  1863,  and  when  Rosecrans  fell  back  to 
Chattanooga  he  captured  on  the  Federal  line  of  communication  an 
ordnance  and  supply  train  of  over  one  thousand  wagons  and  nearly 
starved  out  Rosecrans'  army.  He  captured  the  fortification  at 
McMinville  after  a  desperate  defense  made  by  the  garrison  of  seven 


390  JOSEPH    WHEELER 

hundred  men  and  destroyed  the  depots  of  supplies  stored  there.  He 
destroyed  the  roads  and  bridges  between  Nashville  and  Chattanooga 
defended  by  Hooker,  Crook,  Mitchell  and  McCook,  and  after  constant 
fighting  for  ten  days  on  October  9,  1863,  he  recrossed  the  Tennessee 
river  and  joined  the  main  Confederate  army  at  Chattanooga.  He 
commanded  the  cavalry  in  the  army  of  Longstreet  while  opposing 
Burnside  at  Knoxville,  November  17-23,  1863,  returning  to  Mis- 
sionary Ridge  in  time  to  cover  the  retreat  of  Bragg's  army.  He 
opposed  the  advance  of  Sherman  toward  Atlanta  from  May,  1864, 
defeating  a  large  force  near  Varnells  Station,  May  9,  1864,  and  cap- 
turing three  hundred  prisoners  including  several  officers.  His  next 
cavalry  engagements  were  at  Dalton,  Dug  Gap  and  Snake  Hill  Gap, 
May  10-12;  Resaca,  May  13-15;  Adairsville,  May,  16;  Casa  Station, 
May  22;  New  Hope,  May  25,  and  a  desperate  encounter  with  How- 
ard's corps  at  Picketts  Mill,  May  27.  He  kept  up  the  active  resistance 
to  Sherman's  advance  through  June  and  July  and  on  July  22  pene- 
trated the  rear  of  Sherman's  army  at  Decatur  and  captured  trains  of 
provisions,  took  prisoners  and  secured  valuable  supplies  of  arms  and 
equipments.  He  defeated  the  raiding  column  of  Federal  cavalry 
ten  thousand  strong  under  McCook,  Stoneman  and  Garrard,  July 
28- August  1,  1864,  and  captured  a  large  number  of  prisoners  and 
supplies  of  horses  and  arms.  He  continued  to  harass  the  rear  of  the 
Federal  army  in  the  battles  around  Atlanta,  and  on  August  9,  1864, 
made  a  raid  through  Northwest  Georgia  and  into  Tennessee  destroy- 
ing Sherman's  line  of  supplies  and  railroad  communication  and  secur- 
ing one  thousand  seven  hundred  head  of  beef  cattle  and  other  pro- 
visions on  their  way  to  the  army  before  Atlanta.  He  opposed  Sher- 
man's march  from  Atlanta  to  Savannah  and  was  successful  in  prevent- 
ing the  occupation  of  both  Macon  and  Augusta  by  the  Federal  force; 
and  when  Sherman  was  in  South  Carolina  he  defended  Aiken,  South 
Carolina  and  Augusta,  Georgia,  from  raids  of  the  Federal  army.  He 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general  February  28,  1865. 
He  greatly  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of  Averysboro,  North 
Carolina,  March  16,  1865,  and  at  Bentonville,  North  Carolina,  where 
one  of  the  last  battles  of  the  Civil  war  was  fought,  March  18,  1865. 
After  the  surrender  he  returned  to  his  home  at  Wheeler,  Alabama, 
where  he  engaged  in  farming  and  in  the  practice  of  law.  He  was 
elected  from  the  eighth  district  of  Alabama  a  representative  in  the 
forty-seventh  Congress,  but  his  election  was  contested  and  he  was 


JOSEPH    WHEELER  391 

deprived  of  his  seat  June  3,  1882.     He  was  at  once  reelected  and 
completed  the  term.     He  was  not  a  candidate  for  the  forty-eighth 
but  was  elected  to  the  forty-ninth  and  successive  Congresses  including 
the  fifty-sixth,  1885-1900.     He  was  given  the  second  place  on  the 
committee  on  Military  Affairs  and  on  the  committee  on  Expenditures 
in  the  War  Department  in  the  forty-ninth  Congress;    was  made 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  Expenditures  in  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment and  a  member  of  the  committee  on  Public  Lands  in  the  fiftieth 
Congress  by  Speaker  Carlisle.     He  had  a  place  on  the  committees 
on  Merchant  Marine  and  Fisheries  in  the  fifty-first  Congress  and  on 
Military  Affairs  in  the  fifty-first  and  fifty-second  Congresses  and  on 
Columbian  Exposition  and  Post  Offices  and  Post  Roads  in  the  fifty- 
second  Congress.     He  was  also  for  five  years  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittee on  Ways  and  Means.     Speaker  Crisp  made  him  chairman  of 
the  committee  on  Territories  and  a  member  of  the  committee  on 
Military  Affairs  in  the  fifty-third  Congress.     During  his  service  in 
the  war  with  Spain  he  was  excused  from  duty  in  the  house  but  re- 
turned to  his  seat  December  1898.     He  was  the  senior  member  on 
the  Democratic  side  of  the  house  and  resigned  his  seat  April  20,  1900. 
On  May  4,  1898,  he  was  appointed  major-general  United  States 
volunteers  and  was  on  duty  with  General  Brooke  at  Chickamauga, 
May  11  and  12,  1898;  was  assigned  to  command  the  cavalry  division 
United  States  army  at  Tampa,  Florida,  May  14,  1898;    landed  at 
Daiquiri,  Cuba,  June  22,  1898;   planned  and  commanded  the  battle 
of  Las  Guasimas,  Cuba,  June  24,  1898;  engaged  in  the  battle  of  San 
Juan,  July  1-2,  1898,  where  he  was  senior  officer  and  commanded  on 
the  field  and  was  commended  in  general  orders  of  July  4,  1898,  5th 
army  corps,  for  conduct  in  said  battle.     He  was  in  command  of  the 
cavalry  division,  5th  corps  in  Cuba  from  June  22  to  the  surrender  of 
Santiago,  July  17,  1898,  and  was  senior  member  of  the  commis- 
sion  which    negotiated    the   surrender  of  the    Spanish  army,  and 
the  city   of  Santiago   to  the  American  army,   July   17,   1898.     He 
was  in  command  of  troops  at  Montauk  Point,  Long  Island,  August 
and  September,  1898;  commanded  the  4th  army  corps  at  Huntsville, 
Alabama,  October-December,  1898;   commanded  the  1st  brigade,  2d 
division,  8th  army  corps  at  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands,  August,  1899- 
January,  1900;    commanded  troops  in  engagements  at  Santa  Rita, 
September  9  and  16,  1899;   commanded  the  force  which  carried  the 
enemies'  intrenchments  at  Porac,  September  28,  was  in  immediate 


392  JOSEPH   WHEELER 

command  at  Angeles,  October  11  and  16;  commanded  in  several 
minor  engagements,  October  10-20;  commanded  brigade  in  the  ad- 
vance on  Mabalacat,  November  8;  in  the  capture  of  Bamban,  Novem- 
ber 11;  in  the  advance  upon  Tarlac,  November  12-13;  commanded 
in  the  expedition  to  San  Miguel  de  Camiling,  and  followed  the  retreat- 
ing enemy  November  22-26,  and  was  in  command  of  the  expeditions 
to  Sulipa,  November  29;  and  to  San  Ignacia  and  Moriones,  December 
3-6,  1899.  By  direction  of  the  president  he  made  an  inspection  of 
the  Island  of  Guam  February  8-12,  1900.  On  June  16,  1900,  he  was 
appointed  brigadier-general  in  the  regular  army  and  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  Department  of  the  Lakes  with  headquarters  at 
Chicago,  June  18,  1900.  This  appointment  vacated  his  volunteer 
commission  and  on  September  10,  1900,  he  was  placed  on  the  retired 
list  of  the  regular  army. 

General  Wheeler  was  married  February  6,  1866,  to  Daniella, 
daughter  of  Richard  and  Lucy  (Early)  Jones,  of  Lawrence  county, 
Alabama,  and  granddaughter  of  Harrison  Jones,  a  Revolutionary 
soldier  and  of  Peter  Early,  governor  of  Georgia,  1813-15.  Mrs. 
Wheeler  died  May  19,  1896.  Their  son  Joseph  was  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1895  and  served  in  the  Spanish-American  and  Philippine 
wars  as  major  of  volunteers.  Another  son,  Thomas  Harrison,  entered 
the  United  States  naval  academy  in  1897,  served  on  the  Columbia 
during  the  Spanish- American  war  and  was  drowned  at  Camp  Wikoff , 
Long  Island,  September  7,  1898.  General  Wheeler  received  from 
Georgetown  college,  District  of  Columbia,  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  in  1899.  He  was  a  visitor  at  the  United  States  Military 
academy,  West  Point,  1887,  1893  and  1895,  being  vice-president  of 
the  board  of  visitors,  1887,  and  president  in  1895;  a  regent  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  from  1880  to  1900.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  church.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Society 
of  Colonial  Wars;  of  the  Society  of  Foreign  Wars;  of  the  Society  of  Sons 
of  the  American  Revolution;  of  the  Society  of  Sons  of  the  War  of  1812; 
of  the  Society  of  Santiago;  and  of  the  Naval  and  Military  Order  of 
the  Spanish-American  war.  His  war  record  includes  active  par- 
ticipation in  eight  hundred  battles  and  skirmishes,  in  more  than  two 
hundred  of  which  he  commanded,  in  most  of  which  he  was  successful, 
and  in  many  of  which  he  displayed  feats  of  chivalric  daring  and  skill. 
He  was  wounded  three  times,  sixteen  horses  were  shot  under  him, 
eight  of  his  staff  officers  were  killed  and  thirty-two  wounded.     He 


JOSEPH   WHEELER  393 

held  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general  in  the  Confederate  States  army 
when  only  twenty-eight  years  old.  He  avers  that  true  success  in  life 
can  only  be  gained  by  "  constant  effort,  unerring  integrity  and  in- 
tensity of  purpose."  He  is  the  author  of  "Cavalry  Tactics"  (1863); 
"Account  of  Kentucky  Campaign"  (1862);  "  Braggs'  Invasion  of 
Kentucky"  (Vol.  Ill,  Battles  and  Leaders  of  the  Civil  War);  "Mil- 
itary History  of  Alabama  and  Accounts  of  Battles  in  Which  Alabama 
Soldiers  Engaged";  "History  of  Santiago  Campaign"  (1898);  "His- 
tory of  Cuba  1496  to  1899";  "History  of,  and  Effects  upon  Civil- 
ization of,  Wars  of  the  Nineteenth  Century";  "Monograph  of  the 
Lives  of  Admiral  Dewey,  William  McKinley,  Stonewall  Jackson,  and 
Theodore  Roosevelt — the  Typical  American"  and  numerous  con- 
tributions to  the  newspapers  and  magazines. 

General  Wheeler  died  at  Brooklyn,  New  York,  January  25,  1906. 
He  was  buried  in  the  National  Cemetery  at  Arlington,  Virginia,  near 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 


ELIPHALET  WHITTLESEY 

WHITTLESEY,  ELIPHALET,  son  of  a  farmer  and  school 
teacher,  grandson  of  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  graduate  of 
Yale,  student  in  theology,  teacher  in  Alabama,  clergyman, 
college  professor,  assistant  adjutant  general  and  judge  advocate 
general  United  States  volunteers,  and  secretary  of  the  United  States 
Board  of  Indian  Commissioners;  was  born  in  New  Britain,  Hartford 
county,  Connecticut,  May  14,  1821.  His  father,  David  Whittlesey, 
was  a  farmer,  school  teacher,  representative  in  the  state  legislature, 
school  superintendent,  a  man  of  public  spirit  and  of  stern  integrity. 
His  mother,  Rebecca  (Smalley)  Whittlesey,  was  the  daughter  of 
Reverend  John  Smalley,  one  of  the  ablest  divines  in  New  England. 
His  grandfather,  Eliphalet  Whittlesey,  born  July  2,  1748,  a  soldier  in 
the  American  Revolution,  was  the  son  of  Eliphalet  Whittlesey,  born 
May  10, 1714,  a  captain  in  the  Colonial  army  in  the  French  and  Indian 
wars,  and  grandson  of  John  Whittlesey,  a  member  of  the  general 
assembly  and  a  brave  soldier  in  the  early  Indian  wars. 

Eliphalet,  of  the  fourth  generation  from  John  the  immigrant, 
was  brought  up  on  his  father's  farm,  the  manual  labor  incident  to 
which  made  him  a  strong  healthy  boy  and  a  vigorous  man.  As  a 
youth  he  was  fond  of  mathematics  and  ambitious  to  acquire  a  college 
education.  To  this  end,  he  partially  supported  himself  by  work  on 
the  farm  and  by  teaching  music  in  which  he  was  proficient.  He  was 
prepared  for  college  at  the  academy  in  New  Britain  and  was  graduated 
at  Yale  A.B.,  1842,  receiving  his  master's  degree  in  1847.  He  was  a 
teacher  in  Greensboro  and  Mobile,  Alabama,  1842-46;  a  student  in 
divinity  at  Yale  1847-50,  and  at  Andover,  1850-51.  He  was  pastor 
of  Central  Congregational  church,  Bath,  Maine,  1851-61;  professor 
of  rhetoric  and  oratory  Bowdoin  college,  1861-64;  assistant  adjutant 
general  and  judge  advocate  on  staff  of  General  Oliver  0.  Howard  and 
assistant  commissioner  and  adjutant,  Bureau  of  Freedmen;  professor 
of  rhetoric  and  English  literature,  Howard  university,  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia,  1867-74,  assistant  secretary  of  the  board  of 
Indian  Commissioners  of  the  United  States  from  January  1,  1875, 


ELIPHALET  WHITTLESEY  395 

to  1881,  and  secretary  of  the  board,  1881-99.  He  is  a  corporate 
member  of  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Mis- 
sions; a  member  of  the  National  Geographic  Society;  a  companion  of 
the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United  States;  a  com- 
rade of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  and  a  member  of  the  National 
Forestry  Association.  His  advice  to  young  men  is  to  adopt  the 
motto  on  the  Whittlesey  coat  of  arms,  Animo  et  Fide;  and  the  influ- 
ences that  proved  of  the  greatest  help  in  his  lifetime  were  those  of 
home  and  contact  with  public  men  in  Washington,  "especially  with 
Senator  Dawes." 

He  was  married  October  31,  1854,  to  Augusta,  daughter  of 
George  F.  and  Hannah  Patten  of  Bath,  Maine;  and  of  their  five 
children  three  are  living  in  1906,  and  with  their  children  were 
present  at  the  "  Golden  Wedding  "  anniversary  of  General  and  Mrs. 
Whittlesey,  October  31,  1904. 

General  Whittlesey  received  the  honorary  degree  of  D.D.  from 
Howard  university  in  1882;  and  that  of  LL.D.  from  Yale  university 
in  1902.  His  long  and  useful  life  has  included  four  years  as  a  teacher 
in  the  South,  ten  years  as  a  preacher  of  the  Gospel,  ten  years  as  a 
college  professor,  five  years  in  the  United  States  army,  and  over 
twenty-six  years  in  the  civil  service  of  the  United  States  as  an 
advocate  and  defender  of  the  rights  of  the  Indian  to  a  home,  to 
education,  to  protection  from  his  greatest  enemies  (intoxicating 
liquor  and  the  post  trader)  and  to  instruction  and  pastoral  care  from 
christian  missionaries. 

The  action  of  the  Board  of  Indian  Commissioners  in  accepting  in 
1899  his  resignation  as  secretary  expresses  their  sense  of  the  value  of 
his  services  to  the  Indians. 

"General  Eliphalet  Whittlesey  having  retired  from  the  position 
of  secretary  of  this  board,  his  fellow-members  of  the  board  desire  to 
spread  upon  their  minutes  some  expression  of  their  esteem  for  the 
character  and  the  personal  qualities  which  have  made  his  work  as 
secretary  so  valuable  to  the  cause  for  which  this  board  labors,  and 
have  endeared  him  personally  to  each  member  of  the  board.  As 
secretary  since  1881,  and  before  that  date  assistant  secretary  for 
six  years,  it  is  the  conviction  of  this  board  that  his  knowledge  of 
Indian  affairs,  full  and  exact,  and  his  sympathy  with  Indians,  always 
sincere  and  heartfelt,  have  prompted  efforts  for  the  welfare  of  the 
Indians,  so  wise  and  just  that  not  even  his  deep  feeling  for  these 


396  ELIPHALET  WHITTLESEY 

people  has  led  to  actions  or  words  which  could  be  criticized  or  mis- 
construed. His  uprightness  of  character  and  his  absolute  probity 
of  speech,  with  unselfish  and  unfailing  kindliness  of  manner,  have 
lent  weight  to  all  his  words  and  deeds,  and  have  made  it  a  pleasure 
and  an  honor  to  be  associated  with  him  in  this  work." 


HARVEY  WASHINGTON  WILEY 

WILEY,  HARVEY  WASHINGTON,  has  been  chief  of  the 
bureau  of  chemistry  in  the  United  States  department  of 
agriculture  since  1883.  He  brought  to  that  position 
natural  endowments  and  most  thorough  training.  During  the  twenty 
years  in  which  he  has  been  the  organizing  and  systematizing  head  of 
this  work,  the  advance  in  the  science  of  agriculture  and  in  the  profits 
of  farming  has  been  most  rapid  and  comprehensive.  The  department 
has  expanded,  to  cover  the  needs  of  our  country.  The  population 
at  large,  as  well  as  the  farmers  whom  it  more  directly  affects,  have 
reaped  the  rewards  financially  of  the  unwearied  investigations  and 
experiments  of  the  department.  The  problem  of  returning  to  the 
soil  in  proper  form  that  which  is  taken  from  it  in  production,  involves 
economical  as  well  as  chemical  factors.  The  introduction  of  the 
three  essentials  of  plant  growth,  potash,  nitrogen  and  phosphoric 
acid,  into  soils  long  cultivated,  like  the  whole  subject  of  fertilizers, 
requires  much  study.  The  variety  of  the  productions  of  the  United 
States  may  be  judged  of  by  the  fact  that  of  wheat  alone  more  than 
seven  hundred  varieties  were  sent  to  the  Paris  exposition  from  the 
United  States.  During  the  last  few  years  Doctor  Wiley  has  carried 
on  experiments  in  regard  to  food  preserved  by  chemical  means.  A 
number  of  people  have  been  induced  to  allow  themselves  to  be  experi- 
mented upon  by  this  artificially  preserved  food,  and  the  effect  of 
possibly  injurious  preservatives  will  be  effectually  tested.  The 
whole  matter  of  pure  or  adulterated  food  for  our  people  is  involved 
in  the  results  of  these  experiments  and  the  legislation  which  will 
result  from  them. 

To  Doctor  Wiley's  exertions  and  labors  are  due  in  no  small  part 
this  vast  enlargement  of  the  department  of  agricultural  chemistry. 
Beside  this  work  he  has  been  professor  of  agricultural  chemistry  in 
the  graduate  school  of  Columbian  university  since  1895,  and  was 
president  of  the  American  Chemical  Society  for  two  terms  from  1893 
to  1895.  In  the  year  1900  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  jury  of 
awards  of  the  Paris  exposition;    and  he  was  a  delegate  from  the 


398  HARVEY  WASHINGTON  WILEY 

United  States  to  the  International  Congress  of  Applied  Chemistry 
at  Paris  in  1896  and  1900;  at  Vienna,  1898,  and  at  Berlin  in  1903. 
Doctor  Wiley  has  attained  his  present  most  useful  and  important 
position  through  his  own  exertions,  aided  in  his  youth  by  self- 
sacrificing  parents  who  made  every  effort  to  give  him  the  advantages 
which  his  active  mind  and  talents  made  him  desire. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  near  Kent,  Indiana,  October  18,  1844. 
His  father,  Preston  P.  Wiley,  farmer  and  minister,  was  a  man  of 
"firmness,  honesty  and  courage."  He  recalls  his  mother's  influ- 
ence on  his  intellectual  development  and  on  his  moral  and  spiritual 
life,  and  says,  "  She  was  a  most  remarkable  woman."  John  Maxwell 
his  earliest  maternal  ancestor  in  America,  came  from  Scotland  in 
1747. 

As  a  boy  he  had  vigorous  health.  His  great  desire  was  to  read, 
especially  history;  while  his  fondness  for  mathematics  and  his  aptness 
in  that  branch  of  study,  were  marked. 

His  early  life  was  spent  altogether  on  his  father's  farm,  where  he 
performed  farm  labor,  often  for  fourteen  and  sixteen  hours  a  day. 
Of  this  labor,  so  exacting  and  fatiguing  for  a  boy,  he  says,  "it  has 
enabled  me  to  work  hard  ever  since  without  fatigue."  The  dis- 
cipline of  these  earlier  years  was  continued  through  his  college  course, 
and  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  his  acquiring  an  education  were  not 
at  all  of  an  intellectual  nature,  but  of  a  material  kind.  He  says  of 
that  period  in  his  life,  "  I  did  my  own  cooking  in  college,  and  never  had 
an  overcoat.  I  borrowed  a  shirt-collar  the  first  time  I  appeared  in  a 
public  performance.  My  father  and  mother  denied  themselves  every 
comfort  to  help  me  through  college.  I  lived  for  weeks  at  a  time,  on 
Indian  corn  mush,  and  sorghum  molasses."  He  had  no  especial 
preparatory  training  for  college;  but  he  entered  Hanover  college  and 
was  graduated  in  1867,  receiving  the  degree  of  A.B.,  and  taking  that 
of  A.M.  in  1870.  From  Indiana  medical  college  he  received  the  same 
degree  in  1871,  meanwhile  holding  a  professorship  of  Latin  and  Greek 
in  Butler  college,  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  from  1868-71.  During  the 
year  1872  he  taught  natural  science  in  the  Indianapolis  high  school, 
and  he  was  graduated  from  Harvard  university  with  the  degree 
of  S.B.,  in  1873.  He  has  received  the  honorary  degrees  of  Ph.D.  and 
LL.D.  from  Hanover  college.  For  one  year,  1873-74,  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  at  Butler  university,  and  from  that  time  until 
1878,  when  he  went  to  Berlin  to  study  chemistry,  he  held  the  pro- 


HARVEY   WASHINGTON   WILEY  399 

fessorship  of  chemistry  at  Purdue  university,  and  in  the  Indiana 
Medical  college.  After  his  return  from  Berlin,  he  was  state  chemist 
of  Indiana  until  1883.  In  this  year  he  was  appointed  chief  of  the 
bureau  of  chemistry,  department  of  agriculture,  at  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia,  which  position  he  still  holds  in  1906. 

In  1895  he  accepted  the  chair  of  agricultural  chemistry  in  the 
graduate  school  of  Columbian  (now  George  Washington)  university. 
In  1900  the  distinguished  title  of  Chevalier  de  Merite  Agricole  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  the  Republic  of  France.  He  was  also  made 
an  honorary  member  of  the  Franklin  Institute. 

In  1864  he  served  in  the  Civil  war  for  five  months,  in  the  137th 
regiment  Indiana  volunteer  infantry.  He  has  never  married.  His 
scientific  papers  are  very  numerous,  embracing  manifold  subjects. 

Doctor  Wiley  is  a  member  of  the  Cosmos  and  Chevy  Chase  clubs, 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  and  the  French,  German  and 
American  Chemical  Societies  and  many  others.  His  party  is  the 
Republican.  History,  classic  novels  and  the  standard  poets  have 
been  his  favorite  reading,  and  his  amusements  are  baseball,  driving 
an  automobile,  and  chess.  His  own  choice  led  him  to  the  study  of 
chemistry,  and  "the  desire  to  make  my  father  and  mother  proud  of 
me"  was  the  first  strong  incentive  to  study  and  ambition  to  excel. 
He  says,  "  I  have  accomplished  very  little  of  what  I  intended  to  do." 
"  Be  honest,  faithful,  diligent  and  tenacious  in  whatever  you  attempt, 
doing  the  most  trivial  things  well."  His  publications  are:  "Songs 
of  Agricultural  Chemists"  (1892);  "Principles  and  Practice  of  Agri- 
cultural Chemistry"  (3  vols.,  1897);  and  more  than  two  hundred 
scientific  papers  and  addresses;  and  he  often  makes  after-dinner 
speeches — which  he  thinks  "should  be  witty  as  well  as  wise."  His 
address  is  1314  Tenth  street,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 


■  .  "  ■ 


JOHN   SHARP  WILLIAMS  401 

Memphis.  In  1877  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Memphis  and  com- 
menced active  practice  in  that  city;  but  in  December,  1878,  he  re- 
moved to  Yazoo  county,  Mississippi,  where  he  divided  his  time 
between  legal  work  and  the  care  of  several  cotton  plantations  which 
he  had  inherited  from  his  mother.  He  did  not  enter  political  life 
until  he  was  thirty-eight  years  of  age,  when,  in  1892,  he  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  Democratic  national  convention  and  was  also  elected  a 
member  of  the  lower  house  of  the  fifty-third  Congress.  He  has  been 
reelected  six  times.  His  present  term  will  expire  in  1907.  Mr. 
Williams  ceased  to  be  a  lawyer  and  cotton  planter,  and  entered  upon 
public  life  because  he  believed  that  the  great  principles  of  his  party 
and  the  welfare  of  the  country  were  imperiled  by  the  wave  of  Popu- 
lism which  was  then  sweeping  over  the  West  and  South. 

When  he  entered  congress  Mr.  Williams  was  known  to  be  a  man 
of  attainments;  but  his  genuine  modesty  and  unassuming  manner 
prevented  the  quick  recognition  of  his  fine  abilities,  and  his  qualifica- 
tions for  leadership  were  not  at  first  suspected.  The  fact  that  he 
was  a  successful  cotton  planter  and  represented  a  state  in  which  the 
agricultural  interest  greatly  surpassed  all  other  lines  of  industry,  led 
to  his  appointment  on  the  committee  on  agriculture,  a  position  in 
which  he  rendered  valuable  service.  His  first  speech  as  a  congress- 
man attracted  attention  and  proved  to  the  house  that  the  new  mem- 
ber was  a  man  of  far  more  than  ordinary  ability.  He  worked  quietly 
and  faithfully,  and  his  record  was  so  satisfactory  to  his  constituents 
that  when  one  term  in  congress  expired  he  was  without  opposition 
elected  to  another.  His  influence  in  the  house  steadily  increased; 
and  in  November,  1903,  he  was  chosen  leader  of  the  minority,  a 
position  in  which  he  has  achieved  remarkable  success.  When  he 
accepted  the  leadership,  the  Democratic  forces  were  badly  demoral- 
ized, and  it  seemed  hardly  possible  that  the  discordant  elements 
could  be  harmonized  and  their  united  action  secured.  But  under  the 
skilful  direction  of  its  new  leader  differences  were  adjusted,  and  the 
party  has  made  its  influence  strongly  felt  in  legislation  and  has  com- 
manded the  respectful  attention  of  the  country  at  large. 

Among  the  matters  to  which  Mr.  Williams  has  given  special 
attention  are  the  relation  of  the  government  to  its  foreign  depend- 
encies, the  race  problem,  and  the  tariff.  As  a  matter  of  principle  he 
is  strongly  opposed  to  the  policy  of  territorial  expansion,  and  his 
speeches  are  among  the  ablest  of  the  many  which  have  been  made 


402  JOHN   SHARP    WILLIAMS 

upon  this  subject  in  congress.  A  Southerner  by  birth  and  residence, 
and  one  whose  ancestors  have  been  for  several  generations  prominent 
people  in  the  South,  he  has  had  the  best  possible  facilities  for  study- 
ing the  race  problem  as  it  presents  itself  in  that  section  today.  He 
admits  that  the  situation  is  very  grave;  but  while  he  does  not  attempt 
in  any  way  to  apologize  for  the  wrongs  that  have  been  committed  or 
for  the  evils  that  now  exist,  he  holds  that  the  South  is  fully  able,  and 
is  more  than  willing,  to  do  its  duty  by  the  black  man  in  every  respect. 
He  would  limit  the  elective  franchise,  not,  however,  from  any 
prejudice  against  color,  but  in  order  to  promote  the  welfare  of  the 
people  at  large.  He  holds  that  no  man  has  a  right  to  vote.  In  his 
view  the  franchise  is  not  a  right  but  a  high  privilege,  which  if  enjoyed 
at  all  should  be  conferred  by  the  state,  and  which  the  state  has  the 
right  to  limit  in  any  reasonable  manner  it  may  choose.  He  is  not  a 
believer  in  the  social  equality  of  the  two  races,  but  he  insists  that 
before  the  law  their  personal  and  property  rights  should  be  precisely 
the  same.  In  his  efforts  to  overcome  prejudice  and  to  lead  Northern 
people  to  see  the  conditions  which  prevail  at  the  South,  and  thus  to 
promote  a  kindly  feeling  between  the  people  of  the  two  sections,  he 
has  been  to  a  certain  degree  successful.  In  regard  to  the  tariff,  Mr. 
Williams  holds  very  decided  opinions;  and  in  his  speeches  upon  this 
subject  his  views  are  presented  with  clearness  and  force.  He  has 
made  a  careful  study  of  economic  principles,  and  of  trade  conditions 
throughout  the  world;  and  upon  these  points  he  is  one  of  the  best 
informed  of  our  public  men.  In  theory  he  believes  in  free  trade,  and 
he  would  advocate  the  adoption  of  this  policy  if  the  other  leading 
nations  of  the  world  would  do  the  same;  but  until  there  is  a  change 
on  their  part,  he  does  not  regard  as  desirable  so  radical  a  departure 
from  our  present  protective  system.  He  believes  that  a  middle 
course  between  a  high  tariff  and  absolute  free  trade  should  be  chosen. 
In  the  house  he  is  known  as  the  "  champion  of  reciprocity." 

In  the  case  of  Mr.  Williams  the  inheritance  of  wealth  was  not  an 
obstacle  to  success.  On  the  contrary,  it  proved  of  great  assistance, 
as  it  enabled  him  to  study  in  the  best  educational  institutions  and 
gave  him  the  advantage  of  European  travel.  He  owes  much  to  his 
ancestry.  The  loss  of  his  parents  while  he  was  very  young  was  a 
serious  misfortune;  but  it  was  mitigated  by  the  fact  that  his  guardian 
was  deeply  interested  in  his  welfare  and  cheerfully  acceded  to  his 
wish  to  obtain  a  liberal  education  and  to  enter  the  legal  profession. 


JOHN    SHARP    WILLIAMS  403 

Since  he  left  the  university  Mr.  Williams  has  given  much  time  to 
study.  His  reading  has  been  along  broad  lines  and  he  has  an  exten- 
sive knowledge  of  foreign  as  well  as  of  domestic  affairs.  While  he 
firmly  holds  his  own  opinions,  he  does  not  seek  to  impose  them  upon 
others.  He  is  always  willing  to  listen  to  suggestions,  and  he  often 
seeks  advice.  Though  not  a  polished  orator  he  is  a  forceful  and 
interesting  speaker  and  is  able  to  use  at  a  moment's  notice  any  knowl- 
edge which  he  may  possess.  His  speech  on  taking  the  chair  at  the 
Democratic  convention  to  nominate  a  candidate  for  the  presidency 
at  St.  Louis,  in  July,  1904,  is  regarded  by  his  friends  as  a  marked 
instance  of  his  force  and  tact  as  a  public  speaker. 

His  convictions  are  strong  and  when  important  subjects  are  under 
discussion  he  sometimes  "  carries  the  war  into  the  enemy's  country" 
with  a  great  deal  of  vigor;  but  he  is  invariably  good-natured,  and  his 
opposition  is  directed  against  principles  and  measures  rather  than 
men.      He  is  a  strong  reasoner,  a  skilful  debater,  and  his  keen,  incisive 
wit  not  infrequently  disconcerts  his  party  opponents  as  much  as  it 
entertains  the  members  on  his  own  side  of  the  house.     By  the  extent 
and  accuracy  of  the  information  which  he  has  obtained  from  a  wide 
range  of  study  and  reading,  and  his  ability  to  use  it  effectively,  he 
has  not  infrequently  made  difficult  the  way  for  his  political  opponents. 
He  occasionally  draws  on  the  lighter  literature  for  his  illustrations 
and  on  one  memorable  occasion,  when  the  house  was  in  the  midst 
of  an  exciting  and  somewhat  acrimonious  controversy,  he  made  a 
quotation  from  the  comic  opera  "Pinafore"  which  was  so  apt  and 
effective  as  to  greatly  divert  the  members  and  cause  a  demand  from 
all  parts  of  the  country  for  printed  copies  of  the  speech  in  which  it 
was  used.     In  regard  to  legislation  which  might  favorably  affect  his 
own  interests  he  has  been  careful  to  avoid  even  the  appearance  of 
evil.     An  instance  of  his  scrupulous  regard  for  propriety  and  honor 
in  this  respect  occurred  in  the  assignment  of  committees  in  a  recent 
session  of  the  house.     As  minority  leader,  Mr.  Williams  had  suggested 
a  member  from  North  Carolina  for  a  place  on  the  committee  on 
Rivers  and  Harbors.     Speaker  Cannon  did  not  feel  justified  in  mak- 
ing this  appointment  because  the  Atlantic  coast  was  already  fully 
represented.     He  suggested  a  member  from  Mississippi;  but  Mr. 
Williams  replied  that  as  his  plantation  was  defended  by  levees  he 
could  not  allow  a  member  from  his  own  state  to  serve  on  a  committee 
whose  duty  it  was  to  protect  such  interests. 


404  JOHN  SHARP  WILLIAMS 

The  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  has  been  conferred  upon 
him  by  the  University  of  Mississippi  and  by  the  South  Western 
Baptist  university. 

He  was  married  to  Betty  Dial  Webb,  October  2,  1877.  They 
have  had  eight  children  of  whom  seven  are  now  living.  Mr.  Wil- 
liams is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  Order,  and  of  the  Elks.  In  politics 
he  has  always  been  identified  with  the  Democratic  party.  His 
religious  connection  is  with  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church  of  which 
he  has  long  been  a  member. 

The  success  of  Mr.  Williams,  both  as  a  member  of  the  house  and 
as  a  party  leader,  has  been  due  to  scholarship,  industry,  quickness  of 
apprehension,  sagacity,  and  executive  ability.  He  has  studied  men 
as  well  as  books.  He  has  been  very  successful  in  his  efforts  to  bring 
forward  members  of  the  house  who  can  be  made  especially  useful  in 
strengthening  the  party  organization  and  carrying  out  its  policies. 
His  high  character  and  unquestioned  sincerity  are  important  factors 
in  his  influence  over  men,  and  have  won  for  him  the  respect  and 
confidence  of  congress  and  of  the  public  without  regard  to  partisan 
relations.  He  has  proved  himself  a  capable  and  an  efficient  leader 
as  well  as  an  accomplished  citizen. 


JAMES  HARRISON  WILSON 

WILSON,  JAMES  HARRISON,  eminent  American  soldier, 
renowned  for  his  service  as  division  and  corps  commander 
of  cavalry  in  the  Civil  war;  as  effecting  the  capture  of 
Jefferson  Davis,  president  of  the  Confederate  states;  as  corps  com- 
mander in  the  Spanish-American  war;  as  commander  of  cooperative 
American  and  British  troops  and  commander  of  American  troops  in 
Peking,  China;  as  representative  of  the  United  States  army  at  the 
coronation  of  King  Edward  VII.;  as  a  distinguished  military  biog- 
rapher, a  skilled  railroad  engineer  and  a  useful  man  of  affairs — was 
born  on  a  farm  near  Shawneetown,  Gallatin  county,  Illinois,  Septem- 
ber 2,  1837.  His  father,  Harrison  Wilson,  was  an  ensign  in  the  War 
of  1812,  and  captain  in  the  Black  Hawk  war;  and  married  Katharine 
Schneider  and  settled  on  a  farm  in  Shawneetown,  Illinois.  He 
was  a  man  of  strong,  vigorous,  independent  character,  self  reliant, 
and  courageous.  His  grandfather,  Alexander  Wilson,  a  native  of 
Culpeper  county,  Virginia,  removed  to  Fayette  county,  Kentucky, 
and  thence  to  Gallatin  county,  Illinois,  which  county  he  represented 
in  the  first  territorial  legislature.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
that  state  government.  He  married  Elinor  Harrison.  His  great 
great  grandfather,  Isaac  G.  Wilson,  was  a  sergeant  in  the  Virginia 
Line  during  the  American  revolution,  a  citizen  of  Front  Royal,  Cul- 
peper county,  Virginia. 

James  Harrison  Wilson  was  brought  up  on  his  father's  farm,  in 
Shawneetown,  and  when  his  father  died,  in  1853,  he  had  attended 
school  sufficiently  to  enable  him  to  matriculate  at  McKendree  college. 
He  paid  his  way  at  college  from  accumulated  earnings  as  a  clerk. 
He  was  appointed  a  cadet  at  the  United  States  military  academy  in 
1855,  was  graduated  sixth  in  the  five-year  class  of  1860,  was  assigned 
to  the  topographical  engineers  as  brevet  second  lieutenant,  and  served 
in  Washington  Territory.  He  was  promoted  to  second  lieutenant, 
was  ordered  to  Boston  to  recruit  engineer  soldiers  in  1861  and  made 
chief  topographical  engineer  of  the  Port  Royal  expedition  taking 
part  in  the  siege  and  capture  of  Fort  Pulaski  and  of  James  Island, 


400  JAMES   HARRISON   "WILSON 

South  Carolina,  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant  and  for 
his  services  in  South  Carolina  was  bre vetted  major.  He  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  where  he  served  as  acting  aide-de- 
camp and  engineer  officer  on  the  staff  of  General  McClellan  during  the 
Antietam  campaign,  September,  1802.  He  was  made  assistant 
inspector-general  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  United  States 
volunteers,  November  8,  1802;  having  been  transferred  to  the  Army 
of  the  Tennessee,  he  took  part  in  Grant's  campagin  in  northern 
Mississippi  and  against  Vicksburg  as  assistant  engineer  and  inspector- 
general  of  the  army.  He  received  promotion  to  captain,  United 
States  army,  May  7,  1803.  He  was  engaged  on  the  staff  of  General 
Grant  in  the  Chattanooga  campaign  and  received  promotion  to 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  October  31,  1803.  For  services  at 
Missionary  Ridge  he  was  bre  vetted  lieutenant-colonel,  United  States 
army,  November  12,  1803,  and  was  engineer  of  the  force  sent  to 
relieve  Burnside  at  Knoxville. 

He  was  then  transferred  to  Washington,  District  of  Columbia, 
as  chief  of  the  cavalry  bureau;  and  when  the  cavalry  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  was  reorganized  under  Sheridan,  he  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  third  division.  He  was  breve tted  colonel,  United  States 
army,  for  his  action  in  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness,  March  0  and  7, 
1804.  On  May  8,  1804,  he  took  possession  of  Spottsylvania  Court 
House,  Virginia,  and  was  with  Sheridan  in  his  celebrated  raid  of  May 
and  June,  1804.  He  also  led  his  division  of  cavalry  at  Beaver  Dam, 
Yellow  Tavern  and  Hawes  Shop,  and  reinforced  by  Kautz's  division, 
he  commanded  the  combined  force  in  its  operations  against  the  Dan- 
ville and  South  Side  Railroads  during  which  he  had  several  engage- 
ments, and  destroyed  all  Confederate  connection  with  the  South  for 
six  weeks.  He  then  rejoined  Sheridan  who  had  been  assigned  to  the 
command  of  the  Army  of  the  Shenandoah  and  led  his  division  at 
Opequan,  September  19,  1804;  and  in  October,  1804,  was  transferred 
to  the  Southwest  and  placed  in  command  of  the  cavalry  corps  of  the 
military  division  of  the  Mississippi. 

He  commanded  the  reorganized  cavalry  corps  at  Franklin, 
Tennessee,  November  20,  1804,  and  at  Nashville,  December  15  and 
10, 1804.  In  this  battle  he  turned  Hood's  left  and  contributed  greatly 
to  his  defeat.  For  his  services  he  was  bre  vetted  brigadier-general, 
United  States  army,  March  13,  1805.  He  led  three  divisions  of  his 
cavalry,    14,000  strong,   through   Alabama  and   Georgia  defeating 


JAMES    HARRISON    WILSON  407 

Forrest  at  Monte ville  and  Plantersville,  capturing  the  strongly- 
fortified  cities  of  Selma,  Alabama;  Columbus,  West  Point  and  Macon, 
Georgia;  and  received  the  surrender  of  Montgomery,  the  first  capital 
of  the  Southern  Confederacy,  April  16,  and  of  Macon,  Georgia,  April 
20,  1865.  For  his  services  at  Selma,  where  he  captured  numerous 
stores  and  prisoners,  he  was  bre vetted  major-general,  United  States 
army.  He  was  appointed  major-general  of  volunteers,  April  20, 
1865.  Detachments  of  his  corps  pursued  and  intercepted  President 
Davis  in  his  flight  with  his  family  and  members  of  his  cabinet,  at 
Irwinsville,  Georgia,  May  10,  1865. 

He  was  placed  in  command  of  the  newly-organized  Department 
of  Georgia  and  of  the  District  of  Columbus,  in  1865,  and  at  his  own 
request  was  mustered  out  of  the  volunteer  service,  January  8,  1866. 
On  July  28,  1866,  he  was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel,  United  States 
army  and  assigned  to  the  25th  infantry,  but  was  detached  on  engi- 
neering duty  in  charge  of  river  and  harbor  improvements.  He 
resigned  from  the  army  December  31,  1870,  for  the  purpose  of  build- 
ing and  operating  railroads.  He  became  vice-president  and  receiver 
of  the  St.  Louis  and  Southeastern  Railroad  and  managed  the  same, 
1872-75.  He  was  vice-president,  general  manager  and  president  of 
the  New  York  and  New  England  Railroad,  1877-83;  chief  engineer 
and  general  manager  of  the  New  York  Elevated  Railroads,  and 
receiver  of  the  Louisville,  Evansville  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  1892-95. 
He  made  extensive  travels  and  investigations  in  China,  Japan  and 
Formosa  in  1885-86,  an  account  of  which  he  published  in  a  book 
which  has  passed  through  three  editions. 

He  was  first  (and  one  of  four  civilians)  to  receive  the  commission 
of  major-general  of  volunteers  on  the  outbreak  of  war  with  Spain  in 
1898;  and  he  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  6th  corps,  but  as 
this  corps  was  never  organized,  at  his  own  request  he  was  assigned  to 
the  command  of  the  1st  division  1st  corps  and  with  it  took  part  in 
the  expedition  against  Porto  Rico,  defeating  and  capturing  a  detach- 
ment of  Spanish  troops  in  an  affair  at  Caomo.  On  October  20,  1898, 
he  succeeded  Major-General  Joseph  C.  Breckinridge  in  the  command 
of  the  1st  army  corps  at  Lexington,  Kentucky.  In  January,  1899, 
he  transferred  that  army  corps  to  Cuba  where  he  commanded  the 
Department  of  Matanzas  and  Santa  Clara,  1899-1900. 

On  the  outbreak  of  the  Boxer  rebellion  in  China  in  1900  he  took 
part  in  the  relief  expedition  sent  by  the  United  States,  and  com- 


408  JAMES   HARRISON   WILSON 

mantled  the  combined  British  and  American  column  that  dispersed 
the  Boxers  and  captured  their  headquarters  on  the  Eight  Temples; 
he  was  in  command  of  the  American  troops  that  occupied  the  Im- 
perial city;  he  commanded  the  entrance  and  restored  order  in  the 
section  occupied  by  the  American  troops. 

He  was  appointed  to  represent  the  United  States  army  at  the 
coronation  of  Edward  VII.  in  Westminster  Abbey,  London,  England. 
He  was  for  eight  years  chairman  of  the  Republican  state  committee 
of  Delaware.  He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  from 
McKendree  college  in  1895. 

He  was  married,  January  3,  1866,  to  Ella,  daughter  of  General 
John  W.  Andrews,  of  Stockford,  near  Wilmington,  Delaware,  and 
they  had  three  daughters  all  living  in  1905.  He  has  made  his  home 
for  the  last  twenty  years  at  Wilmington,  Delaware,  where  he  is  a 
member  of  the  Wilmington  Country  club  of  which  he  was  president 
from  its  organization.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Union,  the  Army 
and  Navy  and  the  University  clubs  of  New  York  city,  the  Metropoli- 
tan club  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  the  Philadelphia 
club,  the  Chicago  club  of  Chicago  and  a  companion  of  the  Military 
Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United  States.  His  highest  inspira- 
tion to  attainment  in  military  life  came,  he  says,  from  reading  the 
lives  of  the  noble  characters  of  history  and  romance.  To  American 
youth  he  says:  "Be  just  and  fear  not — always  do  your  level  best- 
act  on  the  principle  that  '  you  will  pass  through  this  world  but  once, 
therefore  any  good  thing  you  can  do,  do  it  now,  do  not  postpone 
nor  defer  it,  for  you  will  not  come  this  way  again.' " 

General  Wilson  is  the  author  of  "Life  of  Andrew  J.  Alexander" 
(1868);  "Life  of  General  Grant"  (with  Charles  A.  Dana,  1868); 
"China-Travels  and  Investigations  in  the  Middle  Kingdom"  (1887, 
3d.  ed.,  1900);  also  of  various  military  biographies  in  book  and  pam- 
phlet form,  published  and  unpublished.  Among  the  latter  is  the  life 
of  major-general  John  Aaron  Rawlins.  He  has  been  actively  engaged 
as  manager  and  director  of  various  corporations  throughout  the  entire 
period  of  his  civil  life. 


^**  «fc 


■     i 


JOHN   MOULDER  WILSON 

WILSON,  JOHN  MOULDER,  son  of  a  lawyer;  page  in  the 
United  States  senate  for  four  years;  cadet  at  the  United 
States  Military  academy;  active  officer  in  the  United  States 
army  for  forty-one  years  from  lieutenant  to  chief  of  engineers  and 
brigadier-general,  and  a  man  of  large  public  service;  was  born  in 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  October  8,  1837.  His  father, 
Joseph  Shields  Wilson,  was  a  lawyer,  clerk,  chief  clerk  and  commis- 
sioner in  the  General  Land  office,  an  earnest  student,  a  fine  linguist, 
an  authority  on  legal  questions  affecting  the  ownership  of  land  and 
its  conveyance,  a  man  of  remarkable  memory,  an  orator  and  lecturer, 
strong  in  likes  and  dislikes.  His  mother,  Eliza  Uhler  (Moulder) 
Wilson,  was  the  daughter  of  John  N.  and  Mary  (Uhler)  Moulder. 

As  a  boy  John  Moulder  Wilson  attended  school  in  his  native  city 
and  when  twelve  years  old  became  a  page  on  the  floor  of  the  United 
States  senate  and  held  the  position,  1849-53.  He  then  took  a  pre- 
paratory and  freshman  course  at  Columbian  college,  and  in  1854 
made  the  trip  to  California,  via  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  (Panama)  and 
continuing  his  journey  from  San  Francisco  to  Puget  Sound  located 
in  Olympia,  Washington  Territory,  where  he  obtained  employment. 
In  the  spring  of  1855  he  was  appointed  a  cadet  to  the  United  States 
military  academy;  and  he  was  graduated  and  assigned  to  the  artillery 
July  1,  1860.  He  was  transferred  to  ordnance  October  9,  1860,  and 
served  in  Fortress  Monroe  and  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia, 
1860-61.  He  was  commissioned  second  lieutenant  and  transferred 
to  the  2d  artillery,  January  28,  1861.  Promoted  first  lieutenant, 
May  14,  1861;  he  was  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  July  21, 
1861,  and  in  the  defense  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  up  to 
March,  1862,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
and  took  part  in  the  Peninsular  campaign,  March  to  August,  1862. 
He  was  transferred  to  the  topographical  engineers,  July  24,  1862, 
and  to  the  corps  of  engineers,  March  3,  1863.  He  engaged  in  the 
battles  of  South  Mountain  and  Antietam,  September  14  and  16,  1862; 
was  superintending  engineer  of  the  defenses  of  Harper's  Ferry,  No- 


410  JOHN   MOULDER   WILSON 

vember  1,  1862  to  March  20,  1863;  was  assistant  professor  of  Spanish 
at  the  United  States  military  academy,  March  30  to  June  18,  1863, 
being  made  captain,  corps  of  engineers,  June  1,  1863.  He  was  as- 
sistant engineer  of  the  construction  of  defenses  at  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land, June-July,  1863;  superintending  engineer  of  construction  of 
defensive  works  at  Memphis,  Tennessee,  Vicksburg  and  Natchez, 
Mississippi,  August  1863-May  1864;  assistant  inspector-general  of 
the  military  division  of  West  Mississippi,  May  1864-September  1865; 
and  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel,  staff  United  States  volunteers, 
May  26,  1864.  He  took  part  in  the  seige  and  capture  of  Spanish 
Fort,  the  storming  of  Fort  Blakely  and  the  occupation  of  Mobile, 
April  12,  1865,  on  the  staff  of  General  E.  R.  S.  Canby,  and  was  with 
that  officer  at  the  surrender  of  General  Richard  Taylor's  army  at 
Citronella,  Alabama,  May  8,  1865.  He  then  served  in  the  corps  of 
engineers,  and  was  promoted  to  major,  June  3,  1867,  and  to  lieuten- 
ant-colonel, March  17,  1884.  He  had  charge  of  the  public  buildings 
and  grounds,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  with  the  rank  of 
colonel,  from  June  1,  1885  to  September  7,  1889  and  from  March  31, 
1893  to  March  1897,  and  in  that  capacity  he  had  charge  of  the  con- 
struction of  the  army  medical  museum  and  library,  the  extensive 
repairs  of  Ford's  theatre  building,  the  erection  of  a  monument  to 
mark  the  birthplace  of  Washington,  the  erection  of  President  Gar- 
field's statue,  the  erection  of  the  monument  at  Washington's  head- 
quarters, Newburg,  New  York,  and  memorial  tablets  on  the  battle- 
field of  Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania,  as  well  as  monuments  to  General 
Hancock  and  General  Logan.  He  was  advanced  to  colonel,  March 
31,  1895;  to  chief  of  engineers  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general, 
February  1,  1897;  was  a  member  of  the  commission  to  investigate 
the  conduct  of  the  War  Department,  1898-99;  of  the  board  of  ord- 
nance and  fortifications,  1899-1901;  and  was  retired  by  operation 
of  law,  April  30,  1901.  He  was  brevetted  captain,  June  27,  1862, 
for  Gaines  Mill;  major,  July  1,  1862,  for  Malvern  Hill;  colonel  United 
States  volunteers,  March  26,  1865,  for  campaign  against  Mobile; 
lieutenant-colonel  United  States  army,  April  8,  1865,  for  capture  of 
Spanish  Fort,  Alabama,  and  colonel  of  United  States  army  for  capture 
of  Fort  Blakely,  Alabama.  The  Congressional  medal  of  honor  was 
conferred  upon  him  for  distinguished  gallantry  in  action  at  Malvern 
Hill,  Virginia,  August  6,  1862.  He  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  Columbian  university  in  1890;   was  elected  to  member- 


JOHN   MOULDER   WILSON  411 

ship  in  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers;  to  the  presidency 
of  the  Society  of  Civil  Engineers  of  Cleveland,  Ohio;  was  commander 
of  the  Commandery  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  of  the  Military  Order 
of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United  States;  and  has  served  as  president 
of  the  Columbia  Hospital  for  Women,  as  president  of  the  Training 
School  tor  Nurses,  as  a  member  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  Reform 
School  for  Girls,  and  is  President  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  "Washington, 
District  of  Columbia.  He  was  a  member  and  vice-president  of  the 
board  of  directors  of  the  Corcoran  Art  Gallery,  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  Citizens  Relief  Association,  of  the  Anthracite  Coal 
strike  commission  in  1902-03;  vice-president  of  the  Thomas  Jefferson 
memorial  association;  member  of  the  Washington  National  Monu- 
ment Society,  member  of  the  board  of  visitors  at  the  United  States 
military  academy,  1904;  member  of  the  Federal  Commission  to  in- 
vestigate the  disaster  to  the  steamer  General  Slocum,  June-October, 
1904;  president  of  the  Federal  commission  in  connection  with 
the  sale  of  Choctaw-Chickasaw  coal  lands  1904-05  and  chairman  of 
the  citizen's  Presidential  Inaugural  committee,  November  1904- 
March  1905.  He  was  always  a  Democrat  in  politics,  but  took  no 
part  in  the  party  campaigns.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  church  and  held  the  position  of  vestryman  of  St.  Thomas' 
parish,  District  of  Columbia,  for  over  ten  years,  and  was  registrar  of 
the  parish.  He  was  an  original  incorporator  and  a  director  of  the 
National  Episcopal  Cathedral  foundation. 

As  a  child  "his  strongest  desire  was  to  please  his  parents";  as  a 
page  in  the  senate  he  was  early  brought  into  contact  with  distin- 
guished men  in  public  life,  and  this  contact  aroused  his  ambition; 
while  his  life  as  a  soldier  cultivated  his  patriotism  and  made  it  his 
greatest  ambition  to  serve  his  country  to  the  best  of  his  ability. 

He  was  married  November  5,  1861,  to  Augusta  Bertha  Waller, 
who  died  June  17,  1902.  Their  only  child  died  in  infancy.  General 
Wilson  has  done  a  large  measure  of  work  toward  beautifying  the  city 
of  Washington.  His  advice  to  young  men  who  desire  to  attain  true 
success  and  happiness  in  life  is  to  "love  God  and  your  country; 
practise  honesty,  sobriety,  industry;  do  your  best  in  every  duty  de- 
volving upon  you;  be  invariably  punctual  both  in  private  and  public 
life;  live  strictly  within  your  income;  have  absolute  control  of  your 
temper  under  all  circumstances;  be  courteous  to  all,  and  generous 
to  the  extent  of  your  ability." 


SIMON  WOLF 

WOLF,  SIMON,  lawyer,  diplomat,  humanitarian,  of  Wash- 
ington, District  of  Columbia,  was  born  in  Himzweiler, 
Bavaria,  October  28,  1836,  son  of  Levi  and  Amalia  Wolf. 
He  is  of  Hebrew  lineage,  and  one  of  the  most  forceful  representatives 
of  that  people  in  contemporary  American  life. 

In  1848,  when  but  twelve  years  of  age,  he  came  with  his  grand- 
parents to  this  country,  and  spent  his  boyhood  in  the  State  of  Ohio, 
where  he  was  early  inducted  into  mercantile  life.  Possessed  of  more 
than  the  ordinary  amount  of  ambition,  however,  and  an  omnivorous 
reader,  he  soon  began  the  study  of  law,  was  graduated  from  the  Ohio 
law  college  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  New 
Philadelphia,  Ohio,  in  July,  1861.  He  practised  at  the  latter  place 
one  year,  and  then  removed  to  Washington,  District  of  Columbia, 
where  he  formed  a  law  partnership  with  Captain  Abraham  Hart,  and 
entered  at  once  upon  a  successful  legal  career  in  the  District  and 
Federal  courts.  From  1869  to  1878,  he  held  the  office  of  recorder  of 
deeds  for  the  District  of  Columbia,  under  appointment  of  Presidents 
Grant  and  Hayes.  At  the  expiration  of  this  period  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  law,  coordinating  with  it  the  insurance  business.  In 
1881-82  he  served  as  United  States  consul  general  at  Cairo,  Egypt, 
with  ministerial  powers. 

A  man  of  large  public  spirit,  broad  human  sympathies  and  prac- 
tical views,  he  has  been  identified  with  many  movements  for  the 
betterment  of  his  race  in  America  and  in  other  lands.  He  founded  the 
Hebrew  Orphan  Home,  at  Atlanta,  Georgia,  of  which  he  is  still  the 
head;  he  is  president  of  the  Ruppert  Home  for  the  Aged  and  Indigent, 
a  unique  charity  near  Anacostia,  District  of  Columbia;  is  a  director 
of  the  German  Orphan  Asylum  of  the  District  of  Columbia;  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Charities,  since  1900;  a  member  of  the  executive 
committee,  Order  of  B'nai-B'rith,  a  philanthropic  Hebrew  Associa- 
tion; a  director  of  the  Garfield  Hospital  of  Washington,  and  of  a 
number  of  other  humane  and  benevolent  organizations. 


SIMON   WOLF  413 

Mr.  Wolf  has  lectured  throughout  the  United  States,  has  con- 
tributed much  to  contemporary  periodical  literature  and  especially 
to  the  elucidation  of  social  and  sociologic  problems.  His  ability  as 
an  orator  and  his  magnetic  personality  have  also  brought  him  into 
prominence  in  several  national  campaigns  of  the  Republican  party. 
He  is  the  author  of  "The  American  Jew  as  Patriot,  Soldier  and 
Citizen";  "Biography  of  M.  M.  Noah";  and  "Biography  of  Commo- 
dore U.  P.  Levy." 


LEONARD  WOOD 

WOOD,  LEONARD,  surgeon,  soldier,  public  administrator, 
major-general  in  the  United  States  army,  was  born  at 
Winchester,  New  Hampshire,  where  his  parents  tem- 
porarily resided,  October  9,  1860,  the  son  of  Charles  J.  and  Caroline 
E.  (Hagar)  Wood.  He  is  a  direct  descendant  of  William  Wood, 
who  landed  in  Massachusetts  nine  years  after  the  landing  of  the  May- 
flower, and  of  Susanna  White,  whose  son,  Peregrine  White,  was  the 
first  white  child  born  in  New  England.  His  immediate  ancestors 
were  nearly  all  farmers,  but  his  father  adopted  the  profession  of 
medicine  and  the  career  of  a  country  physician,  and  was  known  as  a 
man  of  fine  attainments  and  strong  individuality,  though  possessed 
of  a  rather  taciturn  manner.  The  old  Wood  homestead  was  at  Bar- 
low Landing,  in  Pocasset;  and  here  within  a  stone's  throw  of  Buz- 
zards Bay,  Leonard  spent  his  childhood  and  youth.  During  the 
winter  he  attended  the  district  school,  and  later,  for  three  years,  he  was 
a  pupil  at  the  old  fashioned  academy  at  Middleboro,  Massachusetts. 
He  was  fond  of  languages  and  history,  but  indifferent  to  mathe- 
matics; and  the  greater  part  of  his  miscellaneous  reading  consisted  of 
books  of  travel,  history,  adventure  and  an  occasional  novel. 

His  father  died  in  1880,  and  shortly  thereafter  he  entered  the 
Harvard  medical  school.  His  means  were  scanty,  but  by  tutoring 
and  with  the  money  accruing  from  a  hard-won  scholarship,  he  was 
able  to  meet  his  expenses  and  was  graduated  third  in  his  class.  After 
graduation  he  took  up  work  in  the  city  hospital,  and  at  twenty-four 
began  the  practice  of  medicine  in  Staniford  street,  Boston.  He  soon 
abandoned  his  practice  here,  however,  and  took  an  examination  in 
New  York  for  admission  as  a  surgeon  to  the  army,  and  passing  second 
in  a  competitive  examination  of  fifty-nine,  he  received  his  commission, 
January  5,  1886.  He  was  first  temporarily  assigned  to  service  at 
Fort  Warren,  Massachusetts;  but,  in  June,  1886,  he  was  ordered  to 
Arizona,  and  during  the  next  two  years,  he  was  almost  continuously 
in  the  field  with  Miles  and  Lawton,  chasing  the  Apaches,  under  the 
wily  Geronimo,  through  Arizona,  New  Mexico  and  400  miles  into  old 


LEONARD    WOOD  415 

Mexico.  Before  he  had  been  commissioned  three  months,  the  com- 
mand of  all  the  infantry  of  the  expeditions  fell  to  him,  and  sometimes 
that  of  the  Indian  scouts.  These  expeditions  were  fraught  with 
remarkable  hardships  and  required  extraordinary  endurance  and 
fortitude  in  the  men  under  whose  command  they  were  undertaken. 
So  well  did  Surgeon  Wood  acquit  himself  throughout  the  campaign 
against  the  Apaches  that  he  was  recommended  to  congress  for  a 
medal  of  honor,  which  he  did  not  receive,  however,  until  ten  years 
later. 

In  the  spring  of  1887,  he  was  rewarded  by  an  appointment  as  one 
of  the  staff  surgeons  at  the  headquarters  of  the  department  of  Arizona. 
A  year  later  he  served  with  the  10th  cavalry  in  the  Kid  outbreak  in 
New  Mexico,  and  later  he  was  engaged  in  the  work  of  the  helio- 
graphic  survey  of  Arizona.  After  this  service  he  spent  a  year  at  Fort 
McDowell,  and  then  returned  to  California,  and  later  was  assigned  to 
duty  at  Fort  McPherson,  near  Atlanta,  Georgia,  for  a  time.  His 
next  post  of  duty  was  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  beginning 
in  September,  1895,  where  he  often  made  professional  visits  to  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  and  his  family;  and,  after  the  accession  of  President 
McKinley,  he  was  the  regular  medical  adviser  to  the  president  and 
Mrs.  McKinley.  It  was  about  this  time  that  he  met  President  Roose- 
velt, then  assistant  secretary  of  the  navy.  Their  friendship  was 
immediate;  and  in  much  of  his  subsequent  career  he  has  been  directly 
or  indirectly  associated  with  the  president. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  Spanish-American  war,  even  before  it 
began,  Wood  was  commissioned  to  raise  a  regiment  and  recruited  the 
1st  United  States  volunteer  cavalry  (known  as  "  Rough  Riders")  and 
was  appointed  colonel  of  the  same,  May  8,  1898.  After  the  opening 
of  hostilities,  this  regiment  made  a  famous  record  at  Santiago,  Las 
Guasimas,  and  San  Juan  Hill,  in  which  latter  battle  it  was  in  the 
severest  of  the  fighting.  For  gallant  service  at  Las  Guasimas  and 
San  Juan,  Colonel  Wood  was  made  a  brigadier-general  of  volunteers, 
July  8,  1898,  and  eleven  days  later  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
Santiago. 

After  rehabilitating  the  stricken  city  of  Santiago,  his  territory 
of  command  was  extended  to  the  entire  province,  and  in  addition  to 
his  routine  administrative  duties,  he  organized  a  supreme  court,  es- 
tablished a  school  system,  devised  new  methods  of  taxation,  forbade 
bull-fighting,  and  improved  the  local  government  in  many  important 


416  LEONARD   WOOD 

ways.  In  the  fulfilment  of  his  delicate  functions  as  commanding 
general  and  civil  governor,  he  exhibited  tact,  ability,  firmness,  con- 
servatism and  judicious  common  sense.  In  his  own  words  he  "tried 
to  impress  upon  the  people  that  the  first  thing  they  had  to  do  was  to 
learn  to  govern  themselves,  and  that  the  underlying  principle  of  self- 
government  was  thorough  respect  for  civil  law."  In  recognition  of 
his  services,  both  military  and  civil,  in  Santiago,  he  was  made  major- 
general  on  December  8,  1898,  and  he  became  military  governor  of 
Cuba,  December  13,  1899,  serving  until  May  22,  1902.  His  adminis- 
tration in  Cuba  received  the  highest  praise  from  Secretary  of  War 
Root,  whose  acquaintance  with  its  results  was  derived  from  a  per- 
sonal visit  to  the  Island.  "Out  of  an  utterly  prostrate  colony," 
he  said,  "  a  free  republic  was  built  up — the  work  being  done  with  such 
signal  ability,  integrity  and  success,  that  the  new  nation  started 
under  more  favorable  conditions  than  has  ever  before  been  the  case 
in  any  single  instance  among  her  fellow  Spanish- American  republics. 
This  record  stands  alone  in  history,  and  the  benefit  conferred  thereby 
on  the  people  of  Cuba  was  no  greater  than  the  honor  conferred  upon 
the  people  of  the  United  States."  He  was  appointed  Major-General 
United  States  Army,  August  8,  1903. 

In  1903  he  was  sent  by  the  president  to  fill  the  difficult  dual 
position  of  military  commander  and  civil  governor  in  the  Sulu 
Archipelago,  and  his  record  there  amply  sustained  the  wisdom  of  the 
war  department  in  choosing  him  for  the  place.  He  is  now  in  direct 
line  for  promotion  to  chief  of  staff  of  the  United  States  army,  follow- 
ing General  MacArthur. 

General  Wood  has  been  a  frequent  contributor  to  periodical 
literature,  and  has  also  written  a  number  of  valuable  reports.  Among 
his  writings  are  articles  on:  "The  Cuban  Convention";  "Future  of 
Cuba";  "Military  Government  of  Cuba";  and  "  Need  for  Reciprocity 
with  Cuba."  Harvard  university  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  in  1899;  Williams  college  in  1902,  and  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1903. 

On  November  18,  1890,  he  married,  at  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia,  Louisa  A.  Condit,  daughter  of  John  Condit  Smith  of 
Buffalo,  New  York.     They  have  two  sons. 


^^gi^^U<^*^Z#t'<-^y6' ,  CZ 


SAMUEL  WALTER  WOODWARD 

WOODWARD,  SAMUEL  WALTER,  a  prominent  merchant 
of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  through  force  of 
character,  business  ability  and  generous  philanthropy  has 
made  his  mark  on  the  life  of  the  National  Capital.  The  large  com- 
mercial interests  of  his  firm  give  occupation  for  a  part  or  all  the  year 
to  over  one  thousand  persons.  The  principles  and  methods  on  which 
his  widely  varied  business  affairs  are  conducted  are  such  as  to  give 
tone  to  trade;  and  the  solidity  and  thoroughness  of  such  business 
houses  help  to  give  security  to  the  whole  fabric  of  local  business. 

In  1880,  while  still  in  early  manhood,  he  established  a  partner- 
ship with  Alvin  Lothrop  in  the  dry-goods  business;  and  their  business 
has  steadily  grown  until  it  is  the  largest  department  store  in  Wash- 
ington and  one  of  the  most  extensive  in  the  United  States.  Mr. 
Woodward's  sterling  character  is  a  strong  influence  for  good  on  the 
young  men  of  the  city,  with  many  of  whom  he  comes  into  contact 
through  business  relations,  and  also  through  the  active  efforts  he 
makes  for  their  welfare.  In  official  and  in  personal  relations,  through 
the  church  and  Sunday  school,  as  president  of  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association,  and  as  the  employer  of  many  persons,  his 
circle  of  influence  is  wide.  The  conduct  of  his  store  is  a  constant 
education  and  a  moral  support  to  all  his  employees,  who  feel  the 
bracing  effect  of  strict  but  kind  oversight.  His  accuracy,  his  integ- 
rity and  his  large-mindedness  in  all  business  relations  are  an  ideal  on 
which  young  business  men  may  safely  form  themselves. 

His  helpfulness  in  the  religious  and  spiritual  life  of  the  city  is  felt 
in  the  generous  support  he  gives  to  every  good  cause.  To  his  own 
church,  the  Calvary  Baptist,  he  has  recently  given  over  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars  for  an  additional  church  building.  His  gifts  to  the 
work  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  (whose  membership 
in  1906  is  twenty-two  hundred),  are  constant,  and  to  the  building 
extensions  recently  completed  he  has  not  only  made  large  gifts  of 
money  but  he  exerts  an  influence  upon  others  to  give.  His  giving 
is  of  the  contagious  kind. 


418  SAMUEL    WALTER    WOODWARD 

He  was  born  in  Damariscotta,  Maine,  December  13,  1848.  His 
father,  Samuel  Woodward,  was  a  ship-carpenter,  and  a  member  of 
the  school  committee  of  his  town.  His  mother's  maiden  name  was 
Jerusha  Erskine  Baker,  and  he  traces  his  descent  to  John  Alden  and 
Priscilla  Mullen,  of  Mayflower  fame.  His  physical  condition  in 
childhood  and  in  youth  was  good.  And  his  specially  strong  desire 
was  for  an  education.  Until  he  was  fifteen  he  lived  in  the  country, 
and  at  that  age  he  went  to  Boston.  In  early  life  he  was  a  clerk  in  a 
country  store,  and  it  was  with  difficulty  that  he  secured  a  common 
school  education.  For  a  time  he  attended  Lincoln  academy  in  New- 
castle, Maine. 

He  esteems  his  church  and  Sunday  school  work,  his  connection 
with  Columbian  (now  George  Washington)  university  as  a  trustee, 
and  his  work  in  connection  with  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tion of  Washington,  as  the  principal  public  services  he  has  rendered. 
The  only  public  office  ever  held  by  him  has  been  that  of  honorary 
chairman  of  the  Board  of  Charities  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity;  of  the  Republican  club,  of 
New  York;  National  Arts  club;  and  the  Reform  club  of  New  York. 
He  is  now  a  Republican,  although  he  was  formerly  a  gold  Democrat. 
He  changed  his  party  allegiance  on  the  silver  issue.  His  reading  lies 
along  the  line  of  history,  biography  and  economics.  His  earliest 
recollection  is  that  his  parents  wished  him  to  be  a  merchant,  and  he 
says  his  first  motto,  given  him  by  his  first  employer,  "Anything 
worth  doing  at  all,  is  worth  doing  well,"  was  his  inspiration  in  striving 
to  succeed  in  life.  Home,  and  contact  with  men  in  active  life,  have 
been  the  two  leading  and  directing  influences  in  his  career. 

Mr.  Woodward  is  vice-president  of  the  National  Metropolitan 
Bank;  president  of  the  Colonial  Fire  Insurance  Company;  ex-presi- 
dent and  now  director  of  the  Washington  Board  of  Trade;  president 
of  the  Columbia  Realty  and  Appraisal  Company;  president  of  the 
Board  of  Charities;  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the  Public 
Library;  a  trustee  of  Calvary  Baptist  church,  and  a  member  of  the 
International  committee  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association. 

He  was  married  June  24,  1874,  to  Mary  Catharine  Wade.  They 
have  had  six  children,  five  of  whom  were  living  in  1905. 


AUGUSTUS  STORRS  WORTHINGTON 

WORTHINGTON,  AUGUSTUS  STORRS,  lawyer  and  patriot 
soldier,  was  born  August  14,  1843  at  Fallston,  Pennsyl- 
vania. His  father,  Benjamin  D.  Worthington,  was  a 
manufacturer  of  wadding.  He  is  described  as  a  man  of  "  intelligence, 
well  informed,  upright  and  patriotic,  and  an  advocate  of  temperance 
all  his  life."  To  his  mother,  Eliza  (Jackson)  Worthington,  he  was 
indebted  for  the  awakening  and  the  stimulus  of  his  intellectual  life, 
and  for  a  strong  influence  upon  his  moral  and  spiritual  nature.  His 
health  was  good  in  childhood  and  youth;  and  while  he  was  always 
fond  of  reading,  he  never  failed  to  join  in  the  out-of-door  games  of 
the  boys  of  his  neighborhood.  His  early  life  was  passed  in  Steuben- 
ville,  Ohio,  to  which  place  his  parents  removed  when  he  was  but  one 
year  old. 

He  left  school  when  he  was  fourteen,  having  had  a  two  years' 
course  in  the  high  school,  after  some  years  of  study  in  the  common 
schools  of  his  town;  and  from  that  age  until  he  went  into  the  army 
in  1862,  he  worked  in  the  wadding  mill  in  which  his  father  was  in- 
terested. For  several  years  after  leaving  school,  he  pursued  his 
studies  at  home,  after  working-hours;  but  "not  with  any  definite 
plan"  and  "not  with  much  benefit." 

He  became  a  private  soldier  in  the  Union  army,  August  6,  1862; 
and  he  served  through  the  Civil  war  in  Company  D,  98th  Ohio  vol- 
unteer infantry.  He  was  honorably  discharged  at  the  close  of  the 
war,  in  March,  1865,  having  been  wounded  at  Perryville,  Kentucky, 
October  8,  1862;  and  having  lost  a  leg  at  the  battle  of  Kenesaw 
Mountain,  Georgia,  June  27,  1864. 

After  the  close  of  the  war,  he  served  as  a  clerk  in  the  war  depart- 
ment at  Washington,  from  1866  to  1870,  in  the  meantime  graduating 
from  the  Columbia  law  school,  in  1868;  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  in  June  of  the  same  year.  In  August 
1870,  he  began  the  practice  of  law  in  the  city,  where  he  still  continues 
his  practice. 


420  AUGUSTUS    STORRS    WORTHINGTON 

The  principal  public  service  he  has  rendered  has  been  as  district 
attorney  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  from  January,  1884,  to  January, 
1888.  He  was  president  of  the  Bar  Association  of  the  District  of 
Columbia  from  1884  to  1886,  and  chairman  of  the  Legislative  com- 
mittee of  that  association  from  1898  to  1904.  His  services  have 
been  efficient  in  greatly  improving  the  laws  of  the  District,  and  his 
efforts  have  been  conspicuously  useful  in  formulating  the  code  for  the 

District. 

He  is  a  life-member  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Metropolitan,  the  Cosmos  and  the  Chevy  Chase 
clubs  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia.  Living  in  the  District 
of  Columbia  he  has  never  voted,  except  in  the  year  1864,  when  he 
cast  his  ballot  for  Abraham  Lincoln.  He  has,  however,  always  been 
a  Republican.  He  is  fond  of  horseback  riding,  golf  and  billiards  for 
exercise  and  relaxation;  but  he  has  never  given  especial  attention 
to  athletics  or  to  any  of  the  modern  systems  of  physical  culture.  It 
was  entirely  his  own  choice  from  boyhood  that  determined  his  study 
of  law  as  his  profession. 

He  was  married,  January  25,  1872,  to  Louise  Starr,  of  Medina, 
New  York.  They  have  had  four  children,  three  of  whom  are  living 
in  1906.  His  address  is  2015  Massachusetts  avenue,  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia. 


\ 


. 


■npaw/ 


CARROLL   DAVIDSON  WRIGHT 

WRIGHT,  CARROLL  DAVIDSON,  school  teacher  at  eighteen, 
private  in  the  New  Hampshire  volunteers  in  the  Civil  war 
at  twenty- two;  colonel  of  a  regiment  at  twenty-four;  law- 
yer in  Boston  at  twenty-seven;  senator  in  the  Massachusetts  legisla- 
ture at  thirty-two;  chief  of  the  Massachusetts  Bureau  of  Statistics 
of  Labor  at  thirty- three ;  director  of  the  Census  of  Massachusetts  at 
thirty-five;  presidential  elector  at  thirty-six;  United  States  Com- 
missioner of  Labor  at  forty-five  and  president  of  Clark  college  at 
sixty-two,  was  born  at  Dunbarton,  Merrimack  county,  New  Hamp- 
shire, July  25,  1840.  His  father,  the  Reverend  Nathan  Reed  Wright 
a  clergyman  of  the  Universalist  denomination,  married  Eliza, 
daughter  of  Jonathan  Clark  of  Washington,  New  Hampshire,  whose 
father,  Jonathan  Clark,  was  a  revolutionary  soldier.  Nathan  R. 
Wright  preached  in  Dunbarton  and  removed  to  Hooksett  and  thence 
to  Washington,  about  1843,  and  to  Reading,  Massachusetts,  in  1856. 
He  was  "an  excellent  Bible  scholar,  a  good  speaker  and  a  brother  to 
his  children."  On  the  paternal  side  his  grandfather  was  Doctor 
Nathan  Wright  of  Washington,  New  Hampshire,  son  of  Jacob  Wright, 
colonel  in  the  New  Hampshire  militia  and  a  soldier  in  the  Massachu- 
setts troops  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  His  first  ancestor  in  America 
John  Wright,  came  to  Charlestown,  Massachusetts  Bay  colony,  about 
1644.  His  ancestry  on  his  father's  side  were  of  English  origin  and 
on  his  mother's  Scotch. 

Carroll  Wright  worked  on  a  farm  until  fifteen  years  of  age,  his 
father  being  a  farmer  as  well  as  a  preacher.  He  was  not  robust  as 
a  lad  and  his  father's  slender  means  did  not  allow  his  rapid  prepara- 
tion for  college.  He  attended  the  district  school  and  the  academy 
at  Washington,  the  academy  at  Chester,  Vermont,  and  that  at  Swan- 
zey,  New  Hampshire.  After  his  father  removed  to  Reading,  Massa- 
chusetts in  1856,  he  attended  the  high  school  in  that  place,  and  at 
that  time  might  have  entered  college  two  years  in  advance,  but  his 
father  could  not  meet  the  expense.  He  therefore  took  up  teaching 
in  1858,  first  at  Langdon,  New  Hampshire,  then  at  North  Chester, 


422  CARROLL   DAVIDSON  WRIGHT 

Vermont.  He  taught  school  in  Swanzey,  New  Hampshire;  studied 
law  with  Wheeler  and  Faulkner  at  Keene,  New  Hampshire,  in  Ded- 
ham,  Massachusetts  with  Erastus  Worthington,  and  in  Boston  with 
Tolman  Willey.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Keene,  New  Ham- 
shire  in  1865,  and  in  Boston,  Massachusetts  in  1867  to  the  celebrated 
bar  of  Suffolk  county  and  to  the  United  States  Courts.  In  Septem- 
ber, 1862,  he  entered  the  volunteer  army  as  a  private  in  the  14th  New 
Hampshire  regiment  and  on  the  departure  of  the  regiment  for  the  seat 
of  war  he  was  appointed  second  lieutenant  in  October,  1862,  and  in 
December,  1863,  was  made  adjutant  of  the  regiment.  He  was  ap- 
pointed colonel  of  the  regiment  in  December,  1864,  and  being  in  ill 
health  resigned  his  commission  in  March,  1865.  He  practised  law 
in  Boston,  1867-75,  making  patent  law  his  specialty.  He  was  elected 
from  the  sixth  Middlesex  district  to  the  Massachusetts  senate  in 
1871,  reelected  in  1872,  and  served  on  the  committee  on  Military 
Affairs  being  chairman  of  the  committee  during  the  second  term. 
He  also  served  on  the  Judiciary  committee  and  as  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  Insurance.  While  in  the  senate  he  secured  the  passage 
of  the  Massachusetts  Standard  Policy  law  regulating  insurance;  a 
measure  requiring  railroads  to  run  cheap  morning  and  evening  trains 
for  workingmen  living  in  the  suburbs;  and  a  law  completely  reorgan- 
izing the  state  militia.  He  was  chief  of  the  state  Bureau  of  Statistics 
of  labor,  1873-88,  taking  the  decennial  census  of  Massachusetts  in 
1875  and  1885;  presidential  elector  on  the  Hayes  and  Wheeler  ticket 
in  1875;  had  direct  charge  of  the  Federal  census  in  Massachusetts 
in  1880;  was  sent  to  Europe  by  the  United  States  census  bureau  to 
study  the  factory  system  for  the  tenth  census;  commissioner  of  rec- 
ords of  Massachusetts,  1885  and  1886;  United  States  Commissioner 
of  Labor  from  January,  1885,  to  January  1905,  in  charge  of  the 
eleventh  census  of  the  United  States,  October,  1893,  to  October, 
1897;  president  American  Unitarian  association,  1896-99;  president 
national  Conferences  of  Unitarian  churches  from  1901.  He  was 
Lowell  Institute  lecturer,  1879;  university  lecturer  on  the  factory 
system,  Harvard  university,  1881,  and  has  held  appointments  to 
lecture  upon  Statistics,  Labor  and  Wages,  at  Johns  Hopkins  univer- 
sity, the  University  of  Michigan,  Northwestern  university,  Dartmouth 
college,  and  Harvard  university;  and  was  honorary  professor  of 
social  economics,  at  the  Catholic  university  of  America  from  1895  to 
1904;  professor  of  statistics  and  social  economics,  at  Columbian  (now 


CARROLL   DAVIDSON   WRIGHT  423 

George  Washington)  university,  since  1900;  and  president  of  Clark 
college,  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  since  1902;  professor  of  statis- 
tics and  social  economics,  Clark  university,  1904.  He  is  a  member 
of  many  learned  societies;  among  others,  of  the  American  Statistical 
Association  from  1876;  American  Economic  Association  from  1885; 
fellow  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science 
from  1892;  American  Antiquarian  Society  from  1893;  and  the  Wash- 
ington Academy  of  Sciences.  He  has  been  a  trustee  of  the  Carnegie 
Institution  from  1902;  was  member  and  recorder  of  the  anthracite 
Coal  Strike  commission  1902;  is  a  member  of  the  following  foreign 
learned  societies:  International  Institute  of  Statisticsfrom  1885;  British 
Economic  Association  from  1891 ;  Royal  Statistical  Society,  England, 
from  1893;  Society  of  the  Friends  of  Natural  Sciences,  Anthropology 
and  Ethnography  at  the  Imperial  University  of  Moscow  from  1894; 
International  Association  for  Comparative  Jurisprudence  and  Po- 
litical Economy,  Berlin,  from  1897;  Statistical  Society  of  Paris  from 
1897;  Corresponding  Member  Institute  of  France  from  1898;  honor- 
ary member  Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences,  Russia,  from  1898;  In- 
ternational Institute  of  Sociology  from  1901.  He  served  as  an  officer 
as  follows:  President  American  Statistical  Association  from  1897; 
president  American  Social  Science  Association,  1886-1889;  manager 
Washington  Academy  of  Sciences  from  1899;  member  of  board  of 
trustees  and  executive  committee  of  Carnegie  Institution  from  1902; 
president  board  of  trustees  Manassas  Industrial  School  from  1897; 
president  board  of  trustees  Hackley  school,  Tarry  town,  New  York 
from  1898,  and  president  American  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science  for  1904.  He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  A.M.  from 
Tufts  college  in  1883;  LL.D.  from  Wesleyan  university  in  1894,  from 
Clark  university  in  1902,  from  Tufts  college  in  1903,  from  Amherst 
college  in  1905,  and  Ph.D.  from  Dartmouth  in  1897.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Factory  System  of  the  United  States"  (Vol.  II  Census 
Report,  1880);  "The  Relation  of  Political  Economy  to  the  Labor 
Question"  (1882);  "The  Social,  Commercial  and  Manufacturing  Sta- 
tistics of  the  City  of  Boston"  (1882);  "History  of  Wages  and  Prices 
in  Massachusetts  1752-1883"  (1885);  "The  Industrial  Evolution  of 
the  United  States"  (1887);  "The  Public  Records  of  Parishes,  Towns 
and  Counties  in  Massachusetts"  (1889);  "Outline  of  Practical  So- 
ciology "  (1899) ;  "  History  and  Growth  of  the  United  States  Census"; 
"Some  Ethical  Phases  of  the  Labor  Question"  (1902). 


424  CARROLL    DAVIDSON  WRIGHT 

He  was  married  January  1,  1867,  to  Caroline  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Sylvester  and  Mary  Elizabeth  Harnden  of  Reading,  Massachusetts. 
Doctor  Wright  has  devoted  over  thirty-three  years  to  scientific  in- 
vestigation into  social  economic  conditions.  He  is  a  Republican  in 
politics,  but  has  served  in  his  official  capacity  under  both  the  Repub- 
lican and  Democratic  administrations.  The  books  he  has  found  most 
helpful  in  fitting  him  for  his  life  work  are  those  on  the  history  and 
condition  of  the  people.  He  indulges  in  no  sports  or  amusements 
but  has  found  his  relaxation  in  change  of  work,  in  social  intercourse 
and,  when  weary,  in  reading  light  literature.  He  has  never  acted 
or  worked  "on  impulse,"  but  has  labored  as  a  matter  of  love  and 
duty,  and  because  industry  was  natural  to  him.  He  found  "  failure 
whenever  he  worked  for  profit,"  and  he  abandoned  all  such  work  after 
he  was  thirty  years  of  age  and  contented  himself  with  taking  the  re- 
sults of  his  work,  rather  than  working  to  secure  results.  To  Ameri- 
can youth  he  recommends  the  cultivation  of  the  habit  of  industrious 
attention  to  the  thing  you  are  set  to  do.  Never  mind  the  conse- 
quences. 


LUKE  E.  WRIGHT 

WRIGHT,  LUKE  E.,  lawyer,  public  administrator,  president 
of  the  Philippine  Commission,  governor  of  the  Philippine 
Islands  and  since  January  25,  1906,  United  States  Am- 
bassador to  Japan,  was  born  in  Tennessee,  in  1847,  son  of 
the  Chief  Justice  of  Tennessee,  Archibald  W.  Wright.  He  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools,  and  at  the  University  of  Mississippi, 
and  at  an  early  age  joined  the  Confederate  army  and  served  as  a 
private  throughout  the  war.  At  its  close  he  studied  law,  and  began 
his  professional  career  at  Memphis,  in  his  native  state.  He  developed 
fine  abilities  at  the  bar,  was  attorney-general  of  Tennessee  for  eight 
years,  and  has  been  associated  with  many  of  the  most  distinguished 
lawyers  of  the  South  in  the  trial  of  important  causes.  During  the 
yellow  fever  scourge  of  1878,  he  gained  prominence  for  the  relief 
measures  he  advocated  and  put  in  execution.  Many  of  the  charac- 
teristics that  have  marked  his  work  since  then  in  prominent  posi- 
tions, were  made  evident  in  this  relief  work.  He  is  a  conservative 
Democrat  and  a  stanch  patriot.  During  the  Spanish- American  war 
his  three  sons  were  in  active  service.  He  was  appointed  a  member 
of  the  United  States  Philippine  Commission,  in  1900,  and  his 
personal  force  and  administrative  skill  soon  led  to  his  advancement 
as  vice-governor  general  under  Governor  Taft.  While  the  latter  was 
absent  in  this  country  and  in  Rome,  Mr.  Wright  was  acting  governor; 
and  upon  the  resignation  of  Governor  Taft  to  accept  a  place  in 
President  Roosevelt's  cabinet,  he  was  made  president  of  the  Com- 
mission and  governor  of  the  Islands.  His  able  administration  and 
high  sense  of  public  duty  have  fully  justified  the  wisdom  of  his  selec- 
tion. He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Hamilton 
college,  in  1903.  Governor  Wright  married  a  daughter  of  Raphael 
Semmes,  the  noted  Confederate  admiral. 

On  January  25th,  1906,  Governor  Wright  was  appointed  to 
represent  the  United  States  at  the  Imperial  Court  of  Japan,  the 
rank  of  our  representative  to  Japan  being  raised  from  Minister  to 
Ambassador   with    this    appointment   of  Governor  Wright,   whose 


426  LUKE   E.    WRIGHT 

administration  of  affairs  in  the  neighboring  Philippine  Islands  had 
been  such  as  to  make  his  appointment  especially  gratifying  to  the 
Government  of  Japan. 


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MARCUS    JOSEPH  WRIGHT 

WRIGHT,  MARCUS  JOSEPH,  soldier  and  author,  was  born 
in  Purdy,  Tennessee,  June  5,  1831.  His  parents  were 
Benjamin  and  Martha  Ann  (Hicks)  Wright.  His  father 
was  a  captain  in  the  United  States  army,  who  served  under  General 
Andrew  Jackson,  and  was  distinguished  for  gallantry  at  the  battle 
of  the  Horseshoe.  The  earliest  known  ancestor  of  the  family  in 
America  was  John  Wright,  a  brave  and  efficient  soldier  who  served 
in  the  Revolution  as  a  captain  of  the  "Georgia  Line."  He  was  a 
cousin  of  the  last  British  governor  of  Georgia. 

Most  of  the  early  life  of  Marcus  Joseph  Wright  was  passed  in 
the  small  village  in  which  he  was  born.  His  health  was  good  and 
was  established  by  the  performance  of  the  various  tasks  common  to 
the  boy  whose  home  was  on  a  farm.  He  studied  in  the  common 
schools  and  the  academy  of  his  native  place,  and  at  a  private  school 
in  Mississippi,  but  did  not  attend  any  higher  institution  of  learning. 
While  a  clerk  in  the  navy  yard  at  Memphis,  Tennessee,  he  began  to 
study  law.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  appointed  clerk  of  the 
common  law  and  chancery  court  of  Memphis.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  Civil  war  he  entered  the  Confederate  army  as  lieutenant-colonel 
of  a  regiment  of  infantry.  In  the  battle  of  Belmont  and  also  in  that 
of  Shiloh  in  which  he  was  wounded,  he  was  in  command  of  his  regi- 
ment. In  December,  1862,  he  was  promoted  brigadier-general.  He 
commanded  his  brigade  in  the  three-days  battle  of  Chickamauga, 
and  was  in  the  thickest  of  the  fight.  His  horse  was  shot  and  fell  upon 
him,  and  he  was  reported  killed.  The  loss  of  his  brigade  was  more 
than  thirty-five  per  cent. ;  but  it  shared  with  the  brigade  of  General 
Maney  the  credit  of  breaking  the  last  stand  made  by  the  Union  army 
in  that  great  battle.  Afterward  he  was  in  command  at  various 
points,  his  last  assignment  being  the  district  of  West  Tennessee. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  he  returned  to  Memphis  and  for  two 
years,  1865-67,  was  sheriff  of  Shelby  county.  He  continued  his  law 
practice  until  the  summer  of  1878,  when  he  was  appointed  agent  of 
the  United  States  government  for  the  collection  of  facts  and  statistics 


428  MARCUS   JOSEPH    WRIGHT 

regarding  the  Confederate  soldiers  and  armies,  for  use  in  the  "  Records 
of  the  Rebellion,"  which  was  designed  to  be  a  complete  record  of 
both  the  armies  engaged  in  the  Civil  war,  and  is  said  to  be  "  the  most 
voluminous  and  extraordinary  historical  undertaking  ever  attempted 
by  any  government."  When  this  work  was  commenced,  public  feel- 
ing at  the  South  toward  the  Federal  government  was  anything  but 
pleasant  and  great  difficulty  was  experienced  in  obtaining  access  to 
the  Confederate  documents.  But  the  appointment  of  General  Wright 
as  its  agent  was  reassuring,  and  by  his  tact,  skill  and  untiring  industry 
he  has  succeeded  in  making  the  records  of  the  armies  of  the  Confed- 
eracy nearly  as  complete  as  are  those  of  the  Union  forces.  For  his 
services  in  this  great  work  he  was  highly  complimented  by  Secretary 
of  War  Root,  in  the  preface  to  the  general  index,  which  forms  the 
one-hundred-and-thirtieth  volume  of  the  Records,  and  he  also  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  the  United  Confederate  Veterans  at  their  meeting 
in  Dallas,  Texas,  in  1902,  the  resolution  of  thanks  being  unanimously 
adopted  by  that  body. 

When  he  was  in  command  of  a  district  with  headquarters  at 
Columbus,  Kentucky,  he  was  bearer  of  flags  of  truce,  and  in  this 
capacity  became  acquainted  with  General  Grant.  When  the  latter 
was  writing  his  Memoirs  he  consulted  General  Wright  upon  many 
points,  and  a  strong  friendship  grew  up  between  the  two  officers  who 
had  formerly  been  opposed  in  war.  During  his  work  upon  the 
"  Records  "  he  became  acquainted  with  nearly  all  the  prominent  living 
generals  of  both  armies,  many  of  whom  desired  information  upon 
various  points;  and  he  has  been  consulted  by  the  authors  of  most 
of  the  important  works  regarding  the  Civil  war  that  have  appeared 
during  the  past  twenty-five  years.  By  his  careful  sifting  of  evidence, 
as  well  as  by  the  collection  and  arrangement  in  an  available  form  of 
an  enormous  amount  of  material,  he  has  rendered  invaluable  service 
to  writers  and  readers  of  the  history  of  the  great  conflict  between 
the  North  and  the  South.     In  1889  he  visited  England. 

General  Wright  has  been  twice  married:  First, to  MarthaSpencer 
Elcan,  and  second,  to  Pauline  Womack.  Of  his  seven  children,  four, 
three  sons  and  a  daughter,  are  now  living.  Two  of  the  sons  served 
with  credit  in  the  war  with  Spain.  General  Wright  is  a  member  of 
the  Washington  Camp  Confederate  Veterans;  of  the  District  of 
Columbia  Society  of  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution,  of  which  he 
was  first  vice-president;  and  of  various  historical  societies  including 


MARCUS    JOSEPH    WRIGHT  429 

the  Southern  History  Association,  of  which  he  is  president.  Anions 
his  writings  are  "Life  of  General  Winfield  Scott,"  published  by  D. 
Appleton  and  Company  in  their  "Great  Commander"  series  and 
adopted  as  a  textbook  at  the  service  college  of  the  United  States  army 
at  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kansas;  "Life  of  Governor  William  Blount"; 
"Sketch  of  the  Life  of  the  Duke  of  Kent";  sketches  of  the  lives  of 
about  fifty  Confederate  generals  for  "  Appleton's  Cyclopedia  of  Ameri- 
can Biography";  a  "History  of  McNairy  County,  Tennessee,"  and 
articles  in  various  magazines.  In  politics  he  has  always  been  a 
Democrat.  His  religious  connection  is  with  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
church.  He  finds  his  principal  relaxation  in  reading  and  conversa- 
tion. His  choice  of  a  profession  was  governed  in  part  by  his  per- 
sonal preference  and  in  part  by  circumstances  which  were  beyond  his 
control.  From  early  life  he  had  a  strong  taste  for  military  affairs. 
This  was  stimulated  by  his  appointment  as  brigadier-major  in  a 
military  organization  in  his  native  county  when  he  was  only  eighteen 
years  of  age,  and  the  Civil  war  furnished  an  opportunity  for  the  exer- 
cise of  his  talents  in  this  direction.  The  influences  of  his  home  life 
were  strong  and  helpful.  The  books  which  he  has  found  most  useful 
are  the  Bible,  histories,  and  the  works  of  Shakespeare  and  Doctor 
Samuel  Johnson.  To  the  young  who  desire  to  reach  true  success  in 
life  he  recommends  "truth,  honesty  and  industry,"  as  the  great  es- 
sentials for  its  attainment. 


WALTER  WYMAN 

WYMAN,  WALTER,  surgeon-general  of  the  United  States 
public  health  and  marine  hospital  service,  is  a  man  whose 
ability  and  energy  have  been  devoted  to  ameliorating  the 
condition  of  the  sailors  and  seamen  of  our  merchant  marine,  to  pre- 
venting by  means  of  effective  quarantine  the  gaining  of  a  foothold 
in  our  country  by  dangerous  diseases,  and  to  organizing  all  the  im- 
portant work  which  falls  to  the  charge  of  this  increasingly  useful 
branch  of  prophylactic  science. 

The  public  health  and  marine  hospital  service  dates  from  July 
16,  1798,  when  congress  passed  an  act  for  the  relief  of  sick  and  dis- 
abled seamen,  creating  for  this  purpose  "  The  Marine  Hospital  Fund." 
In  1871,  the  service  was  reorganized,  and  all  hospitals  were  placed 
under  the  charge  of  a  supervising  surgeon,  commissioned  by  the 
president.  Later,  this  officer  was  called  the  supervising  surgeon- 
general,  and  quarantine  and  public  health  functions  were  added  to 
the  duties  of  the  service.  In  1902,  congress  changed  the  name  of 
the  service  to  public  health  and  marine  hospital  service  of  the  United 
States.  This  act  was  of  great  benefit  as  it  made  the  public  health 
the  prominent  interest.  The  president  was  authorized  by  this  act  of 
congress,  in  times  of  threatened  or  actual  war  to  utilize  the  officers  of 
the  public  health  and  marine  hospital  service  in  such  manner  as  his 
judgment  might  deem  best.  Provision  was  also  made  for  the  expan- 
sion of  the  hygienic  laboratory,  now  in  operation  at  Washington,  by 
the  addition  of  three  new  and  important  divisions  and  the  formation 
of  an  advisory  board  representing  the  other  government  medical 
services  and  leading  laboratories  of  the  United  States. 

In  this  well-conducted  and  most  useful  service,  the  corps  con- 
sists of  a  surgeon  general,  six  assistant  surgeons-general,  twenty-nine 
surgeons,  thirty-two  past  assistant  surgeons,  and  fifty- five  assistant 
surgeons.  Besides  these,  who  are  commissioned  officers,  non-com- 
missioned men  act  as  assistant  surgeons,  sanitary  inspectors,  internes 
and  pharmacists.  There  is  a  corps  of  forty-five  pharmacists.  Under 
the  supervision  of  this  service  are  twenty-two  marine  hospitals  and 


■■'■■    '  :    ■':.'"■'■■■' 


JVa-s-'- 


WALTER   WYMAN  431 

one  hundred  and  twenty-one  relief  stations.  During  the  year  1903 
over  fifty-eight  thousand  sick  and  disabled  seamen  were  treated  at 
the  various  relief  stations.  The  service  maintains  a  sanitarium  for 
consumptives  at  Fort  Stanton,  New  Mexico.  By  this  service,  too, 
eight  hundred  and  fifty-seven  thousand  immigrants  were  physically 
examined  during  the  fiscal  year  1903.  All  our  national  quarantine 
stations  are  under  the  charge  of  this  service;  including  forty  stations 
in  the  United  States  proper  and  the  quarantine  service  in  Porto  Rico, 
Hawaii,  and  the  Philippines.  The  service  aids  state  health  authori- 
ties in  dealing  with  epidemics.  A  hygienic  laboratory  is  in  operation 
where  so  great  a  diversity  of  work  is  carried  on  that  it  would  be 
impossible  to  name  here  even  its  chief  departments.  Officers  are 
detailed  to  the  laboratory  to  receive  a  complete  course  in  pathology 
and  bacteriology.  Fifteen  have  completed  this  course  and  are  now 
stationed  in  various  parts  of  the  world  pursuing  original  investiga- 
tions. 

As  the  directing  head  of  this  well-equipped,  beneficent  and  effi- 
cient service,  Surgeon-General  Wyman  has  done  a  remarkable  work. 
In  June,  1891,  he  was  called  from  his  position  as  chief  of  the  quaran- 
tine division  to  that  of  surgeon-general,  which  place  he  still  fills  in 
1906.  He  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  August  17,  1848.  His  father, 
Edward  Wyman,  was  an  educator  who  did  much  toward  promoting 
better  instruction  in  the  West;  and  he  held  important  and  responsible 
positions  in  connection  with  the  prominent  educational  projects  of 
his  state.     His  mother's  maiden  name  was  Elizabeth  Hadley. 

Doctor  Wyman  was  graduated  from  Amherst  college  in  1870, 
after  studying  at  the  preparatory  department  of  the  city  college  of 
St.  Louis.  He  took  a  course  of  professional  study  at  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  college,  and  was  graduated  from  that  institution  in  1873  with 
the  degree  of  M.D.  The  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred 
upon  him  in  1897,  by  the  Western  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  active  work  of  his  professional  life  began  as  assistant  surgeon 
at  the  St.  Louis  hospital,  from  1873-75.  Since  1876  he  has  been  in 
the  marine  hospital  service.  He  was  in  charge  successively  of  the 
marine  hospitals  at  St.  Louis,  Cincinnati,  Baltimore,  New  York; 
and  he  was  in  charge  of  the  quarantine  and  purveying  divisions  of  the 
marine  hospital  bureau  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia;  and 
acted  as  supervising  surgeon-general  of  the  marine  hospital  service 
from  1891  until  July  1,  1902,  when  the  title  was  changed  to  "surgeon- 


432  WALTER    WYMAN 

general,  public  health  and  marine  hospital  service."  (Act  of  Con- 
gress approved  July  1,  1902.)  He  is  a  member  of  the  board  of 
visitors  of  the  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  and  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  medical  board  of  Providence  Hospital,  at  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia.  He  presided  over  the  first  General  Interna- 
tional sanitary  convention  of  the  American  Republics,  and  is  chair- 
man of  the  International  sanitary  bureau. 

It  is  not  easy  to  estimate  in  thought,  much  less  to  sum  up  in 
language,  the  humane  results  of  such  a  life-career  as  that  of  Doctor 
Wyman.  His  work  has  been  not  merely  similar  to  that  of  other 
physicians,  who  alleviate  the  sufferings  of  disease  and  whose  labors 
are  of  a  remedial  and  curative  nature.  But  he  has  been  beforehand 
with  diseases,  and  in  particular  with  those  of  a  peculiarly  contagious 
and  dreaded  character.  Every  citizen  owes  him  a  debt  of  gratitude 
for  warding  off  at  the  very  gates  and  portals  of  the  national  life  the 
scourges  which  threaten  to  descend  upon  our  Western  shores  from 
the  dense  and  vitiated  populations  of  the  Orient  and  of  Southern 
Europe.  This  he  did  notably  during  the  cholera  epidemic  of  1892; 
for  he  is  the  author  of  a  circular  signed  by  President  Harrison,  declar- 
ing a  quarantine  of  twenty  days  on  all  vessels  bringing  immigrants 
to  our  shores.  This  stopped  immigration  for  the  time  being;  and 
that  was  the  result  desired.  It  was  a  practical  measure;  and  in  the 
next  year  the  peril  to  the  United  States  was  largely  abated  by  the 
passage  of  the  quarantine  act  of  1893.  It  was  at  his  suggestion  that 
the  bacteriological  laboratory  was  established;  and  the  Fort  Stanton 
sanitarium  was  also  his  project.  The  deck  hands  on  our  Western 
rivers  and  the  oyster-men  of  Chesapeake  Bay  owe  to  his  watchful 
oversight  and  interposing  care  their  relief  from  severe  cruelties 
imposed  on  them  by  their  employers.  He  obtained  necessary  legis- 
lation for  the  deck  hands  on  Western  rivers  and  established  relief 
stations  for  the  crews  of  oyster  vessels. 

He  has  been  instrumental  in  the  passage  of  many  acts  of  legis- 
lation which  relate  to  his  department — among  others,  an  act  dated 
March  2,  1899,  authorizing  a  commission  for  the  investigation  of 
leprosy  in  the  United  States.  The  investigations  of  this  commission 
were  published  in  senate  document  No.  269,  that  session.  He 
organized  the  yellow  fever  institute,  whose  bulletins,  both  scientific 
and  graphic  in  character,  embody  all  of  our  principal  knowledge  con- 
cerning this  disease. 


WALTEE   WYMAN  433 

The  International  Sanitary  Bureau  of  American  Republics  was 
his  suggestion,  and  was  provided  for  by  the  conference  of  American 
States,  held  in  Mexico,  1900-01.  Its  chief  object  is  the  elimination 
of  yellow  fever  from  the  ports  and  cities  of  Central  and  South  America. 

An  act  to  regulate  the  sale  of  viruses,  serums,  toxins  and  similar 
products,  and  interstate  traffic  in  such  materials,  was  approved 
July  1,  1902,  and  gave  new  duties  to  the  service.  The  accompany- 
ing regulations  provided  for  the  inspection  of  all  factories  engaged  in 
the  production  of  vaccines,  serums,  etc.,  by  officers  of  the  public 
health  and  marine  hospital  service.  The  inspecting  officers  go 
without  previous  announcement  to  the  different  manufactories,  and 
report  on  the  methods  and  conditions  of  these  factories,  and  licenses 
are  given  or  withheld  on  the  recommendations  made  in  these  reports. 

The  "Journal  of  the  American  Medical  Association,"  1904,  gives 
this  summary  of  the  work  of  Doctor  Wyman:  "The  administration 
of  Surgeon-General  Wyman,  aside  from  the  great  expansion  of  the 
public  health  work  of  the  service,  has  been  characterized  by  marked 
improvement  in  methods  of  bureau  administration  and  station 
inspection.  This  result  has  been  effected  by  revised  regulations,  by 
reorganization  of  the  bureau,  and  by  more  systematic  inspections 
and  reports  of  all  classes  of  stations.  These  inspections  extend  to  the 
fifty  vessels  employed  in  quarantine  work — steamers,  barges,  and 
launches." 

Doctor  Wyman  is  the  author  of  many  pamphlets  concerning  the 
public  health,  especially  on  the  subject  of  quarantine  and  sanitation; 
and  his  professional  qualifications  are  such  as  to  make  his  work  on 
these  and  kindred  subjects  an  authority  and  his  publications  of  recog- 
nized value.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Alpha  Delta  Phi  fraternity;  of 
the  Sons  of  the  Revolution;  the  Colonial  Wars;  the  National  Geo- 
graphic Society;  the  American  Medical  Association;  the  American 
Public  Health  Association;  American  Association  for  Advancement 
of  Science;  Academy  of  Sciences;  Academy  of  Medicine;  Society  for 
Psychical  Research;  American  Climatological  Association;  Columbia 
Historical  Society;  National  Association  for  Prevention  of  Tuber- 
culosis. He  has  held  office  in  several  learned  and  social  organiza- 
tions, acting  as  president  of  the  American  Public  Health  Association, 
1902  and  1903.  He  is  now  president  of  the  Association  of  Military 
Surgeons,  1904  and  1905,  and  vice-president  of  the  American  National 
Red  Cross.     He  has  presided  over  several  other  societies.     He  is  an 


434  WALTER  WYMAN 

honorary  member  of  the  Imperial  Society  of  Medicine  of  Constanti- 
nople; of  the  Metropolitan,  Cosmos  and  Chevy  Chase  clubs  of  Wash- 
ington, District  of  Columbia;  and  of  many  other  clubs  and  societies. 

Doctor  Wyman  has  never  married.     His  address  is  Stoneleigh 
Court,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 


JOHN  WATSON  YERKES 

YERKES,  JOHN  WATSON,  commissioner  of  internal  revenue, 
chairman  of  the  Republican  state  central  committee  of 
Kentucky,  1891-96;  Republican  nominee  for  governor  of 
Kentucky,  1900,  was  born  at  Lexington,  Kentucky,  April  1,  1854. 
His  father,  Reverend  Stephen  Yerkes,  D.D.,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania, 
was  a  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  for  forty  years  a  professor  in 
Danville  theological  seminary,  filling  the  chair  of  Hebrew  and  the 
oriental  languages;  "integrity,  industry,  hospitality,  clearness  and 
accuracy  in  expression"  were  among  his  characteristics.  His 
mother,  Amanda  Lovell  Yerkes,  was  a  woman  of  principle,  and  left 
upon  her  son  a  strong  impress  for  good.  His  early  life  was  spent  at 
Danville,  Kentucky,  studying  at  the  preparatory  school  connected 
with  Centre  college.  He  was  graduated  from  that  college  in  1873, 
and  from  the  law  department  of  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1877. 
Since  1880  he  has  been  prominently  identified  with  the  legal,  educa- 
tional, commercial  and  industrial  interests  of  his  town  and  state. 

Mr.  Yerkes  began  the  active  work  of  life  as  a  lawyer  at  Danville, 
Kentucky,  and  held  the  professorship  of  law  at  Centre  college  from 
1894-1900.  He  was  president  of  the  state  commercial  and  industrial 
convention  held  at  Louisville,  Kentucky;  and  a  commissioner  of  the 
Chicago  Columbian  exposition  in  1893,  and  of  the  Atlanta  exposition 
in  1895.  He  was  also  twice  appointed  by  President  McKinley 
collector  of  internal  revenue  for  the  eighth  Kentucky  district,  and  in 
December,  1900,  he  was  appointed  by  him  commissioner  of  internal 
revenue.  He  is  officially  connected  with  various  banking  and  com- 
mercial institutions.  He  has  been  commissioner  of  the  State  Deaf 
and  Dumb  Institution  since  1897,  and  attorney  for  the  Cincinnati, 
New  Orleans  and  Texas  Pacific  Railroad  Company  since  1892  and  of 
other  corporations.     In  June,  1902,  he  received  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

He  is  a  Republican  by  choice  and  inheritance.  He  was  for  six 
years  chairman  of  the  Republican  state  central  committee  of  Ken- 
tucky, and  held  that  position  when  the  state  elected  its  first  Republi- 
can governor.     He  has  served  eight  years  as  a  member  of  the  Repub- 


436  JOHN    WATSON   YERKES 

lican  national  committee.  Mr.  Yerkes  was  unanimously  nominated 
for  governor  of  Kentucky  and  received  nearly  forty  thousand  more 
votes  than  were  ever  cast  for  any  other  Republican  nominee  for 
governor  of  the  state.  He  is  affiliated  with  the  Presbyterian  church. 
His  own  personal  preference  led  him  to  choose  the  law  as  his  vocation. 
He  is  fond  of  riding  and  driving  good  horses,  as  exercise  and  relaxa- 
tion. Home,  first,  furnished  the  strongest  influence  and  stimulus 
of  his  life;  and  school  came  second  in  its  influence  upon  him. 

He  was  married  October,  1879,  to  Elizabeth  Owsley  Anderson. 
They  had  two  children  living  in  1905. 


SAMUEL  BALDWIN  MARKS  YOUNG 

YOUNG,  SAMUEL  BALDWIN  MARKS,  lieutenant-general  of 
the  United  States  army,  retired,  has  the  unique  experience 
of  having  served  one  week  only  as  the  general  commanding 
the  United  States  army.  Under  the  new  army  law,  he  succeeded 
General  Nelson  A.  Miles,  as  the  first  chief  of  staff  of  the  United  States 
army,  after  service  for  a  single  week  with  the  highest  military  title, 
lieutenant-general — a  rank  held  since  the  Civil  war  only  by  Grant, 
Sherman,  Schofield,  Miles  and  Young. 

General  Young  was  born  in  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  January  9, 
1840,  and  was  retired,  by  operation  of  law,  on  January  9,  1904.  His 
first  introduction  to  soldiering  was  during  the  Civil  war,  by  enlist- 
ment as  a  private  in  company  K,  12th  Pennsylvania  volunteer  infan- 
try, on  April  25,  1861.  He  soon  exchanged,  however,  to  the  4th 
Pennsylvania  cavalry,  wherein  he  became  captain,  September  6, 
1861;  major,  September  20,  1862;  lieutenant-colonel,  May  1,  1864; 
colonel,  June  25,  1864,  and  brevet  brigadier-general,  April  9,  1865. 
Throughout  the  Civil  war  his  promotions  were  given  for  individual 
achievements  and  for  executive  and  military  ability;  and  when  he 
was  mustered  out  from  the  volunteer  service,  July  1,  1865,  the  order 
noted  especially  his  "gallant  and  meritorious  service  during  the 
campaign  terminating  with  the  surrender  of  the  insurgent  army 
under  General  R.  E.  Lee." 

He  almost  immediately  entered  the  regular  army  as  second 
lieutenant  of  the  12th  United  States  infantry;  and  his  subsequent 
service  of  more  than  thirty-five  years  has  been  marked  by  fre- 
quent promotions  and  many  special  commendations.  Sixteen  years 
of  this  time  were  spent  on  the  Western  frontier,  where  his  troops  met 
the  hostile  Apaches  in  a  series  of  campaigns  in  the  inhospitable  wilds 
of  Arizona,  involving  great  toil  and  hardship.  During  this  period 
he  was  promoted  captain  in  the  regular  army,  July  28, 1866;  brevetted 
major,  March  2,  1867;  promoted  major,  April  2,  1883;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  August  16,  1892;  colonel,  June  19, 1897. 


438  SAMUEL   BALDWIN   MARKS  YOUNG 

The  outbreak  of  the  Spanish- American  war  found  him  a  colonel 
of  regulars;  but  soon  after,  May  4,  1898,  he  was  promoted  brigadier 
general  of  volunteers,  and  commanded  the  3d  brigade  of  Shafter's 
corps  in  Cuba.  At  Santiago  his  command  was  first  to  come  in  touch 
with  the  enemy  and  he  was  made  a  major-general  of  volunteers  for 
gallantry  at  the  battle  of  Las  Guasimas.  Before  the  more  important 
action  at  San  Juan,  he  was  stricken  down  by  fever;  but  he  remained 
in  command  of  the  2d  army  corps  until  the  close  of  hostilities  and 
the  disbanding  of  the  corps. 

From  July  24,   1899,  to  March  1,  1901,  General  Young  was 
assigned  to  duty  in  the  Philippines  and  as  brigadier-general  United 
States  army,  and  after   February  2,   1901,   as   major-general    he 
commanded    successively   the    3d    brigade,    1st    division;     provis- 
ional brigade,  1st  division;   cavalry  brigade,  1st  division,  and  sepa- 
rate brigade,  8th  corps.     He  had  the  task  of  attempting  to  break  up 
Aguinaldo's  army  in    northern  Luzon — fit  work  for  iron  men  on 
account  of  the  enemy's  elusiveness,  the  deadliness  of  the  climate  and 
the  enormous  physical  difficulties  presented  by  a  wild  country  in 
which  the  Filipino  chieftain  had  made  his  retreat.     His  familiarity 
with  Indian  warfare,  however,  qualified  him  as  an  expert  in  rough 
campaigning,  and  his  reports  show  that  the  jungle  campaign  in 
northern  Luzon  was  one  of  unprecedented  and  most  desperate  hard- 
ship.    The  expedition  was  successful  in  scattering  and  disorganizing 
the  enemy  and  led  to  beneficent  military  results.     After  returning 
from  the  Philippines,  he  commanded  the  Department  of  California 
until  March  15,  1902,  when  he  organized  the  War  college  and  was 
detailed  as  president  of  the  War  College  Board,  at  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia.     He  was  made  major-general  of  the  United 
States  army,  February  2,   1901;  lieutenant-general  of  the  United 
States  army,  August  8,  1903;  and  general  commanding  the  United 
States  army,  August  15,  1903,  and  was  retired  for  age  by  operation 
of  law,  January  9,  1904. 


LIST  OF  FULL  PAGE  PORTRAITS 


VOLUME  II 


FACING 

PAGE 

Alexander  B.  Hagner 3 

Teunis  S.  Hamlin    17 

Hilary  A.  Herbert 46 

Charles  Heywood    49 

John  A.  Kasson 82 

Martin  A.  Knapp    94 

Samuel  S.  Laws 105 

Fitzhugh  Lee  109 

Charles  Lyman    131 

James  B.  McCreary 136 

Randolph  H.  Mclvim 144 

William  McKinley 147 

John  T.  Morgan 191 

Charles  W.  Needham   198 

Simon  Newcomb  202 

Crosby  S.  Noyes    213 

Stanton  J.  Peelle 232 

George  L.  Raymond 257 


PACING 
PAGE 

Ellis  H.  Roberts 269 

Henry  Y.  Satterlee 272 

Winfield  S.  Schley 280 

Charles  Emory  Smith   307 

William  Sulzer  325 

Zera  L.  Tanner 332 

Silas  W.Terry    342 

John  R.  Thayer   347 

Arthur  L.  Wagner 358 

Henry  L.  West 381 

Joseph  Wheeler    388 

John  S.  WiUiams    400 

John  M.  Wilson    409 

Simon  Wolf 412 

Samuel  W.  Woodward    417 

Carroll  D.  Wright    421 

Marcus  J.  Wright 427 

Walter  Wyman    430 


INDEX  OF  BIOGRAPHIES 

VOLUME   II 


PAGE 


Hackett,  Frank  W ! 

Hagner,  Alexander  B 3 

Hague,  Arnold q 

Hale,  Edward  Everett g 

Hale,  Eugene 12 

Hall,  Robert  H 15 

Hamlin,  Teunis  S 17 

Hanna,  Marcus  A 19 

Harris,  William  T 24 

Hawkins,  Hamilton  S 28 

Hawley,  Joseph  R 30 

Heaton,  Augustus  G 34 

Hemenway,  James  A 36 

Henderson,  David  B 38 

Henderson,  John  B 41 

Hepburn,  William  P 44 

Herbert,  Hilary  A 46 

Heywood,  Charles 49 

Higginson,  Francis  J 52 

Hitt,  Robert  R 54 

Hoar,  George  F 57 

Hopkins,  Albert  J 65 

Howard,  Oliver  O 66 

Hughes,  Robert  P 72 

Hull,  John  A.  T 73 

Hunt,  Gaillard 75 

Hyde,  Thomas 77 

Johnson,  Joseph  T 78 

Jones,  James  K 80 

Kasson,  John  A 82 

Kauffmann,  Samuel  H 87 

Kautz,  Albert 89 

Kean,  John 93 

Knapp,  Martin  A 94 

Knox,  Philander  C 96 

Lacey,  John  F 98 

Landis,  Charles  B 100 


442  INDEX   OF   BIOGRAPHIES 

Langley,  Samuel  P 101 

Laws,  Samuel  S 105 

Lee,  Fitzhugh 109 

Leupp,  Francis  E 113 

Littlefield,  Charles  E 115 

Lodge,  Henry  C 119 

Long,  John  D 124 

Luce,  Stephen  B 129 

Lyman,  Charles 131 

MacArthur,  Arthur 134 

McCreary,  James  B 136 

McEnery,  Samuel  D 139 

Macfarland,  Henry  B.  F 141 

McKim,  Randolph  H 144 

McKinley,  William 147 

McLean,  John  R 154 

MacVeagh,  Wayne 156 

Mahan,  All  red  T 158 

Melville,  George  W 163 

Merriam,  Clinton  H 169 

Merrill,  George  P 171 

Merritt,  Wesley 173 

Miles,  Nelson  A 176 

Miller,  Kelly 181 

Mills,  Albert  L 184 

Mills,  Anson 186 

Moon,  John  A 189 

Morgan,  John  T 191 

Munroe,  Charles  E 195 

Needham,  Charles  W 198 

Nelson,  Knute 200 

Newcomb,  Simon 202 

Newell,  Frederick  H   207 

Nott,  Charles  C 209 

Noyes,  Crosby  S 213 

O'Neil,  Charles 216 

O'Reilly,  Robert  M 220 

Overman,  Lee  S 222 

Page,  Thomas  N 224 

Parker,  Edmund  S 226 

Parker,  Myron  M 227 

Payne,  Sereno  E 228 

Peelle,  Stanton  J 232 

Pettit,  James  S 235 

Pettus,  Edmund  W 237 

Piatt,  Orville  H 239 


INDEX  OF  BIOGRAPHIES  443 

Power,  Frederick  D 242 

Proctor,  Redfield 244 

Putman,  Herbert 248 

Radcliffe,  Wallace 250 

Ralston,  Jackson  H 252 

Rankin,  Jeremiah  E 254 

Raymond,  George  L 257 

Remey,  George  C 260 

Richardson,  James  D 263 

Ridgway,  Robert 265 

Rixey,  Presley  M 267 

Roberts,   Ellis    H 269 

Satterlee,  Henry  Y 272 

Sawtelle,  Charles  G 276 

Saxton,  Rufus 278 

Schley,  Winfield  S 280 

Schwan,  Theodore 286 

Scott,  Hugh  L 289 

See,  Thomas  J.  J 292 

Sewall,  Frank 295 

Shepard,  Seth 298 

Sherman,  James  S 300 

Shiras,  George,  Jr 303 

Sigsbee,  Charles  D 305 

Smith,  Charles  Emory 307 

Smith,  William  A 312 

Sperry,  Nehemiah  D 313 

Spofford,  Ainsworth  R 315 

Spooner,  John  C 318 

Stafford,  Denis  J 321 

Sternberg,  George  M 322 

Sulzer,  William 325 

Symons,  Thomas  W 328 

Tainter,  Charles  S 330 

Tanner,  Zera  L 332 

Taylor,  Hannis 336 

Teller,  Henry  M 338 

Terry,  Silas  W 342 

Thayer,  John  R 347 

Townsend,  George  A 350 

Tracewell,  Robert  J 352 

Tucker,  Henry  St.  G 354 

Wadsworth,  James  W 357 

Wagner,  Arthur  L 358 

Wainwright,  Richard 361 

Walcott,  Charles  D 363 


444 


INDEX    OF    BIOGRAPHIES 


Walker,  John  G 366 

Walsh,  Thomas  F 370 

Ward,  Lester  F 372 

Warner,  Brainard  H 374 

Watson,  John  C 377 

West,  Henry  L 381 

Westinghouse,  George '. 383 

Wetmore,  George  P 386 

Wheeler,  Joseph 388 

Whittlesey,  Eliphalet 394 

Wiley,  Harvey  W 397 

Williams,  John  S 400 

Wilson,  James  H 405 

Wilson,  John  M 409 

Wolf,  Simon 412 

Wood,  Leonard 414 

Woodward,  Samuel  W 417 

Worthington,  Augustus  S 419 

Wright,  Carroll  D 421 

Wright,  Luke  E 425 

Wright,  Marcus  J 427 

Wyman,  Walter 430 

Yerkes,  John  W 435 

Young,  Samuel  B.  M 437 


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